Notes

1. Oren Yiftachel, “Displaceability—A Southeastern Perspective,” Displacement Research and Action Network (2018): 3, http://mitdisplacement.org/symposium-oren-yiftachel.

2. Brenna Bhandar and Davina Bhandar, “Cultures of Dispossession: Rights, Status, and Identities,” Darkmatter Journal 14 (May 2016): 1–15.

3. I am indebted to Gargi Bhattacharyya’s acute analysis of the making of a surplus edge population in Rethinking Racial Capitalism: Questions of Reproduction and Survival (London: Rowman and Littlefield, 2018).

4. Monisha Das Gupta, Unruly Immigrants: Rights, Activism, and Transnational South Asian Politics in the United States (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006), 4.

5. This is a point critically established and creatively expanded by Katherine McKittrick. See, for example, her “On Plantations, Prisons, and a Black Sense of Place,” Social and Cultural Geography 12, no. 8 (2011): 947–63.

6. See, for example, Douglas S. Massey, “A Missing Element in Migration Theories,” Migration Letters 12, no. 3 (2015): 279–99.

7. An excellent account of the pervasive extent of everyday bordering is Nira Yuval-Davis, Georgie Wemyss, and Kathryn Cassidy, “Everyday Bordering, Belonging, and the Reorientation of British Immigration Legislation,” Sociology 52, no. 2 (2018): 228–44.

8. For a starting point see the HM Treasury report on “Spending Review 2010” (HM Treasury, October 2010), see https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/203826/Spending_review_2010.pdf.

9. This essential cue is drawn from Ruth Wilson Gilmore’s “Fatal Couplings of Power and Difference: Notes on Racism and Geography,” Professional Geographer 54, no. 1 (2002): 15–24.

10. Monder Ram and Trevor Jones have extensively explored this process among minority ethnic groups of shifting from one form of work precarity to another. See, for example, their “Ethnic-Minority Businesses in the UK: A Review of Research and Policy Developments,” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 26, no. 2 (2008): 352–74.

11. Raymond Williams, “Culture Is Ordinary,” in The Raymond Williams Reader, ed. John Higgins (1958; Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), 18.

12. Satnam Virdee, “Racialized Capitalism: An Account of Its Contested Origins and Consolidation,” Sociological Review 67, no. 1 (2019): 3.

13. I draw on several invaluable perspectives of this elusive and uncertain simultaneity. See bell hooks, Feminist Theory: From Margin to Centre (Boston: South End Press, 1984); Veena Das, “The Signature of the State: The Paradox of Illegibility,” in Anthropology in the Margins of the State, ed. Veena Das and Deborah Poole (Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 2004): 225–52; and Sarah Nuttall and Achille Mbembe, eds., Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008).

14. Patricia Hill Collins, “On Violence, Intersectionality, and Transversal Politics,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 40, no. 9 (2017): 1460–73.

15. Engin Fahri Isin, Being Political: Genealogies of Citizenship (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002).

16. All research participants are anonymized. A person’s actual name is directly used only when I draw on publicly available sources.

17. Sharad Chari and Vinay Gidwani, “Introduction: Grounds for a Spatial Ethnography of Labour,” Ethnography 6, no. 3 (2005): 267–81.

18. Suzanne Hall, Julia King, and Robin Finlay, “Migrant Infrastructure: Transaction Economies in Birmingham and Leicester, UK,” Urban Studies 54, no. 6 (2017): 1311–27.

19. Ayse Çaǧlar and Nina Glick Schiller, Migrants and City-Making: Dispossession, Displacement, and Urban Regeneration (Durham: Duke University Press, 2018).

20. Deborah Cowen, “Infrastructures of Empire and Resistance,” Verso Blog, January 25, 2017, https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3067-infrastructures-of-empire-and-resistance.

21. Sivamohan Valluvan and Virinder S. Kalra, “Racial Nationalisms: Brexit, Borders, and Little Englander Contradictions,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 42, no. 14 (2019): 2394.

22. See, for example: Sivamohan Valluvan, “Defining and Challenging the New Nationalism,” Juncture 23, no. 4 (2017): 232–39.

23. Imogen Tyler and Katarzyna Marciniak refer to the abyss between “normative political rhetorics of ‘deepening democracy’ through citizenship . . . and the abjection of ‘illegal’ populations from the rights and protections of citizenship.” Tyler and Marciniak, “Immigrant Protest: An Introduction,” Citizenship Studies 17, no. 2 (2013): 145.

24. Chantal Mouffe, The Democratic Paradox (London: Verso, 2000).

25. Nicholas De Genova, “The ‘Migrant Crisis’ as Racial Crisis: Do Black Lives Matter in Europe?” Ethnic and Racial Studies 41, no. 10 (2018): 1765–82.

26. Danny Dorling, Inequality and the 1% (London: Verso, 2014).

27. Dorling, Inequality and the 1%, 144.

28. For a full overview see Peter Edwards, “McCluskey Vow on Brexit Deal for Workers as He Launches Re-election Campaign,” Labour List, December 16, 2016, http://labourlist.org/2016/12/mccluskey-vow-on-brexit-as-he-launches-re-election-campaign/.

29. See the briefing paper by Carl Baker, “NHS Staff from Overseas: Statistics,” published by the House of Commons Library on April 10, 2017, updated on June 4, 2020, https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7783/.

30. Dorling, Inequality and the 1%, 8.

31. In a series of recent blogs and articles, Gurminder Bhambra cogently reveals the limits of the “left behind” explanation as simplistic in its “white working class” claims, neither attending to the empirical evidence of a far greater income and geographic spread in these voting patterns nor acknowledging the disproportionate effects of the crisis on racialized and minoritized groups. See Bhambra, “Brexit, Trump, and ‘Methodological Whiteness’: On the Misrecognition of Race and Class,” British Journal of Sociology 68 (2017): 214–32.

32. Nicole Martin and Omar Khan, “Ethnic Minorities at the 2017 British General Election,” Runnymede Trust, February 2019, https://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/2017%20Election%20Briefing.pdf.

33. Aditya Chakrabortty, “Britain’s Epidemic of Private Despair Makes This an Economic Crisis Like No Other,” The Guardian, February 3, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/feb/03/britain-economic-crisis-public.

34. For a detailed statistical account see the Ministry of Justice reports, and for a more digestible account, see Hilary Osborne, “Tenant Evictions Reach Highest Level on Record,” The Guardian, February 12, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/feb/11/tenant-evictions-highest-level-england-wales-ministry-of-justice.

35. Jessica Perera, “The London Clearances: Race, Housing, and Policing,” Institute of Race Relations 12 (2019): 1–40.

36. Valentina Romei, “How Wages Fell in the UK while the Economy Grew,” Financial Times, March 2, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/83e7e87e-fe64-11e6-96f8-3700c5664d30?mhq5j=e1.

37. For the formative and excellent source on illegality see Nicholas P. De Genova, “Migrant ‘Illegality’ and Deportability in Everyday Life,” Annual Review of Anthropology 31, no. 1 (2002): 419–47.

38. Douglas Massey, “A Missing Element,” 287.

39. Doreen Massey, “A Global Sense of Place,” in Space, Place, and Gender (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994), 146–56.

40. Derek Gregory, The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2004).

41. Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, (London: Verso, 1993).

42. See, for example, Iain Chambers, Mediterranean Crossings: The Politics of an Interrupted Modernity (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008); and Ravi Sundaram, Pirate Modernity: Delhi’s Media Urbanism (London: Routledge, 2009).

43. Gilroy, The Black Atlantic, 4.

44. Michael Ondaatje, “A Port Accent,” in A London Address: The Artangel Essays (London: Granta, 2013), 62.

45. AbdouMaliq Simone, “People as Infrastructure: Intersecting Fragments in Johannesburg,” Public Culture 16, no. 3 (2004): 407–29.

46. Alexander Vasudevan, “The Makeshift City: Towards a Global Geography of Squatting,” Progress in Human Geography 39, no. 3 (2015): 338–59.

47. AbdouMaliq Simone, “The Urban Majority and Provisional Recompositions in Yangon: The 2016 Antipode RGS-IBG Lecture,” Antipode 50, no. 1 (2018): 23–40. For a fuller discussion on provicializing urban studies, see Eric Sheppard, Helga Leitner, and Anant Maringanti, “Provincializing Global Urbanism: A Manifesto,” Urban Geography 34, no. 7 (2013): 893–900.

48. See, for example, Caroline Kihato, Migrant Women of Johannesburg: Everyday Life in an In-between City. (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2013); and Brenda Yeoh and Shirlena Huang, “Spaces at the Margins: Migrant Domestic Workers and the Development of Civil Society in Singapore,” Environment and Planning A 31, no. 7 (1999): 1149–67.

49. “Worlding” is an essentially creative and transformative practice, and Aihwa Ong emphasizes a particular urban intensity: “Worlding in this sense is linked to the idea of emergence, to the claims that global situations are always in formation. . . . [W]orldings remap relationships of power at different scales and localities; but they seem to form a critical mass in urban centers.” Ong, “Worlding Cities, or the Art of Being Global,” in Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global, ed. Ananya Roy and Aihwah Ong (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), 12.

