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Body and Soul

The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination

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Alondra Nelson

Between its founding in 1966 and its formal end in 1980, the Black Panther Party blazed a distinctive trail in American political culture. The Black Panthers are most often remembered for their revolutionary rhetoric and militant action. Here Alondra Nelson deftly recovers an indispensable but lesser-known aspect of the organization’s broader struggle for social justice: health care. The Black Panther Party’s health activism—its network of free health clinics, its campaign to raise awareness about genetic disease, and its challenges to medical discrimination—was an expression of its founding political philosophy and also a recognition that poor blacks were both underserved by mainstream medicine and overexposed to its harms.

Drawing on extensive historical research as well as interviews with former members of the Black Panther Party, Nelson argues that the Party’s focus on health care was both practical and ideological. Building on a long tradition of medical self-sufficiency among African Americans, the Panthers’ People’s Free Medical Clinics administered basic preventive care, tested for lead poisoning and hypertension, and helped with housing, employment, and social services. In 1971, the party launched a campaign to address sickle-cell anemia. In addition to establishing screening programs and educational outreach efforts, it exposed the racial biases of the medical system that had largely ignored sickle-cell anemia, a disease that predominantly affected people of African descent.

The Black Panther Party’s understanding of health as a basic human right and its engagement with the social implications of genetics anticipated current debates about the politics of health and race. That legacy—and that struggle—continues today in the commitment of health activists and the fight for universal health care.

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Background photo of the Black Community Survival Conference, March 30th, 1972, from Stanford University Libraries, Department of Special Collections and University Archives.

Awards

  • 2012 Distinguished Contribution to Scholarship Book Award, American Sociological Association, Race, Gender, and Class Section (co-winner)
  • 2012 Letitia Woods Brown Book Award, Association of Black Women Historians
  • 2012 Association for Humanist Sociology Book Award
  • 2013 Mirra Komarovsky Book Award, Eastern Sociological Society

Table of Contents

  • Cover Page
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Contents
  • Preface: Politics By Other Means
  • Abbreviations
  • Introduction: Serving the People Body and Soul
  • 1. African American Responses to Medical Discrimination before 1966
  • 2. Origins of Black Panther Party Health Activism
  • 3. The People’s Free Medical Clinics
  • 4. Spin Doctors: The Politics of Sickle Cell Anemia
  • 5. As American as Cherry Pie: Contesting the Biologization of Violence
  • Conclusion: Race and Health in the Post–Civil Rights Era
  • Acknowledgments
  • Notes
  • Index

Metadata

  • publisher
    University of Minnesota Press
  • publisher place
    Minneapolis, MN
  • restrictions
    All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
  • rights
    Copyright 2011 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota
  • rights holder
    Regents of the University of Minnesota
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