Index

“A. and Pangeometry” (Lissitzky), 36, 42–43, 43 (fig.), 44, 48
Abstract Cabinet (Lissitzky), 54
activity theory, 160, 188, 203
adaptation, xix, 10, 33, 67, 70, 104, 112, 123, 129, 138, 155, 169, 199
Addams, Jane, xxviii
Adler, Alfred, 252n87
Adorno, Theodor, xvi
aesthetics, 1, 22–23, 25, 28, 90, 104, 132, 160, 202; biology and, 10; positive (Lunacharsky), xxvi–xxvii, 10, 24, 25, 168–70; psychological, 103; psychophysical, 251n56; rationalist, 18; sociological, 159
Agamben, Giorgio, xviii, xxxi, xxxii, 138
Akeley, Carl, 218n57
Akselrod, Pavel, xxvi
Alabyan, Karo, 255n34
Alekseev, Sergey, 161
Alexander III, 50, 53
Alexandrov, Alexander, 214n10
Alfeevsky, Valery: work of, plate 20
“(All Aboard) the Cosmic Architekton” (Ghosn and Jazairy), 206 (fig.)
All-Russian Agricultural and Artisanal-Industrial Exposition, 165, 166
All-Russian Central Executive Committee, 249n20
All-Russian Psychotechnic Society, 80
All-Union Agricultural Exposition, 248n21
All-Union Association of Proletarian Architects (VOPRA), 257n52
All-Union Association of the Chemical Industry (Vsekhimprom), 145, 248n18
All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine, 188
All-Union Printing Trades Exhibition in Moscow, 54
Altman, Vladimir, 184
America (Mendelsohn), 36, 48, 54, 55, 62
Americanism, 31, 62, 71–77, 79, 81, 104, 206
“Americanism in European Architecture” (Lissitzky), 64
Amov, I., 159
analytical method in art and architecture, 2, 5, 8, 20, 90, 149
Anderson, Stanford, xi
angle-measuring device, 95 (fig.)
Anker, Peder, 217n39
Anschauung, theory of (Brinckmann), 90
anthropagogy, 188
Anthropocene, 204
anthropocentrism, 31, 70, 198, 203
Antokolsky, Lev (Leyba), 145, 146 (fig.), 233n87
apartments, 122, 125, 131, 135 (fig.), 136 (fig.), 149, 246n75; communal, 127, 128 (fig.), 129; transformable, 133–34, 133 (fig.), 134 (fig.); type-F, 129, 130 (fig.), 134, 150; type-K, 150, 151
Architectural Research Laboratory, 84
“Architecture and Tsvetopis” (Kostin), 158
Architecture Department (VKhUTEIN), 36, 37, 71, 221n17
Architecture VKhUTEMAS (Lissitzky), 36, 37 (fig.)
Arendt, Hannah, 84, 138, 167, 168, 194, 259n7
Arntz, Gerd, 148
Arp, Jean, 40–41, 229n27
art, 8, 112; monumental, 160; psychological effect of, 22; technology and, 159
“Artistic Preconditions of the Standardization of Civic Individual Furniture, The” (Lissitzky), 133
ARU. See Association of Architects-Urbanists
Arup, Ove, xxv
Arvatov, Boris, xxviii, 132, 134
ASNOVA. See Association of New Architects
Association of Architects-Urbanists (ARU), 20, 25, 257n52
Association of New Architects (ASNOVA), xxx, 8, 21, 25, 29, 54, 57, 90, 202–3, 213n8, 227n1, 232n70, 233n76, 256n29, 257n52; founding members of, 221n17; members of, xii
Atlas of Forms (Ostwald), 48
Augenmaß. See visual estimation
Augenmassapparat (Münsterberg), 92, 94 (fig.)
Aurelli, Pier Vittorio, 138–39
avant-garde, xvi, xvii, 1, 71, 162, 206
Avenarius, Richard, xx, xxvi, xxvii, 9–10, 153, 201, 255n25; on empiriocriticism, 204, 216n31; philosophy of, 12, 169
Aviation Laboratory, Central Park of Culture and Leisure, Moscow, 192, 257n65
Avtostroy, 20, 21 (fig.)
axonometry, 46, 63, 150

Bachelard, Gaston, 28, 29, 226n79
Bacon, Francis, 194
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 5
Balikhin, Viktor, 2, 21, 221n17; proclamation by, 3 (fig.); work of, plate 2
Balyian, Oganes, 255n34
Barshch, Mikhail, 126, 156
Barsky, Boris, 144
Bauentwurfslehre (Neufert), 122
Bauhaus, xxxi, 72, 82, 127, 144, 145, 147–48, 151, 248n15, plate 12; pedagogy, 220–21n9; theory of color at, 146
Bayer, Herbert, xxv
Bazarov, Vladimir, 8
Behne, Adolf, xii, xiii, xxviii, 17, 45, 213n8, 215n18
Bekhterev, Vladimir, xxv, 218n50
Belyaeva-Ekzemplyarskaya, Sofia, 154–55
Benjamin, Walter, xxviii, 203
Benois, Albert, 141
Bergson, Henri, xix, 220n67
Berlin, Isaiah, 197
Bernal, John, xxv, xxxi
Bernstein, Nikolay, 75, 103; work of, 75 (fig.)
Bezold, Wilhelm von, 151, plate 18
biology, xxxii, 199; aesthetics and, 10
biomechanics, 75, 103
biopolitics, xviii, xxxi, 215n21
Blavatsky, Helena, 69
Blinkov, Iosif, 184
Blonsky, Pavel, xxv, 218n48
Bochenek, Johannes, 12, 13, 109; work of, 13 (fig.)
Bogdanov, Alexander, xxii, xxvii–xxviii, 2, 10, 75–76, 111, 116, 169, 204, 216n31, 241n1, 241n10, 261n32; influence of, 219n61; on tektology, 112, 205
Bois, Yve-Alain, 250n46
Bolbashevsky, Ivan, 255n34
Bolshoi Theater, 190 (fig.)
Borchert, Erich, 145, 146, 146 (fig.), 150, 152, 156, 158, 161, 248n21, 250n50
Botar, Oliver, xxviii
Bouchard, Charles-Joseph, 257n58
Bozhovich, L. I., 257n65
Bragdon, Claude, 46, 48; work of, 49 (fig.)
Bramante, Donato, 34, 35
Breuer, Marcel, xxv
Brewster, David, 45; stereoscope of, 102 (fig.)
brigade method, 81, 82, 83
Brinckmann, Albert Erich, 63, 90, 233n83
Broadway at Night (Lönberg-Holm), 54, 55
Brücke (institute), xx, 242n21
Brücke, Ernst von, 182
Brunelleschi, Filippo, 38
Bubnova, Varvara, 220n7, 221n11
Bücher, Karl, 24
Budkevish, Igor, 146 (fig.)
Buffon, Count de, xxi
Burckhardt, Jacob, 38
Burov, Andrey, 76
Bykhovsky, Bernard, 9