50. While a great deal of joy comes from reading wider geographies, I acknowledge the limits of my anglophone reference points. I have benefited from the work of Hiba Bou Akar, Ash Amin, Nishat Awan, Gautam Bhan, Lindsay Bremner, Teresa Caldeira, Swati Chattopadhyay, Dominic Davies, Christine Hentschel, Tariq Jazeel, Sobia Kaker, Julia King, Michele Lancione, Thandi Lowensen, Colin McFarlane, Aidan Mosselson, Sarah Nuttall, Aihwa Ong, Ato Quayson, Jonathan Silver, AbdouMaliq Simone, Jenny Robinson, Ananya Roy, Huda Tayob, Tatiana Thieme, Alexander Vasudevan, Brenda Yeoh, and Austin Zeiderman.

51. The varied dimensions of this understanding are being explored in emerging ethnographic and qualitative engagements, and the work of Richard Bramwell, Antonia Dawes, Ajmal Hussain, Emma Jackson, Malcolm James, Hannah Jones, Helen Kim, Naaz Rashid, Victoria Redclift, Alex Rhys Taylor, and Siv Valluvan provides valuable new contributions. Their writings can be seen as part of an extended lineage emerging from Birmingham’s Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies and the enduring influence of Stuart Hall and Richard Hoggart. This is reinforced by broader engagements with the teachings and writings on the cross-disciplinary analysis of cultural modes and forms. Although I build on many of these references throughout the book, I highlight here the important recent publication by Hannah Jones, Yasmin Gunaratnam, Gargi Bhattacharyya, William Davies, Sukhwant Dhaliwal, Emma Jackson, and Roiyah Saltus, Go Home? The Politics of Immigration Controversies (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017).

52. Audrey Kobayashi and Linda Peake, “Racism out of Place: Thoughts on Whiteness and an Antiracist Geography in the New Millennium,” Annals of the Association of America Geographers 90, no. 2 (2000): 393.

53. Suzanne M. Hall, “Picturing Difference: Juxtaposition, Collage, and Layering of a Multi-ethnic Street,” Anthropology Matters 12, no. 1 (2010): 1–17; and Suzanne M. Hall, Julia King, and Robin Finlay, “Envisioning Migration: Drawing the Infrastructure of Stapleton Road, Bristol,” New Diversities 17, no. 2 (2015): 59–72.

54. Sukhdev Sandhu, London Calling: How Black and Asian Writers Imagined a City (London: Harper Collins, 2003).

55. Laura Kurgan, Close Up at a Distance: Mapping, Technology, and Politics (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013); Huda Tayob, “Opaque Architectures: Spatial Practices of African Migrant Markets in Cape Town (1990–Present)” (PhD diss., University College London, 2017).

56. Hiba Bou Akar, For the War Yet to Come: Planning Beirut’s Frontiers (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2018).

57. Neil Brenner, David Madden, and David Wachsmuth, “Assemblage Urbanism and the Challenges of Critical Urban Theory,” City 15, no. 2 (2011): 225–40.

58. For an excellent account see Les Back and Shamser Sinha with Charlynne Bryan, Vlad Baraku, and Mardoche Yemba, Migrant City (London: Routledge, 2018).

59. Les Back and Shamser Sinha, “Multicultural Conviviality in the Midst of Racism’s Ruins,” Journal of Intercultural Studies 37, no. 5 (2016): 517–32.

60. Nadine El-Enany, (B)ordering Britain: Law, Race and Empire (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020).

61. Katherine McKittrick, “On Plantations, Prisons, and a Black Sense of Place,” Social and Cultural Geography 12, no. 8 (2011): 947–63.

62. Virinder S. Kalra, From Textile Mills to Taxi Ranks: Experiences of Migration, Labour and Social Change (London: Ashgate, 2000).

63. Jane Pollard, Cheryl McEwan, Nina Laurie, and Alison Stenning, “Economic Geography under Postcolonial Scrutiny,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 34, no. 2 (2009): 137–42.

64. J. K. Gibson-Graham, “Diverse Economies: Performative Practices for Other Worlds,” Progress in Human Geography 32, no. 5 (2008): 613–32.

65. Édouard Glissant, Poetics of Relation (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997).

66. Robert Kloosterman, Joanne Van Der Leun, and Jan Rath, “Mixed Embeddedness: (In)formal Economic Activities and Immigrant Businesses in the Netherlands,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 23 (1999): 252–66.

67. Collins, “On Violence,” 1469.

68. Edward Said: The Last Interview, a film directed by Michael Dibb (2004).

1. For a full record of the various stages of the bill as it progressed through Parliament, see https://services.parliament.uk/Bills/2013-14/immigration/stages.html.

2. Westminster Legal Policy Forum [WLPF], Next Steps for Immigration Policy: Regulation, Enforcement, and the Immigration Bill, published proceedings, March 27, 2014, http://www.westminsterforumprojects.co.uk/publications/westminster_legal_policy_forum. Note the condition for use of transcripts as indicated by the WLPF: “This document is intended to provide a timely reference for interested parties who are unable to attend the event to which it refers. Some portions are based on transcripts of proceedings and others consist of text submitted by speakers or authors, and are clearly marked as such. As such, apart from where it is indicated that the text was supplied by the speaker, it has not been possible for the transcript to be checked by speakers and so this portion of the document does not represent a formal record of proceedings. Despite best endeavours by Westminster Forum Projects and its suppliers to ensure accuracy, text based on transcription may contain errors which could alter the intended meaning of any portion of the reported content. Anyone who intends to publicly use or refer to any text based on the transcript should make clear that speakers have not had the opportunity for any corrections, or check first with the speaker in question.” I additionally note that I was present at all of the forums from which I have quoted transcribed material.

3. Maya Goodfellow, Hostile Environment: How Immigrants Became Scapegoats (London: Verso, 2019).

4. Paul Gilroy, After Empire: Melancholia or Convivial Culture (London: Routledge, 2004).

5. Nicholas P. De Genova, “Migrant ‘Illegality’ and Deportability in Everyday Life,” Annual Review of Anthropology 31, no. 1 (2002): 419–47.

6. Étienne Balibar, “Europe as Borderland,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 7, no. 2 (2009): 190–215.

7. See, for example, Luke de Noronha, Deporting Black Britons: Portraits of Deportation to Jamaica (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 2020).

8. Office for National Statistics, Migration Statistics Quarterly Report, November 2014, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/bulletins/migrationstatisticsquarterlyreport/2015-06-30.

9. WLPF, Next Steps for Immigration Policy, 4; emphasis added.

10. Toni Morrison, The Origin of Others (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2017), 3.

11. Morrison, The Origin of Others, 19.

12. A note on anonymity: where individuals are public figures and have made statements in a public capacity, they are not anonymized. By contrast, research participants all are anonymized in line with standard research ethics and individual requests.

13. WLPF, Next Steps for Immigration Policy, 8.

14. WLPF, Next Steps for Immigration Policy, 9–10.

15. Bridget Anderson, “Towards a New Politics of Migration?” Ethnic and Racial Studies 40 (2017): 1532.

16. David Cameron, Prime Minister’s address to Conservative Party members on the government’s immigration policy, April 14, 2011, http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/apr/14/david-cameron-immigration-speech-full-text.

17. WLPF, Next Steps for Immigration Policy, 21.

18. WLPF, Next Steps for Immigration Policy, 48; emphasis added.

19. Conservative and Unionist Party Manifesto 2017, Forward, Together: Our Plan for a Stronger Britain and a Prosperous Future, 54–55 (emphasis added), https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/2017-manifestos/Conservative+Manifesto+2017.pdf.

20. Gary Younge provides key perspectives on immigration, race, and populism. See “For 50 Years Voters Have Been Denied a Genuine Debate on Immigration: Now We’re Paying the Price,” The Guardian, June 15, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/15/honest-debate-immigration.

21. A full record of the proceedings and individual votes on the 2014 Immigration Bill is available at https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=2013-10-22b.156.0.

22. De Genova, “Migrant ‘Illegality,’” 422.

23. See also Deena Dajani, “Refuge under Austerity: The UK’s Refugee Settlement Schemes and the Multiplying Practices of Bordering,” Ethnic and Racial Studies (2020), https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1715453.

24. Jonathan Davies developed the concept of “austerian realism” to explore the particular conjuncture of economic and political neoliberalism that followed the 2008 crisis. See Jonathan S. Davies and Ismael Blanco, “Austerity Urbanism: Patterns of Neo-liberalisation and Resistance in Six Cities of Spain and the UK,” Environment and Planning A 49, no. 7 (2017): 1517–36; and Jonathan S. Davies and Ed Thompson, “Austerian Realism and the Governance of Leicester,” in Rethinking Governance: Ruling, Rationality, and Resistance, ed. Mark Bevir and R. A. W. Rhodes (London: Routledge 2016), 144–61.

