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table of contents
Index
- Achebe, Chinua, 257
- activism: community-based organizations (CBOs) and, 75, 92–94, 204–5; Eliza and, 176, 191, 193; hip-hop as, 257; rights to the city and, 205–6; Rosie and, 234–35; Sammy and, 235–37; selfie as, 264; storytelling and, 264, 266; waste economy and, 87–88
- Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi, 324n10
- Africa Uncensored, 294
- Ahuja, Simone, 136
- Akech, Akoko, 280
- Alam, Shahidul, 29
- alcohol abuse, 115–17
- Ambani, Brian, 282
- Amin, Ash, 210–11, 223
- Apollo, Rosebella, 298
- Appadurai, Arjun, 223
- Archambault, Julie, 252
- Archer, Kenna Lang, 313–14n3
- Arora, Payal, 262–63
- Atieno-Odhiambo, Eisha Stephen, 68, 78
- auto-gestion (self-management), 82, 121, 125
- Baldwin, James, 99
- Banerjee, Abhijit, 142
- Base of the Pyramid (BoP) protocol, 135–36, 140, 143–47, 164. See also Community Cleaning Services (CCS)
- Bayat, Asef, 320n18
- baze (base): Eliza and, 183–84, 185–86, 188–89; Jackson and, 228–29; Kahos and, 225–26; Kennedy and, 207–8, 210, 212–13; Mathare Environmental Conservation Youth Group (MECYG) and, 217–24; Mathare Number Ten Youth Group (MANYGRO) and, 95–97, 215–16; social function of, 94–97, 109–11, 125, 170, 183, 214, 265
- Bejarano, Carolina Alonso, 28
- Bergere, Clovis, 254
- Bergman, Carla, 244
- Berlant, Lauren, 322n2
- Berman, Bruce, 60, 62, 75
- Beyoncé, 44
- Bhabha, Homi K., 49, 246
- Bhan, Gautam, 37, 323n7
- Biehl, João, 269
- Biggie Smalls, 43
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 321–22n8
- blaxploitation, 53
- Bourdieu, Pierre, 16, 46
- brega, 49
- Brega, La (NPR podcast series), 49
- British Institute of East Africa (BIEA), 22
- Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 133
- Bullard, Robert, 15
- Buru Buru, 234–35
- business-led development: concept and evolution of, 133–37; hustling and, 139–43; sanitation and, 131–33, 144–46. See also Community Cleaning Services (CCS)
- Carrier, Neil, 79–80
- cartels, 294–95
- Casanova-Burgess, Alana, 49
- Central Bureau of Statistics, 66
- Césaire, Aimé, 257
- Chatterjee, Partha, 254
- Cheddaz, 243–45, 263–69
- Chiuri, Wanjiku, 71–73
- Clay, Alexa, 48, 230
- Collins, Daryl, 185
- Comaroff, Jean, 36–37, 89
- Comaroff, John, 36–37, 89
- Comic Relief, 124
- communitas, 92–94
- Community Clarity Service (CCS), 162
- Community Cleaning Services (CCS): closure of, 161–63, 186; Eliza and, 118, 160–61, 176, 183, 184, 186; impact of, 157–67, 295; Mambo and, 148, 156–57, 160–61, 231–32; origins and evolution of, 21–22, 146–51, 240; public toilets and, 145–46, 147, 151–53, 157, 159; trust and, 154–57
- community-based organizations (CBOs), 75, 92–94, 204–5
- Constant Gardner, The (2005 film), 63
- Constituency Development Fund (CDF), 66
- Covid-19 pandemic, 276, 277–79
- Cross, Jamie, 136
- culture, 246
- Damnés de la terre, Les (Wretched of the Earth) (Fanon), 60
- Dandora, 86, 102, 117–18, 120–21
- Dandora Green Recyclers, 122
- Darby, Derrick, 43, 258–59
- David Copperfield (Dickens), 45
- Davies, William, 313n2
- Demon Copperhead (Kingsolver), 45
- dependency theory, 60
- Díaz-Quiñones, Arcadio, 49
- Dickens, Charles, 45
- digital technologies: ethnographic methodology and, 247–50; Nairobi youth and, 251–54. See also social media
- Di Nunzio, Marco, 54, 91, 206
- “Diva” (song), 44
- Doherty, Jacob, 100–101
- Dolan, Catherine, 164
- Donga, 243–45, 263–69
- Donovan, Kevin, 284
- Douglas, Mary, 97–98