camera obscura, 101
Cantor, Georg, 42, 229n33
Capital, The (Marx), 254n13
Carnap, Rudolf, 148
Castellón Gonzalez, Juan José, 239n68; work of, 99 (fig.), plate 7
Cattell, James McKeen, 79
Çelik Alexander, Zeynep, 103
cell-state theory (Virchow), 111
Central Aviation and Hydrodynamics Institute, 248n21
Central Committee of the Communist Party, 237n37
Central Institute of Labor, xxv, 75, 77 (fig.), 91–92, 124
Central Park of Culture and Leisure, Moscow, xv, xxxi, 163–66, 170–72, 173, 181, 181 (fig.), 182 (fig.), 183 (fig.), 184, 185 (fig.), 186, 190 (fig.), 193–95, 201, 203, 256n47; layout for, 179; opening of, 165, 166; program of, 189
Central Park of Culture and Leisure, Tula, 184, 186 (fig.)
Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 198
Cherkasov, Mikhail, 255n34
Chermayeff, Serge, xxv
Chernyshevsky, Nikolay, 218n50
Chicago Tribune, response to, 67, 69
Children’s Village, Central Park of Culture and Leisure, Moscow, 184, 191 (fig.), 192, 257n65
Chmelnizki, Dmitrij, 253n92
Choisy, Auguste, 20, 46
Christiansen, Broder, 151
CIAM, 127, 180, 233n76, 245n68
“City of the Future, The” (Krutikov), 57, 60 (fig.), 61 (fig.), plate 4, plate 5
Ciucci, Georgio, 213n3
civilization, xxi, xxii, 43, 44, 205, 207
Club of Factory No. 12, Elektrostal, 249n20
Club of Railroad Workers, Moscow, 249nn20–21
collective, 28, 104, 166, 178, 200, 203, 215n18, 237n38; individual and, xxvi–xxvii, 172–75, 178–79
Collective Studio of Architecture (SGKhM/VKhUTEMAS), 1–3
collectivism, 136, 197
Collingwood, R. G., 198
colonization, xxii, xxiii
color: combinations, 159; complementary, 142–43; “dynamogenity” of, 154; film, 151; screens, 150; space and, 148; spatial, 151; standardization of, 162; surface, 151; theory, 151, 155
color fatigue, 155, plate 19
Colquhoun, Alan, 213n3
combinatorics, 48, 93, 137, 246n86
Committee of Contemporary Artistic Industry, 143
communism, 200–202
composition, 14, 21, 23, 35, 81, 93, 94, 150, 225n59, 225n62, 232n75; theory of, 22, 25, 26, 28
Concrete Office Building (Mies van der Rohe), 65 (fig.)
consciousness, 10–11, 81, 126, 138, 152, 189, 200, 201; individual, 244n57
construction, 5, 17, 24, 35, 45, 77, 115, 116, 118, 120, 122, 126, 144, 150, plate 18; lightweight, 59; regulation/rationalization of, 245n64
Construction Codex, 114
Construction Commission (Stroykom), xv, 125 (fig.), 126, 127–28, 129, 130, 132, 134, 144, 147, 156, 180, 245n64, 246n75, 248n15
constructivism, 18; “international,” xxviii, 46, 54, 69; in Soviet art and architecture, xii, 5, 46, 72, 76, 80, 132, 143, 156, 222n30
Constructor, The (Lissitzky), 33, 34 (fig.), 36, 38, 40
Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations (Mach), 17; illustration from, 18 (fig.)
“Crane Head and Femur” (Wolff), 41
Crary, Jonathan, 45, 100–101
creativity, 76, 81, 122, 157, 168, 169, 194; architectural, 1, 20; artistic, 10; collective, 84; organizational, 126
critical theory, 198, 199, 203
Critique of Pure Experience, The (Avenarius), 10
Croce, Benedetto, 198, 203
cubism, 2, 44, 149
Culmann, Karl, 42
cultural-historical theory, 192–93, 202
culture, xvi, xvii, xx, 10, 76, 126, 131, 168, 194, 200, 202, 215n18, 241n10; evolutionary history of, 35; leisure and, 166; mass, 166; material, 126, 132
cyclogramometry, 75

D’Acunto, Pierluigi, 239n68; work of, 99 (fig.), plate 7
Dada, 33, 40, 41
daguerreotype, 102
Dalton Plan, 81, 82, 237n37
Danishevsky, Georgy, 165, 178, 182, 188, 255n23, 257n58; on biological/social, 169
Darwin, Charles, 199, 259n10
Darwinism, xviii, xix, 193, 199, 260n13
das Überbewusste/das Unbewusste, 200
Decline of the West, The (Spengler), 43, 159
Dedyukhin, Vladimir, 161, 214n10, 253n92
Deleuze, Gilles: on Riemann space, 45
Delirious New York (Koolhaas), 206
Department of Construction Control, 127
Department of Organic Culture, State Institute of Artistic Culture (GINKhUK), 142
depth, estimation of, 96, 98
Dernova-Ermolenko, Avgusta, 80
Derrida, Jacques, 204
Design Earth (Ghosn and Jazairy), 205; drawing by, 206 (fig.)
Development of the Monist View of History, The (Plekhanov), xxvi
Dewey, John, xiv, xxviii, 81, 123
dialectical materialism, xvi, xxvi
Dialectics of Nature (Engels), 214n12
Dickerman, Leah, 33
Dilthey, Wilhelm, 220n67
documentation of factors, 120; cards of, 121 (fig.)
Doesburg, Theo van, 46
Doherty and Donovan (shoe factory), 154
Dokuchaev, Nikolay, xii, 2, 3, 63, 90, 221n17; on aesthetics, 21–22; on structural properties, 12
Dolganov, Vitaly I., 255n34, 257n52
Doryphoros (Polykleitos), 107, 108 (fig.), 109, 123
Drevin, Alexander, 221n11, 249n36
dualism, xix, 215n18
Duchamp, Marcel, 235n17
Duhem, Pierre, xx
dynamism, 23, 56
dynamometer, 154

ecological thought, 213n4, 217n37, 217n45
ecology: economics and, xxi; human, xxi–xxiii, xxv–xxvi; term, 213n4
Economic Council of the Russian Republic, 126
economics, xv, xxv, 118, 125, 127, 129, 144, 157; ecology and, xxi
education: architectural, 86; formal, 157; polytechnic, 76; reforms, 80; theorists, 180
efficiency, 74, 109; industrial, 79
Ehrenburg, Ilya, plate 3
Einstein, Albert, xxviii
Einstellung. See setup
Eisenman, Peter, 223n36
Eisenstein, Sergei, 20, 21, 215n18
Electrotechnical Laboratory, Central Park of Culture and Leisure, Moscow, 257n65
Elements of Architectural-Spatial Composition (Krinsky, Turkus, and Lamtsov), 22
Elements of Rhythmanalysis (Lefebvre), 28
Ellrichshausen, Sofia von: work of, 138, plate 8
emotion, 1, 81, 105, 141, 215n18; James-Lange theory of, xxvii; theory of, 81
Empire State Building, 206
empiricism, xviii, 104
empiriocriticism, 2, 18, 148, 204
empiriomonism, xxvii, 204–5
Ender, Boris, 143, 144, 145, 146 (fig.), 146–47, 160, 203; complementary seeing and, 143
Ender, Georgy, 143
Ender, Maria, 143, 247n10; on color combinations, 159; work of, plate 9
Ender, Xenia, 143
Endless Theater (Kiesler), 174
energeticism, xvii, xx, xxxi, 153, 216n31, 251n54
energy, xxii, 155; fatigue and, 153; productive, 149; psychic, 11; sexual, 9; switching of, 181
energy-economic principle, 9–10
Engelmeyer, Peter, 124, 199
Engels, Friedrich, 35, 214n12, 255n23
Engineer Menni (Bogdanov), xxii (fig.)
environment, 116, 120; chromatic, 159, 160; organism and, 90; social, 189; spatial, 20; urban, 20, 44
epistemology, xxvii, 43–44, 197
Equity Trust Building, New York, 51
ergography, xiv, 153–54, 154 (fig.), 161, 251n56
Ermansky, Osip, 11, 113–15, 223n33
Ethics (Spinoza), 218n50
eugenics, xiv, xx, 23
Euler, Leonhard, 45
Evans, Robin, 230n49
“Everyday Life and the Culture of the Object” (Arvatov), 132
evolution, 42, 57, 166, 193, 199–200, 216n26; biological, 175, 193; psychological, 131; social, xxx, 126, 131, 138, 169, 194, 195, 202, 203
evolutionary theory, xix, xxx, 123, 198
evolutionism, xix; neo-Lamarckian, xvii, xx, 163
Evzerikhin, photo by, 189 (fig.)
Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy, 248n21
Existenzminimum, 127, 245n68
Experimental Laboratory of Physical-Physiological Foundations of Fine Arts within the State Institute of Art History, Leningrad, 142
expressing, method of, 22, 23 (fig.)
Eye and Its Work (Kravkov), 103