25. The European Economic Area (EEA) includes EU countries as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway.

26. WLPF, Next Steps for Immigration Policy, 16–17.

27. See OTS Solicitors article “Immigration Act 2014 Changes: Full Appeal Rights Removed while Administrative Review Extended and Human Rights Remain” (2015), http://otssolicitors.co.uk/news/immigration-act-2014-changes-full-appeal-rights-removed-while-administrative-review-extended.

28. Robert Thomas and Joe Tomlinson, “Mapping Current Issues: Austerity and the ‘More Bureaucratic Rationality’ Approach,” Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 39, no. 3 (2017): 380.

29. James Kirkup and Robert Winnett, “Theresa May Interview: ‘We’re Going to Give Illegal Migrants a Really Hostile Reception,” The Telegraph, May 25, 2012, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/immigration/9291483/Theresa-May-interview-Were-going-to-give-illegal-migrants-a-really-hostile-reception.html.

30. Maya Goodfellow, Hostile Environment (London: Verso, 2019).

31. Diane Taylor, “UK Removed Legal Protection for Windrush Immigrants in 2014,” The Guardian, April 16, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/apr/16/immigration-law-key-clause-protecting-windrush-immigrants-removed-in-2014.

32. Amelia Gentleman, The Windrush Betrayal: Exposing the Hostile Environment (London: Faber and Faber, 2019).

33. Amelia Gentleman had started to report on stories such as Paulette’s in November 2017 and pursued the respective cases. Gentleman, “‘I Can’t Eat or Sleep’: The Woman Threatened with Deportation after 50 Years in Britain,” The Guardian, November 28, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/nov/28/i-cant-eat-or-sleep-the-grandmother-threatened-with-deportation-after-50-years-in-britain.

34. Fiona Bawdon, Chasing Status: If Not British, Then What Am I? (London: Legal Action Group, October 2014), 4.

35. For more on the performativity of “race” through political instruments see Barnor Hesse, “Racialized Modernity: An Analytics of White Mythologies,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 30, no. 4 (2007): 643–63; and Alana Lentin, “What Does Race Do?” Ethnic and Racial Studies 38, no. 8 (2015): 1401–6.

36. Balibar’s account of how a border is made through paradox is key: “At the Borders of Citizenship: A Democracy in Translation?” European Journal of Social Theory13, no. 3 (2010): 315–22. 

37. Luke de Noronha makes this point particularly cogently in tracing the connections between illegalization and racialization and how this plays out in deportation practices. See “Deportation, Racism, and Multi-status Britain: Immigration Control and the Production of Race in the Present,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 42, no. 14 (2019): 2413–30.

38. Rudd was reappointed by Theresa May in November 2018 as work and pensions secretary.

39. Hannah Jones, Yasmin Gunaratnam, Gargi Bhattacharyya, William Davies, Sukhwant Dhaliwal, Kirsten Forkert, Emma Jackson, and Roiyah Saltus, Go Home? The Politics of Immigration Controversies (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017), 3–4.

40. The Mapping Immigration Controversy project, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, has developed several excellent rapid-response outputs in relation to the ever-expanding tide of state-sponsored immigration controversy. A range of research resources are available at https://mappingimmigrationcontroversy.com/.

41. Jones et al., Go Home?, 69.

42. Jones et al., Go Home?, 69–87.

43. Jones et al., Go Home?, 75.

44. In addition to the Mapping Immigration Controversy project, specific studies have focused on the impact of Brexit and the increasing forms of violent border talk. See Stephen D. Ashe, Magda Borkowska, and James Nazroo, “Racism Ruins Lives,” Commissioned by the Trade Union Congress, April 15, 2019, http://hummedia.manchester.ac.uk/institutes/code/research/projects/racism-at-work/tuc-full-report.pdf.

45. Suzanne Hall, “Multilingual Citizenship,” Discover Society 1 (2013): 1–3.

46. Huda Tayob, “Subaltern Architectures: Can Drawing ‘Tell’ a Different Story?” Architecture and Culture 6, no. 1 (2018): 203.

47. Les Back and Shamser Sinha, Migrant City (London: Routledge, 2018), 3.

48. Suzanne Hall, “Migrant Margins: The Street Life of Discrimination,” Sociological Review 66, no. 5 (2018): 968–83.

49. Elijah Anderson, “The White Space,” Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 1 (2015): 10–21.

50. Katherine McKittrick, ed., Sylvia Wynter: On Being Human as Praxis (Durham: Duke University Press, 2015), 2–4.

51. Manthia Diawara, An Opera of the World (Portugal, USE, Mali: MauMaus/Lumiar Cité, 2017), digital video.

52. Wasis Diop, Bintu Were, A Sahel Opera, performed in Bamako, Mali, in 2008.

53. Katherine McKittrick and Alexander G. Weheliye, “808s and Heartbreak,” Propter Nos 2 (2017): 31.

54. John Berger, Ways of Seeing (London: Penguin Books, 1972), 8.

55. I have treasured reading and subsequently dipping into Howard Becker’s Telling about Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), in part because it displays the possibility for understanding the potential of different forms of representation that might also be brought into play with one another.

56. Raymond Williams, “Structures of Feeling,” in Marxism and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 129.

1. Immanuel Wallerstein articulates how the arrangement of centers and margins provides coherence to a “world-economy” of capitalism, and although he essentially reflects on empires and states, this chapter pursues these relational and entwined geographies across world and street. See Wallerstein, “The Time of Space and the Space of Time: The Future of Social Science,” Political Geography 17, no. 1 (1998): 71–82.

2. See also the valuable contribution of how the margins render the center visible by Michele Lancione, ed., Rethinking Life at the Margins (London: Routledge, 2016).

3. bell hooks, “Choosing the Margin as a Space of Radical Openness,” Yearning: Race, Gender and Cultural Politics (Boston: South End Press, 1990), 145–54.

4. Zygmunt Bauman describes the condition of fragmentation and wasted lives as innate to modernity. See Baumann’s Wasted Lives: Modernity and Its Outcasts (Cambridge: Policy Press, 2004) and Liquid Times: Living in an Age of Uncertainty (Cambridge: Policy Press, 2006).

5. The idea of multiplicity is expanded by Édouard Glissant in the film One World in Relation, directed by Manthia Diawara (2009). See also Tariq Jazeel, “Spatialising Difference beyond Cosmopolitanism: Rethinking Planetary Futures,” Theory, Culture and Society 28, no. 5 (2011): 75–97.

6. Gargi Bhattacharyya, Rethinking Racial Capitalism: Questions of Reproduction and Survival (London: Rowman and Littlefield, 2018).

7. James Ferguson and Tania Murray Li, “Beyond the ‘Proper Job’: Political-Economic Analysis after the Century of Labouring Man,” Institute for Poverty, Land, and Agrarian Studies, Working Paper 51 (PLAAS, UWC: Cape Town, 2018), 1–22, http://repository.uwc.ac.za/handle/10566/4538.

8. Although I disagree with the categories of solidified ethnic groupings to comprehend economic life in the urban margins, the concept of “mixed embeddedness” brings an important perspective on the role of place and its intersection with discriminatory labor markets. See Robert Kloosterman, Joanne Van Der Leun, and Jan Rath, “Mixed Embeddedness: (In)formal Economic Activities and Immigrant Businesses in the Netherlands,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 23 (1999): 252–66.

9. Katherine M. Donato, Donna Gabaccia, Jennifer Holdaway, Martin Manalansan, and Patricia R. Pessar, “A Glass Half Full? Gender in Migration Studies,” International Migration Review 40, no. 1 (2006): 3–26.

10. Doreen Massey, “A Global Sense of Place,” in Space, Place, and Gender (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994), 152.

11. See, for example, Les Back and Shamser Sinha, “Multicultural Conviviality in the Midst of Racism’s Ruins,” Journal of Intercultural Studies 37, no. 5 (2016): 517–32; and Katherine McKittrick, “On Plantations, Prisons, and a Black Sense of Place,” Social and Cultural Geography 12, no. 8 (2011): 947–63.

12. In exploring the logic of sectarian geographies in the peripheral geographies of Beirut, Hiba Bou Akar develops a rich conceptual set of understanding of the edge. For the War Yet to Come: Planning Beirut’s Frontiers (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2018), 17.

13. See the “Visit Leicester” website for the West End and Golden Mile portrayals: https://www.visitleicester.info/explore/neighbourhoods/golden-mile.

14. Leicester City Council, How Deprived Is Leicester? The English Indices of Deprivation 2015 (Leicester: Public Health Division, 2016), https://www.leicester.gov.uk/media/181928/indices-of-deprivation-in-leicester-september-2016.pdf.

15. Directorate of Public Health and Health Improvement, Leicester Ward Health Profile 2013 (Leicester: NHS Leicester City and Leicester City Council).

16. Satnam Virdee, “‘Race,’ Employment, and Social Change: A Critique of Current Orthodoxies,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 29, no. 4 (2006): 605–28.