- drug abuse, 115–17
- Duflo, Esther, 142
- Duneier, Mitchell, 28, 315n9
- ecological hustles (eco-hustles), 88, 123–26, 275. See also sanitation; waste economy
- ecological justice, 88
- education: Eliza and, 178–79, 182, 185, 187, 196; Jackson and, 228; Kahos and, 224–25; in Nairobi, 71, 178, 196
- Edwards, Michael, 135
- Eliza: as activist and peer educator, 176, 181–82, 191, 193, 205; biography and family of, 174–83; Community Cleaning Services (CCS) and, 118, 160–61, 176, 183, 184, 186; on connections, 212, 215; ethnographic portrait of, 170–74; on hustling, 273; on Mambo, 232; shags and, 193–95; social media posts as storytelling and, 249; as woman in hustle economy, 183–96, 237; on women, 293
- Emin, Tracey, 268
- Engels, Friedrich, 66
- entrepreneurship: Eliza and, 188–89; hustling and, 6–7, 78–79, 81, 97, 140–43, 146–47; misfit economy and, 230–31; nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and, 275; sanitation and, 131–33, 146–47 (see also Community Cleaning Services [CCS]); young people and, 89–90
- Escobar, Arturo, 140
- Esson, James, 57, 90–91
- ethnographic methodology, 17–28, 130–33, 170–74, 247–50
- garbage. See waste economy
- Gates Foundation, 321–22n8
- gender. See masculinity; women
- George the Poet (George Mpanga), 255, 266, 324n11
- getting by, 48
- ghetto, use of term, 29
- Ghetto Films Trust, 243–45, 263–65
- Ghetto Foundation, 239–40
- Ghetto Gava (2023 documentary), 294
- Gidwani, Vinay, 142
- gig economy, 6. See also informal economies
- Gilroy, Paul, 49–50, 251
- Gitau, Sammy, 129–30, 235–37, 243, 291
- Githiora, Chege, 35–36
- Giuliani, Rudolph, 99
- Glissant, Édouard, 24–25, 45–46, 86, 250, 257
- globalization, 86
- Goff, Tao Leigh, 26
- Grandmaster Flash, 43
- Green Belt Movement, 125
- Guma, Prince, 8, 82, 115
- Günel, Gökçe, 314n6
- habitus, 16, 89–90
- Hake, Andrew, 11, 54
- Hall, Stuart, 246
- Hall, Suzi, 16
- Hansberry, Lorraine, 40
- Haraway, Donna, 322n9
- Hart, Keith, 68–69, 141
- Hart, Stuart, 134, 135, 144
- Hartman, Saidiya, 40, 94, 314n5
- Harvey, David, 205
- Hasan, Hakim, 28
- hip-hop: Covid-19 pandemic and, 277; hustling and, 43–45; as storytelling, 243–46, 250, 254–64, 267–68, 269–71; street knowledge and, 85–86; Timbas (Timberland shoes) and, 50; women and, 259–62
- history, 247
- hooks, bell, 94
- housing: forms of, 61–67; mabati structures and, 19, 63–67, 70–71, 73, 129–30; tenements and, 63–67, 70–71, 73, 201–3. See also land tenure
- Huchzermeyer, Maria, 63, 69, 201, 318n7
- Huruma: arrests for illegal dumping in, 118–19; Eliza and, 174, 177, 185–92; Kibichoi baze in, 96; “leavers and stayers” in, 199–200, 202–3; urban poverty and housing in, 65–66
- Hustle (dance style), 42–43
- “Hustle, The” (song), 42–43
- Hustler, The (1961 film), 42–43
- Hustler, The (Tevis), 42–43
- Hustler Fund, 283–85
- hustling: business-led development and, 139–43 (see also Community Cleaning Services [CCS]); as “cartels,” 294–95; cognates of, 46–49; concept and meanings of, 1–7, 13–17, 273–77; Covid-19 pandemic and, 276, 277–79; creolized forms and practices of, 49–51; definitions and etymology of, 38–39; ecological justice and, 88 (see also ecological hustles [eco-hustles]); entrepreneurship and, 78–79, 81, 97, 140–43, 146–47; ethnographic methodology and, 17–28, 130–33, 170–74, 247–50; “everything can be fixed in the ghetto” attitude and, 291–92; gendered dynamics of, 169–71, 220, 222 (see also Eliza); impact of, 293–96; infrastructural breakdown and, 199, 201–3; intergenerational