Farbkunde (Ostwald), 147, plate 11
fatigue, 155; energy and, 153
Favorskii, Vladimir, 223n41
Fechner, Gustav, 24
Féré, Charles, 153–54, 156; color screens and, 150; ergograph of, 154 (fig.)
Fidman, Efimov, 221n17
Fidman, Vladimir I., 221n17, 257n52
field theory (Lewin), 189, 258n66
Filippov, Mikhail, 218n50
Finite Format 04 (Pezo and Ellrichshausen), 138, plate 8
First All-Russian NOT Conference, 219n62
First Five-Year Plan, xv, xviii, 72, 74, 79, 113, 144, 163, 165, 194, 214n9
Florensky, Pavel, 229n33
“Flying City, The” (Krutikov). See “City of the Future, The”
“For a Socialist Reorganization of Design Offices” (Karra), 81
Forbát, Alfréd (Fred), 144, 248n15
Ford, Henry, 24, 72, 73, 75
Fordism, 73, 74, 79, 166
foreign expertise, 74, 144–47
formalism, xi, xiv, xix, 223n39; in aesthetics, 2; in architecture, xii; in literature, 5, 10, 12, 223n39. See also rationalism
“Formalism in the Science of Art” (Lunacharsky), 22
form and function, beyond, xi–xii, xiv–xv
Form and Function (Russell), xi
“Form-Making of Dynamic Element, The” (Krutikov), 57
fotopis’ (Lissitzky), 159
Foucault, Michel, 162, 215n21
Foundations of Positive Aesthetics, The (Lunacharsky), xxvi–xxviii, 10, 24, 168
Foundations of Psychotechnics (Münsterberg), 79
Foundations of Realist Worldview, The (Bogdanov, Lunacharsky, and Gorky), xxvii
“Foundations of the Philosophy of Life” (Suvorov), xxvii
4D Lightful Tower (Fuller), 59 (fig.), 60 (fig.)
4D Transport (Fuller), 57
Frampton, Kenneth, 138
Francé, Raoul, xii, 42
freedom, xxiv, xxxi, 138, 167; and necessity, 204; of will, 200
“Freedom of Necessity, The” (Bernal), xxxi
Frege, Gottlob, xiv
Freud, Sigmund, xxx, 9, 182, 200, 201
Friche, Vladimir, 8, 159, 221n18
Frimmer, Martin, 239n73
Fuller, Buckminster, 233n76; 4D Lightful Tower, 59 (fig.), 60; 4D Transport, 57
functionalism, xi, xiv, xix, 110, 122–24, 126, 131, 157, 198; psychological, 122, 123
“Functionalist Sway, A” (Katichev), 158
furniture: modular (combinable), 132, 135 (fig.); standardized, 136, 136 (fig.); transformable, 132–34, 133 (fig.), 134 (fig.)

Gadamer, Hans-Georg, xiv
Gaia, theory of, 204, 205, 261n29
Galton, Francis, 79
Gastev, Alexey, xxv, 75, 76, 77, 80, 102–3, 124, 126, 129, 218n48, 235n14
Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 42, 44
Geddes, Patrick, xx, xxiii, 216n30
Gellerstein, Solomon, 90, 92
General Theory of Design of Architectural Structures (Rozenberg), 118
geometry, 14, 16, 36, 62, 109, 230n49; Euclidian, 44; non-Euclidian, 42, 67
Geostories (Ghosn and Jazairy), 205
Gere, Cathy, xviii
“German Ideology, The” (Marx), 167
German Society of Friends of New Russia, xxviii
Ghosn, Rania, 205; work of, 206 (fig.)
Giedion, Sigfried, 20, 54, 254n14
Giese, Fritz, 24, 25, 98, 222n23, 236n25, 238n49; diagram by, 100 (fig.); “pathological” graphs by, 87 (fig.); psychotechnics and, 9, 11, 86; rationalization and, 11
giftedness: intellectual, 86, 90; intellectual/spatial, 90
Gilbreth, Frank, 11, 75, 79
Gilbreth, Lillian, 75, 79
Ginzburg, Moisei, xii, xvii, xxi, xxx, 113, 123, 125 (fig.), 126, 127, 129, 131, 134, 136, 146, 148, 151, 152, 156, 159, 181, 186, 205, 227n1, 245n65, 257n52, plate 13, plate 14, plate 16; functionalism of, 122, 203; purposeful setup and, 124; rhythm and, 24–25; typification, xxx; work of, 128 (fig.), 149, 182 (fig.), 183; zoning and, 138, 180, 182. See also Government Building, Almaty; Narkomfin building, Moscow
Glahn, Thomas, 253n2
Glan, Betty, xvi, 163, 164 (fig.), 165, 170, 180, 194, 254n7, 255n34, 256n44, 258n78; on park, 181, 188, 189
“Glass skyscraper” (Mies van der Rohe), 41, 42, 62, 63
glazomer. See visual estimation
Glazyrin, Vladimir, 243n27
god-building/god-seeking, 172–73
Goldhagen, Sarah, 213n3
Golosov, Ilya, xvii
Gonzalez, Jose Castellon: work of, 99 (fig.)
Gorkić, Milan, xvi, 194
Gorki manor, 100, 239n75
Gorky, Maxim, xxvi, xxvii, xxviii, 169, 170, 218n53, 248n21; god-building and, 172–73
Gorky Park. See Central Park of Culture and Leisure, Moscow
Gosproektstroy, 74
Goszelenstroi, 255n34
Gough, Mari, 67
Government Building, Almaty (Ginzburg and Milinis), 149, 248n21, plate 14
Graham, Ernest R., 231n63
Graham, Loren, 214n12
Green City (Melnikov), 150
Gropius, Walter, xxv, 72
Groys, Boris, 202
Grudzinsky, Arkady, 86
Guattari, Félix, 45
GULAG (Main Directorate of Camps), xv, xvi, 214n10
Gulyaev, V., 253n25

Haeckel, Ernst, xii, xix, xxi, xxvi, 204; on monism, 216n26; on tektology, 111
Haldane, J. B. S., xxviii, 198, 216n30
Hamsun, Knut, 253n2
Handbook of Color, The (Matyushin), 143, 159, plate 10
Haraway, Donna, 69, 70, 218n57
Harmon, Arthur Loomis, 50
Hartmann, Eduard von, 9, 65, 103, 116, 199, 200, 260n13
Harvard Psychological Laboratory, 94 (fig.)
Haussmann, Raoul, xxviii
Hayles, N. Katherine, 69, 70
Hays, Michael K., 62, 69, 70
Hegel, G. W. F., 198, 200
Hegelianism, 198, 199, 200
Heinz brothers, 57; work of, 59 (fig.)
Helmholtz, Hermann von, 14, 90, 91, 218n50; Hering and, 96, 97
Hemingway, Ernest, xxviii
Henry, Charles, 251n56
Herbart, Johann Friedrich, 9
Hering, Ewald, 90, 249n29; Helmholtz and, 96, 97; Tiefenwahrnehmungsapparat of, 101 (fig.)
Higher Art and Technical Institute (VKhUTEIN), 46, 60, 61, 71, 72, 84, 89, 131, 146, 147, 155, 156, 157, 236n2, plate 18; building, 91, 174 (fig.); Psychotechnical Laboratory at, 222n23
Higher Art and Technical Studios (VKhUTEMAS), xv, 1, 3, 8, 12, 21, 36, 71, 72, 103, 147, 174, 246n85, plate 11; pedagogy, 220–21n9
Higher Institute of Architecture and Construction (VASI), 77, 155, 236n22
Hilberseimer, Ludwig, xxviii, 69
Hildebrand, Adolf von, 14, 103, 223n41, 224n43, 230n43, 233n83
Hinton, Charles Howard, 46, 49
Histoire de l’architecture (Choisy), 20
history, 198; concept of, 205; intellectual, xvi; Lamarckian, 204; natural, 198; teleological, 204; in Marxism, 200
Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, xi, 73
Höch, Hannah, xxviii
Holzapfel, Rudolf Maria, 201, 203, 254n19
homo sacer (Agamben), xviii, xxxi
Homo Sacer (Agamben), xviii
Homo sapiens, xix, xxxi, 193; social evolution of, 202
homo socialis, 169
“horizontal skyscrapers” (Lissitzky). See Wolkenbügels
Hospital of Peter the Great, St. Petersburg, 110 (fig.), 242n13
“Hotel-Type Dwelling” (Krutikov), 60 (fig.)
How to Use the Sun, Air, and Water (Orlyuk), 178
Human Condition, The (Arendt), 138
human ecology, xxi–xxiii, xxv–xxvi
humanism, xix, 11, 103, 104, 160, 166, 168, 194, 204; Renaissance, 38; Scientific (Huxley), xxiii
Hunt, Robert, 239n74
Huxley, Julian, xx, xxv, xxviii, 163, 174, 216n30; on Central Park of Culture and Leisure, Moscow, 172; on humanism, xix; on Lysenko and, 220n69; modernism and, 215n22, 217n45; PEP and, xxiii, 122; on politics, xxiii; Wells and, xxi–xxii
hygiene, 109, 112, 116, 131, 166
Hygiene exhibition, Dresden, 132