17. The writing partnership of Monder Ram and Trevor Jones has contributed significantly to understandings of “ethnic minority enterprise.” Beyond the ethnocentric frame, there are important links made between the analytic of the urban and the uneven structure of the labor market. See Monder Ram, Trevor Jones, Tahir Abbas, and Balihar Sanghera, “Ethnic Minority Enterprise in Its Urban Context: South Asian Restaurants in Birmingham,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 26, no. 1 (2002): 24–40; and Trevor Jones, Monder Ram, Paul Edwards, Alexander Kiselinchev, and Lovemore Muchenje, “New Migrant Enterprise: Novelty or Historical Continuity?” Urban Studies 49 (2012): 3159–79.

18. Office for National Statistics, “Labour Market Profile: Leicester and Leicestershire” (Nomis, Official Labour Market Statistics, 2016), https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/lep/1925185552/report.aspx#.

19. See “the urban as a governmental category”: Ananya Roy, “Urban Studies and the Postcolonial Encounter,” in The Sage Handbook of the 21st Century City, ed. Suzanne Hall and Ricky Burdett (London: Sage, 2017), 40–43; and Ananya Roy, “At the Limits of Urban Theory: Racial Banishment in the Contemporary City” (LSE Cities Public Lecture Series, February 2018), https://www.mixcloud.com/lse/at-the-limits-of-urban-theory-racial-banishment-in-the-contemporary-city-audio/.

20. This follows a long tradition of writings on “urbicide.” McKittrick both highlights “the interconnectedness of race, place and violence” and warns us that “linking urbicide to a black sense of place can foster a linear progression towards death, thus keeping in place our already existing knowledge system that calcifies racial codes.” See McKittrick, “On Plantations,” 950–53.

21. Kathy Burrell, Peter Hopkins, Arshad Isakjee, Colin Lorne, Caroline Nagel, Robin Finlay, Anoop Nayak, et al., “Brexit, Race, and Migration,” Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 37, no. 1 (2019): 3–40.

22. Dan Martin, “Leicestershire and Leicester Councils Set Budgets and Council Tax Rates for 2018/19,” Leicester Live, February 22, 2018, https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/news/leicester-news/live-leicestershire-leicester-councils-debate-1243650.

23. Cornel West distinguishes between “immoral actions” and “immoral circumstances,” pointing to the sustained state processes of discrimination and deprivation. See Race Matters, 2nd ed. (New York Vintage Books, 2001), 3–13.

24. Leicester City Council, “Asylum Seeker Support Available in Leicester” (Leicester, March 2016), 15, https://www.leicester.gov.uk/media/180988/asylum-seeker-support-in-leicester.pdf.

25. Emma S. Stewart, “UK Dispersal Policy and Onwards Migration: Mapping the Current State of Knowledge,” Journal of Refugee Studies 25, no. 1 (2012): 25–49.

26. Doreen Massey, “The Political Place of Locality Studies,” in Space, Place, and Gender (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994), 132.

27. Walter D. Mignolo, Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges, and Border Thinking (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012), ix–xi.

28. Vaughan Robinson, “The Migration of East African Asians to the UK,” in The Cambridge Survey of World Migration, ed. Robin Cohen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 331–36.

29. Mahmood Mamdani, “Preface to the Second Edition (2011),” in From Citizen to Refugee: Ugandan Asians Come to Britain (1973; Cape Town: Pambakzuka Press, 2011), 3.

30. Runnymede, “Leicester Migration Stories” (London: Runnymede Trust, November 2012), 17.

31. BBC News, “Ugandan Asians Advert ‘Foolish’ Says Leicester Councillor,” August 8, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-19165216.

32. Valerie Marett, “Resettlement of Ugandan Asians in Leicester,” Journal of Refugee Studies 6, no. 3 (1993): 248–59.

33. BBC News, “Ugandan Asians.”

34. David Griffiths, Nando Sigona, and Roger Zetter, “Integrative Paradigms, Marginal Reality: Refugee Community Organisations and Dispersal in Britain,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 32, no. 5 (2006): 881–98.

35. Office for National Statistics, “Migration Statistics Quarterly Report,” August 27, 2015, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/migration-statistics-quarterly-report-august-2015.

36. Office for National Statistics, “Migration Statistics Quarterly Report.”

37. Steven Vertovec, “Super-diversity and Its Implications,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 30, no. 6 (2007): 1024–54.

38. Suzanne Hall, “Mooring ‘Super-diversity’ to a Brutal Migration Milieu,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 40, no. 9 (2017): 1562–73.

39. Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).

40. Urban geographer Ed Soja refers to “whereness” as the constitutive process of taking place in Seeking Spatial Justice (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010).

41. In 2015 the UN Refugee Agency’s refugee mandate accounted for 16.1 million refugees, 54 percent of whom came from three countries: Syria (4.9 million), Afghanistan (2.7 million), and Somalia (1.1 million). See “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015” (2015), http://www.unhcr.org/576408cd7.pdf. From 1999 to 2003, 30,565 applications were received for asylum in the UK by refugees from Somalia as principal asylum claimants. See The Migration Observatory, “Migration to the UK: Asylum” (University of Oxford: The Migration Observatory Briefings Paper, October 26, 2017), http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/briefings/migration-to-the-uk-asylum/. See also the RefugeeMap Site: http://refugeemap.wikidot.com/somalia.

42. Drawing on Labour Force Survey data, Alice Bloch explores how “refugees experience lower rates of employment and for those in employment, lower wages and poorer terms and conditions of employment than their minority ethnic counterparts.” “Labour Market Participation and Conditions of Employment: A Comparison of Minority Ethnic Groups and Refugees in Britain,” Sociological Research Online 9, no. 2 (2004), http://www.socresonline.org.uk/9/2/bloch.html.

43. Jens Hainmueller and Dominik Hangartner, “Who Gets a Swiss Passport? A Natural Experiment in Immigrant Discrimination,” American Political Science Review 107, no. 1 (2013): 159–87.

44. Lucy Mayblin provides important accounts of how limiting the right to work for asylum seekers is a state mode of stratification that is based on a lack of evidence and a sustained presumption that work restrictions effectively deter asylum seekers. She also shows forms of resistance to this differential access to the labor market. See her “Complexity Reduction and Policy Consensus: Asylum Seekers, the Right to Work, and the ‘Pull Factor’ Thesis in the UK Context,” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 18, no. 4 (2016): 812–28; and her “Troubling the Exclusive Privileges of Citizenship: Mobile Solidarities, Asylum Seekers, and the Right to Work,” Citizenship Studies 20, no. 2 (2016): 192–207. See also Sébastien Chauvin, Blanca Garcés-Mascareñas, and Albert Kraler, “Working for Legality: Employment and Migrant Regularisation in Europe,” International Migration 51, no. 6 (2013): 118–31.

45. Iris Hagemans, Anke Hendriks, Jan Rath, and Sharon Zukin, “From Greengrocers to Cafés: Producing Social Diversity in Amsterdam,” in Global Cities, Local Streets: Everyday Diversity from New York to Shanghai, ed. Sharon Zukin, Philip Kasinitz, and Xiangming Chen (New York: Routledge, 2015), 90–119.

46. Ilse Van Liempt, “‘And Then One Day They All Moved to Leicester’: The Relocation of Somalis from the Netherlands to the UK Explained,” Population, Space and Place 17, no. 3 (2011): 254–66.

47. Runnymede, “Leicester Migration Stories,” 7. An expanded account of the energies required to overcome the impacts of warfare and multiple displacements as experienced by refugees in Somalia is stunningly articulated in the narration of Asad Abdullahi’s journey by Jonny Steinberg, A Man of Good Hope (London: Penguin Random House, 2015).

48. Cathy McIlwaine and Diego Bunge, “Onward Precarity, Mobility, and Migration among Latin Americans in London,” Antipode 51, no. 2 (2019): 605.

49. See, for example, Kristin Surak, “What Money Can Buy: Citizenship by Investment on a Global Scale,” in Deepening Divides, ed. Didier Fassin (London: Pluto Press, 2020), 21–37.

50. The latest state paper in this intregrationist lineage emphasizes divisions more than the structural processes that inculcate division. For example, it emphasizes learning the English language, despite the cuts to the English as a second language program. See Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, “Integrated Communities Strategy Green Paper” (HM Government, March 2018), https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/696993/Integrated_Communities_Strategy.pdf.

51. Johan Galtung, “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research,” Journal of Peace Research 6, no. 3 (1969): 167–91.

52. Roy, “At the Limits of Urban Theory.”

53. Imogen Tyler, Revolting Subjects: Social Abjection and Resistance in Neoliberal Britain (London: Zed, 2013).

54. Chauvin, Garcés-Mascareñas, and Kraler, “Working for Legality,” 118.

55. Ruben Andersson, Illegality Inc.: Clandestine Migration and the Business of Bordering Europe (Oakland: University of California Press, 2014). For a visual narrative of individual journeys see The Stories behind a Line, documentary by Federica Fragapane and Alex Piacentini, http://www.storiesbehindaline.com/.