tension in, 226–28; Kahos’s perspective on, 301–5; learning with, 35–38; “leavers” and, 206–7, 224–30, 235–40, 245; “letting go” and, 56–57; loan schemes and, 283–85; misfit economy and, 48, 230–32; Museum Hill and, 288–91; normalization of, 285–88; performative dimension of (see storytelling); populism and, 280–83; recentering of, 296–99; representations of, 41–46; scholarship on, 51–55; sex work and, 189–90, 199; Sheng and, 13–14, 35–36, 273; “stayers” and, 206–24, 237–40, 245; transitions and, 199–201; in U.S. cities under Jim Crow, 39–41
- illegal cities, 48
- incompleteness, 8, 81–82, 91, 115, 133, 164–65, 203, 274
- industrial cities, 66
- informal economies: concept and history of, 6, 46, 55, 68–71, 80–81; jua kali sector and, 70–71, 80–81, 102, 281; kadogo (small) economy and, 73–75; young people and, 90–92. See also hustling
- International Labour Organization (ILO), 69, 80, 285–86
- kadogo (small) economy, 73–75
- Kahora, Billy, 317–18n4
- Kahos. See Murimi, Edward Kahuthia
- Kahura, Dauti, 280
- Kaka, 211, 217–24, 237, 249, 292
- Kanana, Fridah Erastus, 282
- Kanogo, Tabitha, 61
- Kariuki, Annah, 282
- Karnani, Anil, 164
- Karpouzoglou, Timos, 132–33
- Kasarani Youth Congress, 107
- Katumanga, Musambayi, 77
- Katz, Cindy, 246
- Kazi kwa Vijana (KKV, Work for Youth), 106–8, 210, 281
- Kebeya, Hildah, 282
- Kelley, Blair, 40, 41
- Kennedy: baze (base) and, 207–8, 210, 212–13; Community Cleaning Services (CCS) and, 162–63; on drug and alcool abuse, 116; Eliza and, 191; on hustling, 273; infrastructural breakdown and, 201–2; as “stayer,” 199, 207–13, 237; storytelling and, 249; waste economy and, 207–13
- Kenya African National Union (KANU), 71
- Kenya Commercial Bank Limited (KBC), 284
- Kenyatta, Jomo, 63–64, 70, 280–81
- Kenyatta, Uhuru Muigai, 281, 317n1
- Kibaki, Mwai, 9, 64, 281
- Kibichoi Youth Group, 207, 212–13
- Kikuyu people, 61–63, 69, 76–78, 81, 322n1
- Kimani, Susan, 208–9
- Kimari, Wangui, 4, 77, 88, 239–40
- Kinder, Kimberley, 15, 100
- King, Kenneth, 68, 81
- Kingsolver, Barbara, 45, 116
- Kinyanjui, Mary, 10, 73–74, 169–70, 238, 314n4
- Kissmart, 243–45, 263–69
- Klinenberg, Eric, 315n12
- Korogocho (Koch), 234–35
- Kosovo, 235–36, 243–45, 264–69
- kukiya-kiya economy, 48
- kuzurura (just roaming around), 110–11
- Kwani? (Kahora), 317–18n4
- land tenure, 59–60, 61–63, 69–73, 203–7. See also housing; shags (country)
- Latour, Bruno, 5
- Lawhon, Mary, 36–37, 132–33, 325n5
- Lefebvre, Henri, 82, 205
- Lewis, John, 5
- Lewis, Jovan Scott, 94
- liminality: “leavers and stayers” and, 237–38; women and, 171, 175; young people and, 90–94, 200–201, 213–14
- Lionnet, Françoise, 38
- loan schemes, 283–85
- Locke, Peter, 269
- Lockwood, Peter, 325n7
- Lonsdale, John, 61–62, 78
- Luo people, 174, 183
- Maandamano, 298
- Maathai, Wangari, 125
- mabati housing, 19, 63–67, 70–71, 73, 129–30
- Macharia, Margaret, 69
- Mains, Daniel, 90
- Majority World, use of term, 29
- Makau, Jack, 298
- Malcolm X, 39, 40, 41
- Malone, Clare, 323n4
- Mambo, 148, 156–57, 160–61, 217, 230–34
- Map Kibera, 240, 321n6
- March, Kathryn, 247
- masculinity: hip-hop and, 257; hustling and, 41–42, 44, 173
- Mashanti, 243–44
- Massey, Doreen, 246
- matatus (minibus taxis): Buru Buru and, 234; Covid-19 pandemic and, 277; graffiti art on, 85–86; hustling and, 2, 286; routes and regulation of, 17–18; storytelling and, 253–54
- Mathare Community Resource Centre, 235–36
- Mathare Environmental Conservation Youth Group (MECYG), 105–6, 112, 124, 217–24, 228