idealism, xiv, xvii, xviii, 132, 198, 203; Hegelian, 201; Kantian, 18; materialism and, 215n18
Idea of History, The (Collingwood), 198
If I Were a Dictator (Huxley), xxiii
Illiffe, Robert, 254n20
Ilyin, Lev, 110, 242n13; work of, 110 (fig.)
Ilyinsky, Nikolay, 74
“Imminent Catastrophe and How to Struggle with It” (Lenin), 144
Imperial Academy of the Arts, St. Petersburg, 145
impressionism, 44, 149
individuality, 2, 28, 81, 104, 131; collectivity and, xxvi–xxvii, 172–75, 178–79; loss of, 138; recognition of, 79; socialist, 84
industrialization, xv, xviii, xxiii, xxv, 25, 113, 127, 141, 161, 194
industrial management, 74, 79
INKhUK. See Moscow Institute of Artistic Culture
Institute for Advanced Study, 241n7
Institute for Mass Psychology, Moscow, 156
Institute of Electric Energy, Moscow, 248n21
Institute of Resort Studies, Moscow, 178, 179, 184, 256n46
Institute of Timber, 246n79
intellectual exchange, Soviet-German, 146–47
International Congresses of Modern Architecture. See CIAM
International Style (exhibition), xi, 233n76
Iskry nauki (Sparkles of Science), 85
ISOTYPE (International System of Typographic Picture Education), 148
I Want a Child (Tretyakov), 175
Izvestia ASNOVA, 31, 50, 53, 63

Jackson, Myles, 241n7
Jacobson, Roman, 12, 223n38
James, William, 123; James-Lange theory of emotion, xxvii
Jaques-Dalcroze, Émile, 24
Jazairy, El Hadi, 205; work of, 206 (fig.)
Johnson, Philip, xi, 233n76

Kahn, Albert, 72, 73, 76, 104; organization of design work and, 74
Kahn, Fritz: homunculus of, 83–84, 85 (fig.)
Kalinin, Fedor: on consciousness, 10–11
Kalmykov, Viktor P., 257n52; Avtostroy and, 20; rhythm and, 25; work of, 21 (fig.), 26–27 (fig.)
Kammerer, Paul, 216n30
Kandinsky, Wassily, 2, 24, 148, 226n69
Kant, Immanuel, 19, 90, 111, 123, 259n11
Kapp, Ernst, 35, 42
Karra, Alexander, 104, 105; brigade method and, 81–84, 83 (fig.)
Katichev, P. F., 157–58
Katz, David, 39, 151
Kaulina, N. N., 257n65
Kazakov, S., 253n25
Keldysh, A. A., 257n65
Keynes, John Maynard, xxviii
Khan-Magomedov, Selim, 33, 222n30, 223n40, 227n5, 234n1
Kharkevich, V. Kh., 257n65
Kharlamov, Nikita, 257n65
Kharlampiev brothers, 178
Kiesler, Frederick, 174, 233n76
Kinetic Construction System (Moholy-Nagy), 175, 176 (fig.), 177 (fig.), 256n43
kitchen-element (Lissitzky and Lissitzky-Küppers), 136, 137 (fig.)
Klee, Paul, 148
Klein, Alexander, 110, 138, 242n13, plate 8; work of, 110 (fig.), 116, 117 (fig.), 123–24
Klevin, N. A., 257n65
Kloppenberg, James, xviii, 214n18
Klutsis, Gustav, xxv, 218n48, 249n36
Kochar, Georg, 214n10
Koffka, Kurt, 229n25
Komsomol’skaia Pravda, 252n76
Koolhaas, Rem, 205, 206
Korobov, Andrey S., 184, 257n52; park of culture and leisure and, 185 (fig.)
Korolev, Boris, 2, 5, 221n11
Korzhev, Mikhail, 21, 22, 255n34
Kostin, Vladimir, 252n76, 252n83; tsvetopis’ and, 158–59
Kracauer, Siegfried, 72
Krajewski, Markus, 242n21
Krajewski, Max, 248n21
Krasilnikov, Nikolay, 2; proclamation by, 3 (fig.)
Krasnokholmskaya factory, Moscow, 257n47
Kravkov, Sergey, 103, 147, 155
Kremlin, 66, 67, 68
Kries, Johannes von, 142
Krinsky, Vladimir, 2, 3, 5, 22, 221n11, 221n17
Kruchenykh, Aleksey, 247n4
Krupskaya, Nadezhda, xxv
Krutikov, Georgy, 36, 46, 54–57, 86, 94, 97, 203, 232n73, 232n75, 238n60; “The City of the Future,” 58 (fig.), 60 (fig.), 61 (fig.), plate 4, plate 5; collaborations with Lissitzky, 54; on combinatorics, 48, 93, 246n86; other work of, 56 (fig.); on panarchitecture, 52, 54, 56, 57, 58
Kryukov, Mikhail, 214n10
Kuktyniksy (artist collective), work of, 78 (fig.)
Kuznetskii Most, Moscow, 233n87
Kychakov, Innokenty P., 255n34, 257n52
Kyiv Institute of Construction, 149