56. Achille Mbembé, “Necropolitics,” trans. Libby Meintjes, Public Culture 15, no. 1 (2003): 11–40.

57. Bristol City Council, “Statistical Ward Profile” (Bristol, June 2017), https://www.bristol.gov.uk/documents/20182/436737/Lawrence+Hill.pdf/bec15541-2bf1-4702-9d70-c9f5d54f8bb2.

58. Sunday People, “Forget the Home Office Mapping Site: This REALLY Is Britain’s Worst Street,” The Mirror, April 3, 2015, https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/forget-home-office-crime-mapping-1695400.

59. Lucas Batt and Lorna Stephenson, “Drug Deaths in Bristol Sharply Increase,” The Bristol Cable, August 7, 2017, https://thebristolcable.org/2017/08/significant-increase-in-drug-deaths-in-bristol-government-data-shows/.

60. Suzanne Hall, “The Art of Sitting,” in City Street and Citizen: The Measure of the Ordinary (London: Routledge, 2012), 52–73.

61. Pierre Bourdieu, Algeria 1960: The Disenchantment of the World, the Sense of Honour, the Kabyle House, or the World Reversed, trans. Richard Nice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979).

62. Michele Lancione, ed., Rethinking Life at the Margins: The Assemblage of Contexts, Subjects, and Politics (London: Routledge, 2016), 7.

63. On June 7, 2020, antiracism protestors tore down the statue of the slave trader Edward Colston (1636–1721). The protest was connected to the wider set of antiracism protests as part of the Black Lives Matter movement that emerged after the killing of George Floyd during a police arrest in Minneapolis on May 25, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jun/07/blm-protesters-topple-statue-of-bristol-slave-trader-edward-colston.

64. Ruth Wilson Gilmore, “Fatal Couplings of Power and Difference: Notes on Racism and Geography,” Professional Geographer 54, no. 1 (2002): 15–24.

65. For an excellent discussion on the spatial production of coloniality see Tariq Jazeel, Postcolonialism (London: Routledge, 2019).

1. See the special issue by Sharad Chari and Vinay Gidwani on a spatial ethnography of labor, and their introduction, “Introduction: Grounds for a Spatial Ethnography of Labor,” Ethnography 6, no. 3 (2005): 267–81. Chari and Gidwani draw on the legacy of Henri Lefebvre to comprehend the social dynamic of space; see also Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (1974; Oxford: Blackwell, 1991).

2. Ruth Wilson Gilmore, “Fatal Couplings of Power and Difference: Notes on Racism and Geography,” Professional Geographer 54, no. 1 (2002): 16.

3. Gargi Bhattacharyya notes that “being cast out or pushed to the edge itself becomes the basis of racialising discourses and practices.” Rethinking Racial Capitalism: Questions of Reproduction and Survival (London: Rowman and Littlefield, 2018), 5.

4. James Ferguson and Tania Murray Li, “Beyond the ‘Proper Job’: Political-Economic Analysis after the Century of Labouring Man,” Institute for Poverty, Land, and Agrarian Studies, Working Paper 51 (PLAAS, UWC: Cape Town, 2018), 1–22, http://repository.uwc.ac.za/handle/10566/4538.

5. AbdouMaliq Simone, Improvised Lives: Rhythms of Endurance in an Urban South (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2019).

6. See, for example, Claire Alexander, “Making Bengali Brick Lane: Claiming and Contesting Space in East London,” British Journal of Sociology 62, no. 2 (2011): 201–20.

7. Myfanwy Taylor, “Contested Urban Economies: Representing and Mobilising London’s Diverse Economy” (PhD diss., University College London, 2017).

8. AbdouMaliq Simone, “People as Infrastructure: Intersecting Fragments in Johannesburg,” Public Culture 16, no. 3 (2004): 407–29.

9. Kenny Monrose identifies the long histories of hustle on the thin margins, pointing to street economies that emerged in London in the 1970s and 1980s in Railton Road (Brixton), Sandringham Road (Dalston), and All Saints Road (Notting Hill). See “‘Struggling, Juggling, and Street Corner Hustling’: The Street Economy of Newham’s Black Community,” Illegal Entrepreneurship, Organised Crime and Social Control 14 (2016): 73–74.

10. Tatiana Adeline Thieme, “The Hustle Economy: Informality, Uncertainty, and the Geographies of Getting By,” Progress in Human Geography 42, no. 4 (2018): 530.

11. Virinder S. Kalra, From Textile Mills to Taxi Ranks: Experiences of Migration, Labour, and Social Change (London: Ashgate, 2000).

12. The imperative of sociospatial texture to urban practices is expanded on through the literatures on infrastructure. See Suzanne Hall, Julia King, and Robin Finlay, “Migrant Infrastructure: Transaction Economies in Birmingham and Leicester,” Urban Studies 54, no. 6 (2017): 1311–27. For an excellent approach to the role of rudimentary infrastructure in shaping political processes at street and state level see Lisa Björkman, Pipe Politics: Embedded Infrastructures of Millennial Mumbai (Durham: Duke University Press, 2015); Hillary Angelo and Christine Hentschel, “Interactions with Infrastructure as Windows into Social Worlds: A Method for Critical Urban Studies,” City 19 (2015): 306–12; and Jonathan Silver, “Incremental Infrastructures: Material Improvisation and Social Collaboration across Post-colonial Accra,” Urban Geography 35, no. 6 (2015): 788–804.

13. Swati Chattopadhyay, Unlearning the City: Infrastructure in a New Optical Field (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012).

14. Nira Yuval-Davis, Georgie Wemyss, and Kathryn Cassidy identify the emergence of “more targeted, less visible bordering processes” that produce “everyday employment bordering” in “Everyday Bordering, Belonging, and the Reorientation of British Immigration Legislation,” Sociology 52, no. 2 (2018): 228–44; see also Alice Bloch and Sonia McKay, “Hidden Dishes—How Food Gets on Our Plates: Undocumented Migrants and the Restaurant Sector,” Journal of Workplace Rights 17, no. 1 (2013): 69–91.

15. I am indebted to the lineage of urban scholarship on provisionality advanced by AbdouMaliq Simone. See, among others, his “The Urban Majority and Provisional Recompositions in Yangon: The 2016 Antipode RGS-IBG Lecture,” Antipode 50, no. 1 (2018): 23–40; and AbdouMaliq Simone and Vyjayanthi Rao, “Securing the Majority: Living through Uncertainty in Jakarta,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 36, no. 2 (2012): 315–35.

16. Alexander Vasudevan, “The Autonomous City: Towards a Critical Geography of Occupation,” Progress in Human Geography 39, no. 3 (2015): 331; and Alexander Vasudevan, “The Makeshift City: Towards a Global Geography of Squatting.” Progress in Human Geography 39, no. 3 (2015): 339.

17. Satnam Virdee, “‘Race,’ Employment, and Social Change: A Critique of Current Orthodoxies,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 29, no. 4 (2006): 614.

18. Office for National Statistics, “Trends in Self-Employment in the UK,” February 7, 2018, https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/articles/trendsinselfemploymentintheuk/2018-02-07.

19. Chari and Gidwani, “Introduction,” 268.

20. J. K. Gibson-Graham, “Diverse Economies: Performative Practices for Other Worlds,” Progress in Human Geography 32, no. 5 (2008): 613–32.

21. See, for example, Austin Zeiderman, Sobia Ahmad Kaker, Jonathan Silver, and Astrid Wood, “Uncertainty and Urban Life,” Public Culture 27, no. 22 (2015): 281–304; and Vanya Gastrow and Roni Amit, “The Role of Migrant Traders in Local Economies: A Case Study of Somali Spaza Shops in Cape Town,” in Mean Streets: Migration, Xenophobia and Informality in South Africa, ed. Jonathan Crush, Abel Chikanda, and Caroline Skinner (Ontario: SAMP, 2015), 162–77.

22. Jane Pollard, Cheryl McEwan, Nina Laurie, and Alison Stenning, “Economic Geography under Postcolonial Scrutiny,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 34, no. 2 (2009): 137–42.

23. Marion Werner, “Contesting Power/Knowledge in Economic Geography: Learning from Latin America and the Caribbean,” in The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Economic Geography, ed. Trevor J. Barnes, Jamie Peck, and Eric Sheppard (Chichester: Wiley, 2012), 132.

24. Marion Werner, Kendra Strauss, Brenda Parker, Reecia Orzeck, Kate Derickson, and Anne Bonds, “Feminist Political Economy in Geography: Why Now, What Is Different, and What For?” Geoforum 79 (2017): 1–4.

25. See, for example, Stephen Ashe’s research on two large-scale surveys on racism in the workplace commissioned by Business in the Community (2015) and the Trade Union Congress (2016–17). Ashe highlights: “One of the things that immediately strikes you when you start to read the testimonies gathered by the BITC and TUC surveys is that many participants situated their personal experiences in the broader context of EU Referendum, Brexit and, to a lesser extent, Donald Trump taking office in the White House. Indeed, this is the political backdrop against which many participants suggested that racist ideas have been legitimised and the people subscribing to such ideas emboldened.” Ashe, “Racism. Work. Brexit. Empire,” Discover Society, April 3, 2017, https://discoversociety.org/2018/04/03/racism-work-brexit-empire/.