- Mathare Number 10 (Mathare 10), 113. See also Community Cleaning Services (CCS)
- Mathare Number Ten Youth Group (MANYGRO): baze (base) and, 95–97, 215–16; Community Cleaning Services (CCS) and, 149, 151–53; impact of, 295–96; public toilets and, 95, 114, 162; as “stayers,” 213–17; waste economy and, 109, 113–15
- Mathare Social Justice Centre, 239–40, 319n1
- Mathare Valley: ethnographic fieldwork in, 17–28, 130–33, 170–74, 247–50; self-help spirit of, 11, 71–73, 100, 123–25; urban poverty and housing in, 11–12, 63–67 (see also mabati housing; tenement housing)
- Mathare Youth Sports Association (MYSA), 106, 226
- Mathari Mental Hospital, 243
- Mau Mau rebellion (1952–60), 61, 62, 77
- Mawdsley, Emma, 131
- Mbembe, Achille, 189–90
- McCoy, Van, 42–43
- McCreary, Tyler, 325n5
- McFarlane, Colin, 314n7
- McMillan Cottom, Tressie, 51, 52–53
- McMullin, Jaremey, 210
- Midnight Marauders (A Tribe Called Quest), 50
- Millar, Kathleen, 46–47, 54, 100, 108–9, 314n8
- Millennial Development Goals, 134
- Millington, Nate, 133
- Ministry of Labour and Social Protection, 319n3
- Minority World, use of term, 29
- misfit economy, 48, 230–32
- Mitiambo, Peter Maangi, 318n6
- Mlango Kubwa, 109–10, 112, 211, 217–24, 226–30, 249, 301–5. See also Mathare Environmental Conservation Youth Group (MECYG)
- Modi, Narendra, 280
- Moi, Daniel arap, 63–64, 70, 80–81, 102, 281
- mondialité (worlding), 86
- Monteith, Will, 3, 47
- Montgomery, Nick, 244
- Moore, Sarah, 100
- Moser, Caroline, 141–42
- Mosse, David, 130–31
- Mpanga, George (George the Poet), 255, 266, 324n11
- M-Pesa, 95–96, 114, 214–15, 284, 285
- Mr. Green Africa, 122–23
- M-Shwari, 284
- mtaa (hood): Eliza and, 185–92, 196; as horizontal and vertical settlement, 65–66; lifestyles and habitus of, 13–17, 76–78, 89–92; performative dimension of (see storytelling). See also baze (base)
- Mũ koma wa Ngũgĩ, 257–58
- Mungiki, 76–78
- Murimi, Edward Kahuthia, 28, 224–28, 230, 237–38, 240, 301–5
- Museum Hill, 288–91
- music: as storytelling, 243–46, 249, 250, 253–64, 267–68, 269–71. See also hip-hop
- Muungano wa wanavijiji (United Slum Dwellers), 204
- Mwaura, Grace, 194, 196
- My Bed (Emin), 268
- Mzee Kijana (Shei), 116–17, 153–54, 160, 162–63, 273
- Nagar, Richa, 28
- Nagle, Robin, 314n8
- Nai Nami, 244, 265–67, 269–71
- Nairobeez, 244, 265, 267–68
- Nairobi: contradictions of modernity in, 9–10, 79–82; historical development of, 7–10, 59–63; informalization in, 68–71; kadogo (small) economy in, 73–75; migration into, 76; urban poverty and housing in, 9–10, 63–67 (see also mabati housing; tenement housing); waste management in, 65–66, 99–102 (see also waste economy); young people in, 89–97. See also Mathare Valley
- Nairobi City Council (later Nairobi City County): housing and, 66, 67; informal economies and, 78; Mathare residents and, 72; waste economy and, 114, 117–18, 120–21
- Nairobi City Water Company (NCWC), 232–33
- Nairobi National Museum of Kenya, 288
- Nakyagaba, Gloria Nsangi, 132–33
- National Youth Service (NYS), 106, 281
- Native Pass Law (1920), 69
- NCBA, 284
- Ndaka, Felix Mutunga, 256, 266
- Ndii, David, 280
- Nemer, David, 262–63
- neoliberal capitalism, 9, 51–52, 55, 56, 163–64
- Neurwirth, Robert, 314n5
- Newell, Sasha, 90, 249–50
- Newman, Paul, 42–43
- New York Times (newspaper), 42
- Ngau, Peter, 102
- Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o, 36, 257–58
- Njenga, Joseph, 162
- Nkako, Joel, 137
- Noah, Trevor, 316n8