labor, xx–xxi, 23, 79, 81, 154, 165, 167; architectural, 36; division of, 73, 84, 102, 104, 242n18; productivity of, 156, 169. See also scientific organization of labor
Laboratory for Experimental Pedagogical Psychology, 236n27
Laboratory of Color Perception, Narkompros, 61, 247n10
Laboratory of Furniture, Institute of Timber, Moscow, 246n79
“Labor Commune, The” (Krutikov), 61 (fig.)
Ladovsky, Nikolay, xvii, 6 (fig.), 12–22, 25, 34, 46, 48, 63, 81, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 93, 96, 103, 104, 156, 173, 174, 184, 215n18, 221n11, 221n17, 222n23, 223n40, 224n45; architectural theory of, 2, 13, 14; ASNOVA and, xii, 8, 31; Collective Studio of, 2; on empiriocriticism (“Machism”), 18–19, 202–3; at INKhUK, 5; liglazomer of, 91; oglazomer of, 96 (fig.); pedagogical method of, 8; ploglazomer of, 94; psychoanalytical method and, xxx; psychotechnics and, 9, 71, 91; on rational architecture (rationalism), 11, 104, 222n30; at SGKhM, 2–3; space-meter (prostrometr) of, 97, 98, 99–100; Student Profile Form of, 89 (fig.); uglazomer of, 95 (fig.); work of, 4 (fig.), 6 (fig.), 7 (fig.), 16 (fig.), 92 (fig.), 93 (fig.), plate 2
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 199
Lamarckism, xxviii, 163
Lambert, Will, 249n23
Lamtsov, Ivan, 21, 22, 225n59
landscape architecture, xxx, 187; rationalist compositional theory and, 26–27; urbanism and, 183
Lange, Torsten, 239n68
Latour, Bruno, 199, 204, 207
Law of Bone Remodeling (Wolff), 41
Lazursky, Alexander, 236n27
Lebedeva (Mavrina), Tatyana: work of, plate 20
Lebensphilosophie, xxviii
Le Corbusier, xii, 20, 63, 71, 76, 113, 127, 148, 223n36; on colors/space, 149
Lefebvre, Henri, 28, 29
Léger, Fernand, 141, 151; work of, 149, plate 13
leisure, 165–72, 194, 254n22
Lenin, Vladimir, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, 100, 134, 144, 214n12, 218n50; on Taylorism, 76
Leningrad Institute of Civil Engineers, 247n10
Leningrad Society of Architects, 242n13
Leonardo da Vinci, 228n12
Leontyev, Alexey N., 257n65; activity theory of, 160, 203; work in the Central Park of Culture and Leisure, Moscow, 188–93
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 124, 244n55
Letatlin (Tatlin), 74
Levitov, Nikolay, 92, 103
Lewin, Kurt, xxiii, 188, 192, 258n66
Liberated Labor factory, Moscow, 257n47
life, concept of, xix–xxi, xxv–xxxii, 10–11, 24–25, 28, 42–44, 75–76, 110 (fig.), 111, 122–25, 129, 136–39, 148, 193, 197–99, 202, 205, 207, 214n12, 215n25, 219n57, 220n67
liglazomer, 92, 92 (fig.)
Lipps, Theodor, 20, 91
Lisagor, Solomon, xvi, 214n10
Lissitzky, El, xii, xxviii, xxix, xxx, 31–55, 57, 62–67, 70, 113, 123, 127, 131–34, 138, 146, 159, 183–86, 203, 227n5, 227n10, 228n16, 228n19, 230n54, 231n62, 231n63, 232n73, 233n76, 233n87, 246n79; “A. and Pangeometry” of, 36, 39 (fig.), 42–44, 48 (fig.); Abstract Cabinet, 54; “Americanism in European Architecture,” 64; on anthropocentrism, 31–36, 38–42; ASNOVA and, 31, 227n1; Central Park of Culture and Leisure, Moscow, 172–79; The Constructor, of, 33–40; “demonstration spaces,” 52; on fotopis’, 159; furniture design, 131–38; kitchen-element (with Lissitzky-Küppers), 136; “Man Is the Measure of All Tailors,” 32 (fig.), 53 (fig.); Narokomvin building, furniture for, 134, 135 (fig.), 136 (fig.), 137 (fig.); Park of Culture and Leisure, Sverdlovsk (with Korobov), 185 (fig.); on perspective, 36, 38–39, 44–45; Pravda, complex for, 67, 69, 69 (fig.); Prouns of, 33, 44, 46, 47 (fig.), 65, 67; Spiral Side, 175, 177 (fig.); Stroykom and, 133–34; Tatlin at Work on the Monument to the Third International, 44, plate 3; on typification, xxx; Wolkenbügels of, xiii (fig.), 31, 33, 57, 63, 64, 65, 66, 66 (fig.), 67, 68 (fig.), 233n87; work of, xiii (fig.), xiv (fig.), 32 (fig.), 33, 34–35, 43 (fig.), 36, 37 (fig.), 38, 39 (fig.), 40, 40 (fig.), 42–43, 43 (fig.), 44, 47 (fig.), 53 (fig.), 54, 55 (fig.), 57, 63, 64 (fig.), 66 (fig.), 69, 69 (fig.), 70, 134 (fig.), 135 (fig.), 137 (fig.), 173–74, 175 (fig.), 177 (fig.), 178, 179 (fig.), plate 3, plate 4, plate 5, plate 6
Lissitzky-Küppers, Sophie, 34; kitchen-element (with Lissitzky), 136; work of, 137 (fig.)
Lobachevsky, Nikolay, 42, 44
Locke, John, 90
Lönberg-Holm, Knud, 54, 56, 57, 231n63; ASNOVA and, 233n76
London, Jack, xxviii
London Zoo, xv, 174
López-Durán, Fabiola, 163, 193
Lovelock, James, 204, 205, 261n29
Lubetkin, Berthold, xxv, 174
Lueder, Christoph, 123
Lunacharsky, Anatoly, xxvi, xxvii–xxviii, xxix, xxxi, 8, 10, 79, 80, 123, 165, 168, 169, 194, 201, 216nn30–31, 223n33, 254n7, 254n21, 255n25, 255n36; aesthetics of, xxvi–xxxviii, 10, 24–25, 28, 168–70; on anthropagogy, 188, 189; collectivism of, 2, 194; on education, 76; god-building and, 172–73; on individuality, 84; on mass spectacle, 226n77; Nietzscheanism and, 219n58; on rhythm, 24, 25
Luria, Alexander, 9, 38, 229n25
Lysenko, Trofim, xxviii, 220n69
Lyudvig, Genrikh, 214n10
Lyushin, Alexander, plate 19

Mach, Ernst, xiv, xx, 8, 17, 19, 96, 102, 124, 198, 201–3, 205, 216n32, 218n50, 249n29; empiriocriticism of, 204; epistemology of, 17–18, 19; illustration by, 18 (fig.)
McLeod, Mary, 74
Mácza, János, 158–60, 252n76, 253n86
Maertens, Hermann, 48
Maison Dom-Ino (Le Corbusier), 223n36
Malevich, Kazimir, 46, 206, 247n4
Malyarnoe delo, 145, 151, 154, 158, 247n2, plate 17
Malyarstroy. See State Trust for Wall-Painting Works
“Man Is the Measure of All Tailors” (Lissitzky), 32 (fig.), 53 (fig.); text of, 31
Mann, Thomas, and Heinrich, xxviii
Mapu, Georgy, 2, 227n11
Marbe, Karl, 124
Marin, Louis, 203–4
Martin, Rudolf, xxvi
Marx, Karl, xxvi, 9, 84, 167, 194, 198, 254n13, 255n23; on labor, xx–xxi, 166; on history, 200
Marxism, xx, xxi, xxvi, xxvii, 8, 193, 194, 197, 200, 205
materialism, xiv, 44, 132, 189, 198, 207; idealism and, 219n18
Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (Lenin), xxvii
Matorin, Sergey, 255n34
Matsa, Ivan. See Mácza, János
Matveeva, Sofia, 146, 146 (fig.)
Matyushin, Mikhail, 141, 146, 152, 155, 159, 160, 247n4, 253n86; on complementary color, 142–43; on expanded seeing, 142; work of, 143, plate 9, plate 10
May, Ernst, 245n68, 248n15, 249n25
Mayakovsky, Vladimir, xxv, 12, 223n38
Mazmonyan, Mikael, 173–75, 194, 214n10, 255n34; work of, 174 (fig.)
“Measure of All Things, The” (Arp), 40–41
mechanicism, xix, xx, 1, 28, 75, 76, 77, 79, 85, 103–4, 123, 133, 157, 160, 161, 215n24
Mechnikov, Ilya, 216n32
Meister, Anna-Maria, 242n21
Melnikov, Konstantin, xvii, 150, 172, 183, 184, 257n52; project for Central Park of Culture and Leisure, Moscow, 186; work of, 181 (fig.); zoning and, 180
Mendelsohn, Erich, 36, 48, 54, 55, 231n63
Mensch als Industriepalast, Der (Kahn), 85 (fig.)
Merz, 41, 62
Meyer, Hannes, 69, 73, 82, 122, 148, 222n23
Meyerhold, Vsevolod, 75, 80, 81, 173; theater of, 174, 175 (fig.)
Meynert, Theodor, xxvii, 219n59
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, xxviii, 46, 62, 63, 65, 69, 215n18; work of, 41 (fig.), 42, 65 (fig.)
Milinis, Ignaty, 127, 149; work of, 128 (fig.), plate 14. See also Government Building, Almaty; Narkomfin building, Moscow
Milyutin, Nikolay, 127, 150, 180, 182, 194, plate 16
Minnesota Spatial Relations Test, 230n55
Mochalov, Sergey, 2, 221n17; proclamation by, 3 (fig.)
moderne Zweckbau, Die (Behne). See Modern Functional Building, The
Modern Functional Building, The (Behne), xii, xiii (fig.), 17, 213n8
modernism, xi, xvi, xvii, xviii, xx, xxvi, xxvii, xxxii, 73, 103, 138, 148, 194, 202, 207, 213n3, 215n19, 217n45; functionalism and, 233n76; German, 161–62
modernity, xxv–xxvi, xxx, xxxii, 31, 33, 52, 54, 56, 71, 148, 215n19
modernization, xiv, xv–xxi, xxiii, 72, 194
Moede, Walther, 92; angle-measuring device of, 95 (fig.)
Moholy-Nagy, László, xxv, xxviii, 54, 175, 177, 222n23, 256n43; work of, 176 (fig.)
Molecular Red (Wark), 204
monism, xiv, xx, xxi, xxv–xxvi, xxx, xxxii, 197, 199, 214n18, 216n26; Russian Revolution and, xxvi–xxix
Monism of the Universe, The (Tsiolkovsky), xxviii
Monist, The, xiv
Monist League, xix, xxi, 147, 258n1
Montreal Industrial Painting Company, 154, 155 (fig.)
Moore, Bryan, 69–70
Morris, William, 168, 169
Moscow, 54, 80, 84, 86, 90–94, 122, 144, 150, 161, 163, 180, 184
Moscow Architectural Artel, 34, 84
Moscow Central Park of Culture and Leisure. See Central Park of Culture and Leisure, Moscow
Moscow Council of Workers’ Deputies (Mossovet), 165, 214n10
Moscow Higher Technical College, 149
Moscow Institute of Artistic Culture (INKhUK), 2, 8, 35, 220n6
Moscow Institute of Statistics (Izostat), 148
Moscow Testological Association, 80
Moscow Union of Consumption Associations, 249n20
Mosso, Angelo, 153, 154
motion: perception of, 52–53; studies, 79
Mowris, Peter Michael, 226n69
Muller, H. J., 216n30
Muller, Johannes, 111
Münsterberg, Hugo, 79, 81, 86, 90, 124, 236n25; Augenmaß (visual estimation) and, 91; Augenmassapparat and, 92; psychotechnics and, 126; work of, 94 (fig.)
Muthesius, Hermann, 8, 157