26. Trevor Jones, Monder Ram, Yaojun Li, Paul Edwards, and Maria Villares, “Super-diverse Britain and New Migrant Enterprises” (IRiS Working Paper Series, No. 8, 2015), 18, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5520/a733cd6883138ee32e78b065351cda1430cc.pdf.

27. Ash Amin, “Lively Infrastructure,” Theory, Culture and Society 31, no. 7 (2014): 137–61.

28. Handsworth Revolution, an iconic album by Steel Pulse, was recorded in 1977 and released in 1978. It is rooted in resistance against racism. Steel Pulse originally formed at Handsworth Wood Boys School.

29. See also John Akomfrah’s film Handsworth Songs (Black Audio Film Collective, 1986).

30. John Rex and Robert Moore, Race, Community, and Conflict: A Study of Sparkbrook (London: Oxford University Press, 1967).

31. Kehinde Andrews, “10 Years On from the Lozells Riots, Nothing Has Changed for Those in Poverty,” The Guardian, October 23, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/society/commentisfree/2015/oct/23/lozells-riots-anniversarybirmingham-east-handsworth-poverty.

32. Urban uprisings notably occurred in 1981, 1985, 1991, 2005, and 2011.

33. Paul Lewis, Tim Newburn, Matthew Taylor, Catriona McGillivray, Aster Greenhill, Harold Frayman, and Rob Proctor, Reading the Riots: Investigating England’s Summer of Disorder (London: London School of Economics and Political Science and The Guardian, 2011), 4.

34. Adam Elliott-Cooper, “The Struggle That Cannot Be Named: Violence, Space and the Re-articulation of Anti-racism in Post-Duggan Britain,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 41, no. 14 (2018): 2446.

35. Johan Galtung, “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research,” Journal of Peace Research 6, no. 3 (1969): 167–91.

36. Ajmal Hussain, “Behind the Birmingham Riots: ‘The Ultimate Sacrifice for Peace,’” The Guardian, September 7, 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/sep/07/birmingham-riots-peace-father.

37. Liza Schuster and John Solomos, “Race, Immigration and Asylum,” Ethnicities 4, no. 2 (2004): 268.

38. Rebecca Woods, “England in 1966: Racism and Ignorance in the Midlands,” BBC News, June 1, 2016, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-36388761

39. Monder Ram, Trevor Jones, Tahir Abbas, and Balihar Sanghera, “Ethnic Minority Enterprise in Its Urban Context: South Asian Restaurants in Birmingham,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 26, no. 1 (2002): 31.

40. Trevor Jones, Monder Ram, Paul Edwards, Alexander Kiselinchev, and Lovemore Muchenje, “New Migrant Enterprise: Novelty or Historical Continuity?” Urban Studies 49 (2012): 3159–79.

41. Nick Henry, Cheryl McEwan, and Jane Pollard, “Globalisation from Below: Birmingham—Postcolonial Workshop of the World?” Area 34, no. 2 (2002): 117–27.

42. Jennifer Robinson, Ordinary Cities: Between Modernity and Development (London: Routledge, 2013).

43. Tamlyn Jones, “Plans Lodged for First Phase of Peddimore,” Birmingham Post, January 9, 2019, https://www.birminghampost.co.uk/business/commercial-property/plans-lodged-first-phase-peddimore-15651584.

44. Based on a VAT registration threshold for the twelve months up to August 31, 2018.

45. “We Made That and LSE Cities ‘High Streets for All’” (London Mayor’s Office, 2015), 8, https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/high_streets_for_all_report_web_final.pdf.

46. Jones et al., “New Migrant Enterprise.”

47. Jones et al., “Super-diverse Britain and New Migrant Enterprises,” 18.

48. Loren B. Landau and Iriann Freemantle, “Tactical Cosmopolitanism and Idioms of Belonging: Insertion and Self-exclusion in Johannesburg,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36, no. 3 (2010): 375–90.

49. In Poetics of Relation, Glissant expands his intellectual pursuit of multilingual collaboration, in accumulating a vocabulary different from and in challenge to orthodoxies of “Western” knowledge. Antillanité is “a method and not a state of being” for forging subversive collaborations, while marronage originally referred to “the political act of these slaves who escaped into the forested hills of Martinique” and “now designates a form of cultural opposition to European-American culture.” Poetics of Relation (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997), xx–xxii.

50. Antonia Dawes, “The Struggle for Via Bologna Street Market: Crisis, Racial Denial, and Speaking Back to Power in Naples Italy,” British Journal of Sociology 70, no. 1 (2018): 377–94.

51. Javier Auyero, Patients of the State: The Politics of Waiting in Argentina (Durham: Duke University Press, 2012), 23–35.

52. As written on the display cabinet, Manchester Jewish Museum, 190 Cheetham Hill Road.

53. Jones et al., “Super-diverse Britain and New Migrant Enterprises,” 17.

54. “Conversation: Achille Membe and David Theo Goldberg on Critique of Black Reason,” Theory, Culture and Society, July 3, 2018, https://www.theoryculturesociety.org/conversation-achille-mbembe-and-david-theo-goldberg-on-critique-of-black-reason/.

55. An important range of scholarship focused on everyday networks of care and counsel, including in the context of migration not only challenges the integrationist lens but explores the small arrangements of circumvention within larger structures of sovereignty and subordination. See, for example, Veena Das, Life and Words: Violence and the Descent into the Ordinary (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007); Romola Sanyal, “Urbanising Refuge: Interrogating Spaces of Displacement.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 38, no. 2 (2014): 558–72; and Henrietta Nyamnjoh and Michael Rowlands, “Do You Eat Achu Here? Nurturing as a Way of Life in a Cameroon Diaspora,” Critical African Studies 5, no. 3 (2013): 140–52.

1. I note here that in Peckham in south London varied forms of resistance to regeneration as well as racism are convened. In this chapter I focus on the prosaic practices of everyday refusal oriented around the shops on Rye Lane. However, the street has historically accommodated wider circuits of antiracist protest, including a recent Black Lives Matter protest on May 30, 2020. Kirstie McCrum, “Black Lives Matter Protests in Peckham after George Floyd Killing in US,” May 30, 2020, MyLondon, https://www.mylondon.news/news/south-london-news/black-lives-matter-protests-peckham-18337388.

2. Audrey Kobayashi and Linda Peake, “Racism out of Place: Thoughts on Whiteness and an Antiracist Geography in the New Millennium,” Annals of the Association of America Geographers 90, no. 2 (2000): 393.

3. David Harvey, “The ‘New’ Imperialism: Accumulation by Dispossession,” Socialist Register 40, no. 40 (2004): 63–87.

4. Raquel Rolnik, Urban Warfare: Housing under the Empire of Finance (London: Verso, 2019). The quotation is taken from the book launch at the LSE on March 25, 2019, http://www.lse.ac.uk/sociology/events/urban-warfare/raquel-rolnik-urban-warfare-housing-under-the-empire-of-finance.

5. Ananya Roy, “At the Limits of Urban Theory: Racial Banishment in the Contemporary City” (LSE Cities Public Lecture Series, February 2018). See also the crucial report by Jessica Perera on the criminalization of young black men in the regeneration of neighborhoods categorized as “sink estates”: “The London Clearances: Race, Housing and Policing,” Institute of Race Relations 12 (2019): 1–40.

6. See, for example, Ayona Datta, The Illegal City: Space, Law, and Gender in a Delhi Squatter Settlement (London: Routledge, 2012); and Katherine Brickell, “‘The Whole World Is Watching’: Intimate Geopolitics of Forced Eviction and Women’s Activism in Cambodia,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 104, no. 6 (2014): 1256–72.

7. See also Gautam Bhan, “‘This Is No Longer the City I Once Knew’: Evictions, the Urban Poor, and the Right to the City in Millennial Delhi,” Environment and Urbanization 21, no. 1 (2009): 127–42; and Hyun Bang Shin, “The Right to the City and Critical Reflections on China’s Property Rights Activism,” Antipode 45, no. 5 (2013): 1167–89.

8. See the crucial work collaboration work of Just Space in this regard, where detailed analyses on the loss of varied forms of workplace have informed their activism, https://justspace.org.uk/.

9. Kobayashi and Peake, “Racism out of Place,” 393.

10. Teresa Caldeira, “Peripheral Urbanization: Autoconstruction, Transversal Logics, and Politics in Cities of the Global South,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 35, no. 1 (2017): 3–20.

11. Doreen Massey, “A Global Sense of Place,” in Space, Place, and Gender (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994), 152.

12. Guy Shrubsole, “Who Owns the Country? The Secretive Companies Hoarding England’s Land,” The Guardian, April 19, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/apr/19/who-owns-england-secretive-companies-hoarding-land.

13. See, for example, the economic implications of dramatic budget cuts to local authorities on the structure of space. Nick Clarke and Allan Cochrane trace the impacts of the Comprehensive Spending Review for 2010–14, where “capital funding to local government is cut by 50%.” Clarke and Cochrane, “Geographies and Politics of Localism: The Localism of the United Kingdom’s Coalition Government,” Political Geography 34 (2013): 10–23.

14. In 2016 the Generation Rent campaign group pointed to London’s profoundly inflated housing market, with house prices up 37 percent and rents up 10 percent since 2009. Seventy-four thousand households were reported to have moved out of the capital. See, for example, Robert Booth and Caeline Barr, “Number of Londoners Abandoning Capital Hits 10-Year High,” The Guardian, December 29, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/dec/29/londoners-leaving-capital-for-brighton-birmingham-and-bristol.

15. These figures are correlated in a research report that draws on Land Registry Data on the House Price Index and census data. See Julia King, Suzanne Hall, Patria Roman-Velazquez, Alejandro Fernandez, Josh Mallins, Santiago Peluffo-Soneyra, and Natalia Perez, “Socio-Economic Value at the Elephant and Castle,” August 2018, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/90160/1/Hall__socio-economic-value.pdf. See also the House Price Index calculator: https://landregistry.data.gov.uk/app/ukhpi/browse?from=2009-01-01&location=http%3A%2F%2Flandregistry.data.gov.uk%2Fid%2Fregion%2Fsouthwark&to=2020-01-01.

16. A report on key housing data in Southwark further reveals that “in the 2011 Census Southwark had the largest proportion of households renting from the local authority at 31.2%, but down as a proportion from 42.3% in 2001.” Private rental tenure went from 13.5 percent in 2001 to 23.7 percent in 2011. See Southwark Council (Southwark Key Housing Data 2015/16, October 2015), 13, https://www.southwark.gov.uk/assets/attach/2683/Southwark_Housing_Key_Stats_October_v2_2015.pdf.

17. Imogen Tyler, “Resituating Erving Goffman: From Stigma Power to Black Power,” Sociological Review 66, no. 4 (2018): 744–65. For an important account of how the authority of centrality is captured in architecture and planning, see also Malcolm James, “Authoritarian Populism/Populist Authoritarianism,” in Regeneration Songs: Sounds of Investment and Loss in East London, ed. Anna Minton, Alberto Duman, Malcolm James, and Dan Hancox (London: Repeater Books, 2018), 291–306.

18. Southwark Council, Revitalise: Peckham and Nunhead Area Action Plan (November 2014), https://www.southwark.gov.uk/assets/attach/12790/EIP31-Peckham-and-Nunhead-AAP-2014-.pdf.

19. Southwark Council, Revitalise, 28.

20. Loretta Lees, Hyun Bang Shin, and Ernesto López-Morales, Planetary Gentrification (Cambridge: Policy Press, 2016).

21. “Clone-town,” a term coined by the New Economics Foundation in 2007, has been subsequently used to analyze the common format of town center and high street retail; https://neweconomics.org/2007/06/clone-town-britain

22. Stuart Hall with Bill Schwarz, Familiar Stranger: A Life between Two Islands (London: Penguin, 2018), 7.

23. Lees, Shin, and López-Morales, Planetary Gentrification.

24. Emma Jackson, Michaela Benson, and Francisco Calafate-Faria, “Multisensory Ethnography and Vertical Urban Transformation: Ascending the Peckham Skyline,” Social and Cultural Geography (2019), DOI: 10.1080/14649365.2019.1597152.

25. See, for example, AbdouMaliq Simone, “The Majority-World and the Politics of Everyday Living Places in Southeast Asia for Researching the Translocal,” in The SAGE Handbook of the 21st Century City, ed. Suzanne Hall and Ricky Burdett (London: SAGE, 2017), 399–415; James Holston, Insurgent Citizenship: Disjunctions of Democracy and Modernity in Brazil (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009); and James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).

26. Henri Lefebvre, “The Right to the City,” in Writings on Cities, by Henri Lefebvre, ed. Eleonore Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas (1968; Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996), 63–184; and David Harvey, “The Right to the City,” New Left Review 53 (2008): 23–40.

27. Myfanwy Taylor, “Contested Urban Economies: Representing and Mobilising London’s Diverse Economy” (PhD diss., University College London, 2017), 41.

28. Saskia Sassen, “Global Cities: Places for Researching the Translocal,” in Hall and Burdett, SAGE Handbook of the 21st Century City, 143–58.

29. Major acquisitions are referred to as, for example, “properties with a minimum price of US$5 million in the case of New York City.” Sassen, “Global Cities,” 152–53.

30. Sassen, “Global Cities,” 154.

31. Neil Smith, The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City (New York: Routledge, 2005).

32. Imogen Tyler and Tom Slater, “Rethinking the Sociology of Stigma,” in special issue “The Sociology of Stigma,” Sociological Review 66, no. 4 (2018): 721.

33. Emma Jackson, “The Pigeon and the Weave: The Middle Classes, Dis/comfort, and the Multicultural City,” in Stories of Cosmopolitan Belonging: Emotion and Location, ed. Hannah Jones and Emma Jackson (London: Routledge 2014), 60–63.

34. See Emma Jackson and Michaela Benson’s valuable lineage of work on place-making and belonging in Peckham, and the distinctive signifier of Rye Lane as dislocated or off-center. For example, Benson and Jackson, “Place-Making and Place Maintenance: Performativity, Place, and Belonging among the Middle Classes,” Sociology 47, no. 4 (2013): 793–809.

35. Phil Hubbard, The Battle for the High Street: Retail Gentrification, Class, and Disgust (London: Springer, 2017).

36. Rosalind Russell, “Del Boy Wouldn’t Adam and Eve It but Peckham Is Turning Posh,” The Telegraph, April 6, 2006, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/3348928/Del-Boy-wouldnt-Adam-and-Eve-it-but-Peckham-is-turning-posh.html.

37. Wendy S. Shaw, Cities of Whiteness (London: Wiley-Blackwell, 2007).

38. For a valuable methodological intervention into “live” research, see Les Back and Nirmal Puwar, Live Methods (London: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013).

39. See, for example, our project with Latin Elephant on “Socio-Economic Value at the Elephant and Castle,” https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/Socio-economic_value_at_the_Elephant_and_Castle/9464105.

40. This included making much of our visual material available on our “Ordinary Streets” and “Super-diverse Streets” websites, as well as providing research material to Peckham Vision and writing a report for Just Space. In 2018 our research extended to working with Latin Elephant.

41. Iain Chambers, Postcolonial Interruptions, Unauthorised Modernities (London: Rowman and Littlefield, 2017), 1.

42. Guardian doc: https://www.theguardian.com/money/2011/may/21/westfield-stratford-city; Stratford City doc: https://www.newham.gov.uk/Documents/Environment%20and%20planning/SMMSocioEconomicImpact[1].pdf.

43. See Huda Tayob, “Architecture-by-Migrants: The Porous Infrastructures of Bellville,” Anthropology Southern Africa 42, no. 1 (2019): 46–58; and Tanya Zack and Thireshen Govender, “Architectures of Visibility and Invisibility: A Reflection on the Secret Affinities of Johannesburg’s Cross-Border Shopping Hub,” Anthropology Southern Africa 42, no. 1 (2019): 29–45.

44. Smith, New Urban Frontier, front matter.

45. See Adam Elliott-Cooper, Estelle du Boulay, and Eleanor Kilroy, “Moral Panic(s) in the 21st Century,” City 18, no. 2 (2014): 160–66; and Austin Zeiderman, “Submergence: Precarious Politics in Colombia’s Future Port-City,” Antipode 48, no. 3 (2016): 809–31.

46. Suzanne Hall, “Multilingual Citizenship,” Discover Society 1 (2013): 1–3.

47. Anoop Nayak and Claire Alexander, “Researching Race in and out of the Academy,” British Sociological Association Plenary Talk (2016), 20, https://www.britsoc.co.uk/resource-library/resource-view/?id=418&searchText=&searchDateFrom=&searchDateTo=&searchCategory=&searchMedia=.

48. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RbgZifpP68E.

49. Ash Amin, “The Good City,” Urban Studies 43, nos. 5–6 (2006): 1012.

50. Marshall Berman, Adventures in Marxism (London: Verso, 1999), 167.

51. Swati Chattopadhyay, Unlearning the City: Infrastructure in a New Optical Field (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012).

52. Suzanne Hall, “Super-diverse Street: A ‘Trans-ethnography’ across Migrant Localities,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 38, no. 1 (2015): 22–37.

53. Margot Rubin’s work on divisible space and “backyarding” in the context of housing provision in South Africa gives important detail to the process and reflects on policy implications. See, for example, David Gardner and Margot Rubin, “The ‘Other Half’ of the Backlog: (Re)considering Backyarding in South Africa,” in Upgrading Informal Settlements in South Africa: Pursuing a Partnership-Based Approach, ed. Liza Rose Cirolia, Tristan Görgens, Mirjan van Donk, Warren Smit, and Scott Drimie (Johannesburg: Juta, 2017), 77.

54. Caldeira, “Peripheral Urbanization.”

55. For the historic listing of the Peckham Rye station building, see https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1392389.