Narkomfin. See Soviet Ministry of Finance
Narkomfin building, Moscow (Ginzburg and Milinis), 127, 128 (fig.), 131, 137, 147, 149, 150, 15, 152, 156, 161, 162, plate 12, plate 16; furniture for, 136 (fig.); kitchen-element for, 137 (fig.); social program of, 148
Narkompros. See People’s Commissariat of Culture and Education
National Research Association for Efficiency in Construction and Housing (Germany), 147
Natural History (de Buffon), xxi
natural sciences, xix, 198, 200
nature, xxi, xxxi, 72, 165, 166, 199, 258n4; return to, 38, 40–44
Nauen, Germany, 231n62
Naval Correctional Facility, Seattle, 162
Nechaev, Alexander, 236n27
Neufert, Ernst, 12, 63, 109
Neurath, Otto, 148
New Economic Policy, xv
Newman, Oscar, 213n3
News from Nowhere (Morris), 168
New Work Regulation, 242n25
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 25, 38, 70, 116, 220n67
Nikolsky, Alexander, 143, 247n10
Nisbet, Peter, 43
Nishenko, N., 145
Noiré, Ludwig, xxvii, 241n11
Normalisierung, 114
normalization, 116, 118, 122, 129, 131
norming, 114, 115, 118–22
Normung. See standardization
NOT. See scientific organization of labor

object, subject and, 17–18
Objective Analysis, Working Group of (INKhUK), 2, 5, 220n7
Office of Design, Malyarstroy, 145, 146, 249n20
Office of Design and Planning, Central Park of Culture and Leisure, Moscow, 172, 181, 255n34
oglazomer, 92, 96 (fig.)
Okhitovich, Mikhail, xvi, 214n10
Olgyay, Aladar, xxv
Olgyay, Victor, xxv
Oppel, Vladimir, 85
organicism, xii, xxv, 207
organism, xii, xx, 18, 25, 84, 111, 123, 126, 131, 133; environment and, 90; human, 158
organizational work, 5, 103, 104, 111, 112
Organization of Contemporary Architecture (OSA), xii, xxx, 143, 257n52
orgdobavki, 120
orientation, 44, 52, 67, 124; spatial, 90
Orlyuk, Alexander, 178, 256n47; work of, 179 (fig.)
OSA. See Organization of Contemporary Architecture
Osman, Michael, xxiii, 72
Osmerkin, Alexander, 249n36
Ostwald, Wilhelm, 48, 147, 157, 216n31, 216n32, 218n53, plate 11; color theory of, 151, 159, 160, 249n29; color triangle by, plate 19; energeticism and, xx, 153
otium, 168
Ouspensky, P. D., 46, 142
Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, Dmitry, 10
Ovsyannikova, Elena: work of, plate 16
Ozenfant, Amédée, 149

Painters Magazine, The, image from, 155 (fig.)
Palace of the Soviets, 214n16, 249n36, 256n39
panarchitecture, 57
Pangeometry (Lobachevsky), 42
pangeometry and, 52, 54, 56, 58
Panideal (Holzapfel), 201
“Parallelepiped” (Petrov), 15 (fig.)
Parkhurst, Helen, 81
Park of Culture and Rest. See Central Park of Culture and Leisure, Moscow
Pasternak, Alexander, 126
Pearson, Karl, 8, 216n30, 223n42
pedagogy, xxv, xxx, 14, 16, 23, 71, 80, 84, 86, 123, 161, 188, 220n4
Peirce, Charles Sanders, xiv
Pelican Drawing Ink, 228n16
Pelz (Fur) exhibition (Lissitzky), xxiv (fig.)
People’s Commissariat of Culture and Education (Narkompros), xxvii, 1–3, 8, 76, 82, 104, 161, 254n7
PEP. See Political and Economic Planning
personal development, 171, 189, 192
Peter the Great, 109, 114
Petrov, A., 12, 14, 223n38, 224n45, 225n59
Petrov, V. A., 16, 21; work of, 15 (fig.)
Petrović, Mihailo, 241n11
Petrov-Vodkin, Kuz’ma, 231n62
Peus, Heinrich, xxi
Pezo, Mauricio: work of, 138, plate 8
Philosophical Notebooks (Lenin), 214n12
Philosophy as Thinking about the World according to the Principle of the Smallest Measure of Force (Avenarius), 9–10
Philosophy of Architecture (Rozenberg), 112
Philosophy of the Unconscious (Hartmann), 9, 199
physiological, 81, 91, 102, 104, 156
Picasso, Pablo, 2
Pinheiro dos Santos, Lucio Alberto, 227n80
Piscator, Erwin, xxviii
planning, economic, xxv, 74, 126, 144, 197, 217n4
“plan of the center of Moscow with the skyscrapers along the A circle, The” (Lissitzky), 64 (fig.)
Platten, Fritz, xxvi
Plekhanov, Georgy, xxvi, 218n50
Plenge, Johann, 241n11
Pliny the Younger, 254n20
ploglazomer, 92, 93 (fig.), 94
Poetics of Space, The (Bachelard), 28
Poincaré, Henri, xx, 10, 198, 216n32, 222n29
Political and Economic Planning (PEP), xxiii, 122
political theory, 197, 202
politics, xxiii, 160, 199, 201, 202
Polykleitos, 107, 108, 108 (fig.), 109
Pomortsev, Nikolay, 159
Popova, Lyubov, 2, 5, 80
Popova, T.: work of, 75 (fig.)
positivism, xiv, xviii
post-Fordism, 105, 194
posthumanism, 69, 70
postmodernism, 70
Potebnya, Alexander, 10
“Practicum of Color Theory,” plate 19
Pravda, 165, 214n13; complex for (Lissitzky), 67, 69, 69 (fig.)
Pressa exhibition, Cologne, 54
Price, Cedrik, 139
Primer of Higher Space (The Fourth Dimension), A (Bragdon), 49 (fig.)
Principles of Biology (Spencer), xix
Problem of Form in the Fine Arts (Ladovsky), 14
Production of Space, The (Lefebvre), 28
Production-Technical Sector, 145
productivism, xxv, 28, 72, 104, 161, 194
Prokhorova, Militsa I., 255n34, 257n52; project of, 184, 186–87, 186 (fig.)
Proletarian Culture (Proletkult) movement, xxvii, 75, 204, 219n62
Proletarskaya Kultura, 10
prostrometr. See space-meter
Protagoras, 133
“Proun on the theme of horizontal skyscraper” (Lissitzky), 47 (fig.)
Proun Room (Lissitzky), 65
Prouns (Lissitzky), 33, 44, 46, 47 (fig.), 65, 67
psychoanalysis, xiv, 8–9, 28, 222n19; consumer/political propaganda and, 226n74
“Psychoanalysis as a System of Monist Psychology” (Luria), 9
psychoanalytical method of architecture (Ladovsky). See analytical method in art and architecture
Psychoanalytical Psychotechnics (Giese), 9
Psychological Atlas (Katz), 39
Psychological Brigade of the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine, 188
psychological profiles, 79, 88 (fig.)
psychological testing, 80, 91
psychology, xxv, 20, 23, 45, 90, 104, 123, 154, 159; applied, 9; architectural, 86; environmental, 162; experimental, 187; Gestalt, 38, 43; labor, 154; rhythmanalysis in, 28
psychophysiological, xxx, 124
Psychotechnical Laboratory of Architecture (VKhUTIEN), xxx, 11, 56, 71, 84, 156, 222n23
psychotechnics, xiv, xxv, 11, 71, 79, 80, 81, 84, 86, 87 (fig.), 91, 93–94, 97, 104, 222n23, 236n26
purism, 149
Purkinje, Jan Evangelista, 142
pyramid, perspective representation of, 39 (fig.)