56. Katherine McKittrick draws on the requirement to remake oneself and to remake the notion of the human through what she calls “creative worlds” located within the “overarching worlds” of knowledge and power. Her exploration unfolds through formations of “black music.” McKittrick, “Rebellion/Invention/Groove,” Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 20, no. 1 (2016): 79–91.

57. I was present at the meeting. This quotation is taken from Elizabeth Cox’s verbal presentation.

58. Jack Halberstam, “The Wild Beyond: With and for the Undercommons,” in The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study, by Stefano Harney and Fred Moten (Wivenhoe, UK: Minor Compositions, 2013), 5.

59. This point is made particularly stridently by Ash Amin in reimagining the logic of the community as communal. Amin, Land of Strangers (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012).

60. See Just Space, https://justspace.org.uk/history/.

61. See Costas Douzinas, Philosophy and Resistance in the Crisis: Greece and the Future of Europe (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013); and Ananya Roy and Aihwa Ong, eds., Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011).

62. Oren Yiftachel, “Critical Theory and ‘Gray Space’: Mobilisation of the Colonised,” City 13, nos. 2–3 (2009): 246–63.

63. See Tariq Jazeel, “Spatialising Difference beyond Cosmopolitanism: Rethinking Planetary Futures,” Theory, Culture and Society 28, no. 5 (2011): 75–97; and Tariq Jazeel, Postcolonialism (London: Routledge, 2019).

1. Oren Yiftachel, “Displaceability: The New Foundations of Urban Citizenship?,” LSE Public Lecture, March 21, 2019. Yiftachel makes the related point that “displaceability” additionally requires ways of seeing the extended and enduring nature of coloniality through a “southeastern” epistemology. “Displaceability—A Southeastern Perspective,” Displacement Research and Action Network (2019): 1–5, http://mitdisplacement.org/symposium-oren-yiftachel.

2. Tariq Jazeel, Postcolonialism (London: Routledge, 2019), 83. See also David Theo Goldberg, “Racial Europeanization,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 29, no. 2 (2006): 331–64.

3. Jacobs’s Edge of Empire provides an inspirational account of the entwined spaces of colonialism and postcolonialism in the formation of urban life. Edge of Empire: Postcolonialism and the City (London: Routledge, 1996), x.

4. Stuart Hall with Bill Schwarz, Familiar Stranger: A Life between Two Islands (Durham: Duke University Press), 24.

5. De Genova refers to how “the mobility of the vast majority of people from formerly colonised countries—indeed, the vast majority of humanity—has been preemptively illegalised.” See “The ‘Migrant Crisis’ as Racial Crisis: Do Black Lives Matter in Europe?” Ethnic and Racial Studies 41, no. 10 (2018): 1766.

6. Nisha Kapoor and Kasia Narkowicz, “Characterising Citizenship: Race, Criminalisation and the Extension of Internal Borders,” Sociology 53, no. 4 (2019): 652–70.

7. Chantal Mouffe, The Democratic Paradox (London: Verso, 2000).

8. Achille Mbembe, On the Postcolony (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 128–33.

9. See, for example, Maya Goodfellow, Hostile Environment: How Immigrants Became Scapegoats (London: Verso, 2019).

10. Édouard Glissant in One World in Relation, directed by Manthia Dinawara (Third World Newsreel, EUA, Francês, Inglês, 2009).

11. See, for example, Deborah Potts, Circular Migration in Zimbabwe and Contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa (New York: Boydell & Brewer, 2010); and Vinay Gidwani and Kalyanakrishnan Sivaramakrishnan, “Circular Migration and the Spaces of Cultural Assertion,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 93, no. 1 (2003): 186–213.

12. See, for example, the Independent Workers Union of Great Britain, which represents migrant workers including in the sectors of outsourced work and the gig economy.

13. Ash Amin, Land of Strangers (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012), 135.

14. Benedict Anderson, “Census, Map, Museum,” in Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin und Spread of Nationalism, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1991), 163–85.

15. Raquel Rolnik, Urban Warfare: Housing under the Empire of Finance (London: Verso, 2019); and Loretta Lees, Hyun Bang Shin, and Ernesto López-Morales, Planetary Gentrification (Cambridge: Polity Press: 2016).

16. This is a kind of analogy developed by Aimé Césaire, in which he connects the structure of racism within Europe’s system of colonization and atrocities within Europe. Césaire, Discourse on Colonialism, trans. Joan Pinkham (Paris: Editions Reclame, 1950).

17. Cornel West, Race Matters, 2nd ed. (New York Vintage Books, 2001), 5.

18. Monisha Das Gupta, Unruly Immigrants: Rights, Activism, and Transnational South Asian Politics in the United States (Durham; Duke University Press, 2006), 4.

19. Amin, Land of Strangers, 138.

20. See, for example, the excellent comparative account of prevailing uncertainty and its urban logics in Austin Zeiderman, Sobia Ahmad Kaker, Jonathan Silver, and Astrid Wood, “Uncertainty and Urban Life,” Public Culture 27, no. 2 (2015): 281–304.

21. Mouffe, The Democratic Paradox, 125.

22. Kendra Strauss, “Labour Geography III: Precarity, Racial Capitalisms, and Infrastructure,” Progress in Human Geography (2019): DOI. 0309132519895308: 4.

23. Teresa Caldeira, “Peripheral Urbanization: Autoconstruction, Transversal Logics, and Politics in Cities of the Global South,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 35, no. 1 (2017): 3–20.

24. James Ferguson and Tania Murray Li, “Beyond the ‘Proper Job’: Political-Economic Analysis after the Century of Labouring Man,” Institute for Poverty, Land, and Agrarian Studies, Working Paper 51 (PLAAS, UWC: Cape Town, 2018): 1.

25. We Made That and LSE Cities, High Streets for All (London: Greater London Authority, 2017), https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/high_streets_for_all_report_web_final.pdf.

26. Gautam Bhan, “Notes on a Southern Urban Practice,” Environment and Urbanisation 31, no. 2 (2019): 639–65.

27. AbdouMaliq Simone and Vyjayanthi Rao, “Securing the Majority: Living through Uncertainty in Jakarta,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 36, no. 2 (2012): 315–35.

28. See, for example, Sharon Zukin, Philip Kasinitz, and Xiangming Chen, ed., Global Cities, Local Streets: Everyday Diversity from New York to Shanghai (London: Routledge, 2015).

29. See Eric Sheppard, Helga Leitner, and Anant Maringanti, “Provincializing Global Urbanism: A Manifesto,” Urban Geography 34, no. 7 (2013): 893–900; and Ananya Roy, “Urban Informality: Toward an Epistemology of Planning,” Journal of the American Planning Association 71, no. 2 (2005): 147–58.

30. Bhan, “Notes on a Southern Urban Practice,” 349.

31. My knowledge is mostly limited to London, and the work of Just Space, Latin Elephant, and Cass Cities, to name a few, has been an inspiration.

32. Ferguson and Li, “Beyond the ’Proper Job,’” 8.

33. Satnam Virdee, “‘Race,’ Employment, and Social Change: A Critique of Current Orthodoxies,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 29, no. 4 (2006): 614; and AbdouMaliq Simone, “People as Infrastructure: Intersecting Fragments in Johannesburg,” Public Culture 16, no. 3 (2004): 407–29.

34. Anoop Nayak and Claire Alexander, “Researching Race in and out of the Academy,” British Sociological Association Plenary Talk (2016), 18, https://www.britsoc.co.uk/resource-library/resource-view/?id=418&searchText=&searchDateFrom=&searchDateTo=&searchCategory=&searchMedia=.

35. Das Gupta, Unruly Immigrants, 4.

36. See the invaluable offering of “the richness of cultural struggle in and around ‘race’ and . . . also the dimensions of black oppositional practice which are not reducible to the narrow idea of anti-racism” in Paul Gilroy, “Diaspora, Utopia, and the Critique of Capitalism,” in There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack: The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2002), 201.

37. Stefano Harney and Fred Moten, The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study (Wivenhoe, UK: Minor Compositions, 2013), 26.

38. Sarah Nuttall and Achille Mbembe, eds., Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008).

39. Das Gupta, Unruly Immigrants, 4.

40. Katherine McKittrick, “Rebellion/Invention/Groove,” Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 20, no. 1 (2016): 81.

41. Colin McFarlane, “The Geographies of Urban Density: Topology, Politics, and the City,” Progress in Human Geography 40, no. 5 (2016): 629–48.

42. AbdouMaliq Simone, “Infrastructures of Diversity,” Symposium, Max Planck Institute for Religious and Ethnic Studies, July 2015. While this talk was not recorded or transcribed, key thinking around assemblages of infrastructure can be found in AbdouMaliq Simone, Improvised Lives: Rhythms of Endurance in an Urban South (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2018).

43. I borrow the phrase “aesthetics and ethics” from Richard Bramwell’s wonderful book UK Hip-Hop, Grime, and the City: The Aesthetics and Ethics of London’s Rap Scenes (London: Routledge, 2015).