Rabinbach, Anson, 153
Raphael, 34; work of, 35 (fig.)
Rasch, Bodo and Heinz, 57; work of, 59 (fig.)
rationalism, 44, 104, 221n17, 222n30, 230n42; Cartesian, 70; in Soviet architecture, xii, 1, 5, 8, 11–12, 16–18, 21–28
rationality, 11, 46, 118, 158; architectural, 5; spatial, 118; technical, 5, 11
rationalization, xxii, xxv, 29, 72, 74, 86, 114, 127, 131, 156, 193; organization of labor and, 11
Record (Lissitzky), 54, 55 (fig.)
Red Stadium, Moscow (project), 54
Regional Construction Plan for Petrograd region (Rozenberg), 242n13
Reinheimer, Hermann, xxi
relationships: spatial, 56, 99; visual proportional, 233n83
Renaissance, 38, 41, 42, 45
residential cell, 129
revealing, method of, 4 (fig.), 12, 14, 15 (fig.), 22, 23 (fig.)
rhythm, 23–25, 28–29; aesthetic, 24; spatial, 25
rhythmanalysis (Lefebvre), 28, 227n80
Rhythm in Architecture (Ginzburg), 24–25
Richter, Hans, xxviii
Riddle of the Universe, The (Haeckel), xix
Riemann, Bernhard, 44, 46
Riemann space, 44–46, 48, 50–52
Rietveld, Gerrit, 132
Rio de Janeiro Psychological and Philosophical Society, 227n80
Robespierre, 173
Robinson, Kim Stanley, 204, 261n32
Rochefort, Nicholas de, 242n24
Rodchenko, Alexander, 2, 5, 231n60
Roentgen technology, 36, 38, 102
Rolland, Romain, 201, 254n19
Rosenblum, A. N., 257n65
Rosengart, G. L., 257n65
Roshchin, L., 173
Rossolimo, Grigory, 230n55, 236n27, 238n49
Rot-Front (Rote Front) Brigade, 82
Rozenberg, Alexander V., 110, 112, 113, 118, 120, 126, 129, 136, 203, 205, 242n13, 242nn24–25, 243n27, 243n30; biographical information about, 241–42n13; Bogdanov and, 116; on documentation of factors, 120; on normalization, xxx, 118, 122, 138; work of, 110 (fig.), 119 (fig.); Work Regulation and, 118, 120
Rozenfel’d, N. B., 223n41
Rudik, Petr, 86, 88, 90, 98
Rukhlyadev, Aleksey, 221n17
Russell, Bertrand, xiv
Russell, Edward Stuart, xi
Russian Academy of Sciences, 216n31
Russian Psychoanalytical Society, 222n18
Russian Revolution, monism and, xxvi–xxix
Russian State Archive of Literature and the Arts, 213n8
Rybakov, Fedor, 238n49

scale, 62–65, 67, 69–70, 133, 233n83
Scharoun, Hans, xii
Schauss, Alexander, 162
Scheper, Hinnerk, xxxi, 127, 144, 147, 148, 149, 152, 153, 156, 203, 251n70, plate 18; color schemes of, 151, 245n67; work of, 145, 146, 146 (fig.), plate 12, plate 15, plate 17
Scheper, Lou, 145
Schlemmer, Oskar, 148
Schmarsow, August, 20, 97, 148
School of Athens, The (Raphael), 34, 35 (fig.)
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 124
Schroeder house, Utrecht (Rietveld), 132
Schultze-Naumburg, Paul, 249n25
Schulze, Rudolf, 79
Schütte-Lihotzky, Margarete, 246n75
Schwitters, Kurt, 41, 62, 229n30
Science of Life, The (Wells, Wells, and Huxley), xxiii, xxv, 163, 164, 170; cover of, plate 1
scientific management, xiv, xxv, 11, 28, 126
Scientific-Methodological Center, Central Park of Culture and Leisure, Moscow, 172
scientific organization of labor (NOT), 11, 218n48
Scientific-Research Cabinet, Leningrad Institute of Civil Engineers, 247n10
Scientific-Technical Society of Construction Workers, 257n52
Second Independent State Artistic Workshops (SGKhM), 1, 2–3
Section of the Socialist Settlement, 245n65
Section of Transportation Architecture (ASNOVA), 54
Section of Typification (Construction Commission), 126, 128, 147, 245n65
Sector of Architects of Socialist Construction (SASS), 257n52
seeing, 45, 90; expanded, 141–44
Self-Portrait with Wrapped Head and Compass (Lissitzky), 38, 40, 40 (fig.), 63
Sensation and Movement (Féré), 153–54
Sestroretsky, V., 145
Set of Norms, The (Rozenberg), 118, 120
set theory, 93
setup (ustanovka, Einstellung), 191–92, 203, 205, 235n14, 245n60; purposeful (Ginzburg), 124–26
SGKhM. See Second Independent State Artistic Workshops
Shaw, George Bernard, xxviii, 216n30
Shelton Hotel, New York, 50
Shklovsky, Viktor, 51, 151
Shueninova-Nikolskaya, Vera, 247n10
Siberian tiger, xxiv (fig.)
Signaletik, 148
Simmel, Georg, 62, 220n67, 233n77
Sinclair, Upton, xxviii
Six Stories with Easy Endings (Ehrenburg), illustration to, plate 3
Sixteenth Conference of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, 214n9
Smith, Adam, 254n13
social condenser, 131, 134, 147, 246n77
social democracy, xxi, xxxi, 214n18
social transformation, biological evolution and, 193
“Socialist Alteration of Man, The” (Vygotsky), 193
socialist realism, xvi, 187, 202
Sociology of Art (Friche), 159
Sokolsky, Viktor, 114, 118, 127
Sorel, Jacques-Louis, 151
Soviet Academy of Architecture, xvi, 214n10
Soviet Ministry of Finance (Narkomfin), 127. See also Narkomfin building, Moscow
Sovremennaya arkhitektura, 123, 150, 151, 152; cover of, plate 13; diagram from, 117 (fig.)
space, 20, 45, 48, 54, 67, 97, 148, 149; binocular, 45; color and, 148; demonstration (Lissitzky), 52; irrational, 46, 48 (fig.); monocular, 45, 101; Riemann, 44–46, 48, 50–52; urban, 67
“Space” course, 4 (fig.), 5
space-meter (prostrometr), 71, 96–105, 97 (fig.); stereoscope and, 102 (fig.); Tiefenwahrnehmungsapparat and, 100
Spassky, Yury, 21, 225n59
spatial combination, 90, 93
spatiality, 23, 69, 90, 97, 103
spatial perception, 20, 71, 93, 96, 99
Spearman, Charles Edward, 90
Spencer, Herbert, xxvi, 111, 199; survival of the fittest and, 259n10; synthetic philosophy of, xix; works of, 216n27
Spencerianism, xx, xxi
Spengler, Oswald, 43, 44
Spielrein, Isaak, xxv, 80, 218n48
Spinoza, Baruch, xiv, xxvii, xxxi, 70, 194, 218n50; posthumanism and, 69
Spinozism, xxvi, 218n50
Spiral Slide (Lissitzky), 175, 177 (fig.)
Stalin, Josef, xv, xxviii
Stalinism, xvi
standardization, xxv, 51, 74, 129, 132, 136, 138, 141, 147, 156, 157–59, 161, 230n54, 242n18, 242n22; notion of, 115 (fig.); organization and, 109–15; Soviet, xxx, 107, 114
Stanislavsky, Konstantin, 80–81
State Institute of Art History, Leningrad, 142
State Institute of Artistic Culture (GINKhUK), 142
State Planning Committee (Gosplan), 245n65
State Trust for Wall-Painting Works (Malyarstroy), xv, 141, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 153, 161, 162, 248n18, 249n23; attack on, 157–58; work of, plate 11, plate 12, plate 15
State Trust of Design and Construction (Gosproektstroy), 74
Steiner, Hadas, 174
Steiner, Rudolf, 24
Stenberg, Georgy, 2, 221n11
Stenberg, Vladimir, 2, 221n11
Stepanova, Varvara, 2
stereography, 102, 103, 239n77
stereoscope, 100–102
stereoscopy, 71, 75, 90, 98, 103, 230n43
Stern, William, 79
Stierli, Martino, 234n96
Stokolov, Efim, 144, 145
St. Petersburg, 109, 110, 141, 143
St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, 45
Stroitelstvo Moskvy, 81
Stroykom. See Construction Commission
Strumilin, Stanislav, xxv, 122
Student Profile Form, 89 (fig.)
Stumpf, Carl: theory of, 20
Style and Epoch, 124
subjectivity, xiv, xv, xvi, xviii, 25, 103, 141, 153, 197, 198, 205
Sullivan, Louis, xx
Sum-Shik, Grigory, 126
superconscious, 200
suprematism, 2, 44, 46
Supreme Council of the People’s Economy of the USSR, 74, 144
“Surrationalisme, Le” (Bachelard), 226n79
“suspended houses” (Rasch brothers), 59 (fig.)
Suvorov, Sergey, xxvi, 199, 203
switching, principle of, 179–84, 186–87
switching zones, 184, 186 (fig.)
synthesis, xix, xx, xxi, 11, 20–25, 28–29, 103, 157

Tafuri, Manfredo, 217n42
Tarasov, V., 184; work of, 187 (fig.)
Tatlin, Vladimir, 44, 74
Tatlin at Work on the Monument to the Third International (Lissitzky), 44, plate 3
Taut, Bruno, xxviii, 76
Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 11, 72, 75, 79, 104
Taylorism, 1, 74, 76, 79, 80, 104, 120, 122, 129
Technical Everyday and Contemporary Art, The (Toporkov), xxviii–xxix, 107
Technical-Pedagogical Institute, Leningrad, 242n13
Technical Station, Central Park of Culture and Leisure, Moscow, 191 (fig.)
technology, 33, 36, 38, 42, 43, 44, 76, 80, 101, 144, 145; art and, 159
tectology, 111–12
Tectology (Bogdanov), 111
teleology, 199, 200, 202, 203, 204
Teplov, Boris: color typology and, 151
Theory of Creative Work (Engelmeyer), 124
thermodynamics, 153, 181
Thomas, Marion, 241n3
Thomas, William, 244n57
Thompson, D’Arcy, xii
Thomson, Arthur, xx
Tiefenwahrnehmungsapparat (Hering), 98, 100 (fig.), 101 (fig.)
Time League, xxv
Timiriazev, Kliment, 8
Timiriazev Biological Museum, Moscow, 170
Tolstoy, Leo, 200, 201, 204
topology, architecture and, 45–46
Toporkov, Alexander, xxviii–xxix, 64, 246n85; Doryphoros and, 107, 109, 123
totalitarianism, xvii, 197, 254n22
Troitsky, Vera, 253n92
Troitsky (Norman), Nikolay, 161, 253n92
Trotsky, Leon, 141, 193, 218n48
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, xxviii, 54, 232n73
tsvetopis’ (Kostin), 158–59
Turkin, N. V., plate 11
Turkus, Mikhail, 21, 22
Typen-Streit, 157
typification, 114, 115, 126, 127, 138

Überbewusste. See superconscious
Udovički-Selb, Danilo, xvi, 214n13
Uexküll, Jacob von, xii
uglazomer, 92, 95, 95 (fig.)
uglomer, 92
Ukhanov, Konstantin, 165
unconscious, 9, 91, 199; social, 126
UNESCO, xix
Union of Cooperatives building (Le Corbusier), 71
Union of Soviet Architects, xvii, 161, 242n13
United Left Studios (Obmas), 3
urbanism, xxx, 12, 20, 31, 33, 36, 42, 62, 67, 180, 183, 246n79
urotoxic coefficient, 183
Uznadze, Dmitry, 124, 126, 191–92, 245n60

Valdner, S. S.: photo of, 189 (fig.)
Valsiner, Jaan, 193
Van der Veer, René, 193
Van der Velde, Henry, 157
Van Doesburg, Theo, xxviii
Vasari, Giorgio, 34
VASI. See Higher Institute of Architecture and Construction
Vasilyev, P. I., 242n25, 251n62
Venus de Milo, 41
Verein Ernst Mach (Ernst Mach Society), 148
Vereinheitlichung. See standardization
vertical development, 188–89, 191–95
Vertov, Dziga: cine-eye of, 50
Vesnin, Alexander, xii, xvii, 5, 80
Vesnin, Viktor, xvii
via media, 214–15n18
“Victory over the Sun” (Matyushin), 247n4
“View from Nikitsky Boulevard” (Lissitzky), plate 6
Village of Science and Technology, Central Park of Culture and Leisure, Moscow, 170
Vinogradov, P. I., 232n73, 242n25
Virchow, Rudolf, 111
Vischer, Robert, 20
vision: binocular model of, 33, 100, 101, 104; peripheral, 152; stereoscopic, 71, 90, 98, 103, 104
“Visual Deformation of a Dynamic Form, The” (Krutikov), 57, plate 4
visual estimation (glazomer, Augenmaß), 91, 93, 96
vitalism, xxvi, 28
Vitruvian man, 38
VKhUTEIN. See Higher Art and Technical Institute
VKhUTEMAS. See Higher Art and Technical Studios
Vladimirov, Vladimir, 126
Vlasov, Alexander, 172
Vogotsky, Lev, 160
Vogt, Oskar, xxviii
Vöhringer, Margarete, 33, 227n5, 234n1
Vossoughan, Nader, 242n21
Vsekhimprom. See All-Union Association of the Chemical Industry
Vujošević, Tijana, 80
Vutke, Oleg, execution of, 214n10
Vygotsky, Lev, 193, 194, 252n87

wall-painting, 118, 141, 144, 145, 147, 149, 153–57, 160, 161
War and Peace (Tolstoy), 200
Wark, McKenzie, 204–5, 260n30
War of the Worlds (Wells), 166
Watt, Henry, 124
Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 254n13
Weber-Fechner law, 249n29
Weeks, Kathy, 195
Weißenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart, 57
Wells, George Philip (G. P.), xxiii, xxv, xxviii, 163, 164 (fig.)
Wells, Herbert George (H. G.), xxii, 70, 163, 164 (fig.), 166, 253n5; PEP and, xxiii, 122
Werkbund, Deutscher, 157
Wheatstone, Charles, 96, 100, 103, 150–51
“Wheel, Propeller, and What Follows” (Lissitzky), 57
Whitehead, Alfred North, xix, xxiii, 104
Wlassak, Rudolf, xxvi
Wölfflin, Heinrich, 8, 90, 103
Wolkenbügels (Lissitzky), xiii (fig.), 31, 33, 57, 63, 64, 65, 66, 66 (fig.), 67, 68 (fig.), 233n87
Work and Rhythm (Bücher), 24
“Worker and the Machine” (Kuktyniksy), 78 (fig.)
Working Group of Architects (INKhUK), 8, 12, 18, 224n45
Working Group of Objective Analysis (Bauhaus), 2, 5
Work Regulation, 114–15, 118, 120, 243nn24–25
Workshop of Wall-Painting, 145, 147
Worringer, Wilhelm, 8, 12, 223n39
Worster, Donald, xxi
Wundt, Wilhelm, xix, 20, 91, 124, 151, 226n69

Yerkes, Robert, 239n62

Zalesskaya, Lyubov S., 255n34, 257n52
Zalkind, Aron, xxv, 218n48
Za proletarskoe iskusstvo, 158
Zeising, Adolf, 24, 228n23
Zhivskul’ptarkh, 2, 220n6
Zholtovsky, Ivan, 255n34
Zhuravlev, Vladimir, 146 (fig.)
Znaniecki, Florian, 244n57
zoē, xviii, xxii
zoning, 80, 136, 180, 181, 183, 184
Zorved, 142
Zurich Polytechnic Institute, 223n33

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