- nongovernmental organizations (NGOs): Community Cleaning Services (CCS) and, 147, 165; Eliza and, 176, 191, 193; entrepreneurship and, 275; “leavers and stayers” and, 213–14, 217, 220–24, 239–40; peace-building activities and, 124; waste economy and, 120
- Nwonka, Clive Chijioke, 270
- Nyabola, Nanjala, 254
- Nyamnjoh, Francis, 8, 133
- Nyawira, Rosie, 22, 103–4, 204, 234–35, 277, 291–92
- Page, Ben, 193–94
- Pamoja Trust (PT), 105, 113, 203–4, 213, 218
- Parasuraman, S., 135, 166–67
- Park, Emma, 284
- participant observation, 132
- Parton, Dolly, 278
- patchwork ethnography, 314n6
- Pause N Play X Wagala, 259–62
- Perry, Imani, 43
- Peterson, Anne Helen, 325n4
- Pettit, Harry, 322n2, 324n3
- philanthrocapitalism, 135
- Phillips, Kyra Maya, 48, 230
- pirate modernity, 48
- Polanyi, Karl, 274, 313n2
- political language, 78–79
- Polsky, Ned, 315–16n3
- popular neighborhoods, use of term, 29
- populism, 280–83
- Prabhu, Jaideep, 136
- Prahalad, C. K., 134, 144
- precarity, 6, 46–47, 51, 286
- Premier Bank Kenya, 282
- protracted liminality, 90, 93, 175
- public toilets: Community Cleaning Services (CCS) and, 145–46, 147, 151–53, 157, 159, 161–63; Mathare Number Ten Youth Group (MANYGRO) and, 95, 114, 162; significance of, 65–66, 129–30, 138–39
- Pype, Katrien, 269–70
- racial capitalism, 39, 51–53, 55, 99
- Radjou, Navi, 136
- Rai, Amit S., 48
- Rajan, Kaushik Sunder, 26–27
- relational autonomy, 108–11
- Richardson, Chris, 16
- rights to the city, 205–7
- rites of passage, 92–93
- Robinson, Cedric, 315n2
- Rollefson, Griffith, 44
- Rosie. See Nyawira, Rosie
- Roughing It (Twain), 39
- Ruto, William, 2, 271, 280–83, 298–99, 317n1
- Safaricom, 284
- Safire, William, 42
- Said, Edward, 38, 246
- Salim, 293
- Salt-N-Pepa, 262
- Sammy. See Gitau, Sammy
- Sanergy, 188, 191
- sanitation: as basic need, public good, human right, and business opportunity, 137–39; business-led development and, 131–33; ethnographic methodology and, 130–33, 135; horizontal vs. vertical settlements and, 65–66; toilet as public good and, 129–30. See also Community Cleaning Services (CCS); public toilets
- Sarr, Felwine, 10, 50–51
- Schmidt, Mario, 251
- SC Johnson (SCJ), 144–46. See also Community Cleaning Services (CCS)
- self-help, 11, 71–73, 100, 123–25
- selfies, 192, 263–65, 267–68, 275
- sex work, 189–90, 199
- shags (countryside): Eliza and, 183, 193–95; Jackson and, 229–30; significance of, 201; “stayers” and, 206
- Shani, Tetu, 285
- Sharpe, Christina, 276, 314n7
- Shei (Mzee Kijana), 116–17, 153–54, 160, 162–63, 273
- Shelby, Tommie, 43, 258–59
- Sheng (Kenyan Swahili vernacular): Eliza and, 192; hip-hop and, 254, 258, 260; hustling and, 13–14, 35–36, 273
- Shih, Shu-mei, 38
- Simanis, Erik, 135, 140–41
- Simone, AbdouMaliq, 54, 55, 205, 210–11, 274–75
- Singh, Juliette, 27
- single motherhood, 71, 175–76, 179–82, 195–96
- Skott-Myhre, Hans, 16
- Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI), 105, 204, 218
- slum tourism, 63
- social entrepreneurship, 125–26
- social media: Covid-19 pandemic and, 277; Eliza and, 176, 191–92; Nairobi youth and, 251–54; nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and, 214; selfies and, 192, 263–65, 267–68, 275; as storytelling, 244–46, 247–50, 260–62
- Solomon, Marisa, 98–99
- Sommers, Marc, 90
- Sontag, Susan, 263
- southern urban critique and practices, 36–38
- Spence, Lester, 51
- Standing, Guy, 47
- Stanford, Jim, 6
- Stewart, Kathleen, 276, 314n7
- Stokes, Kathleen, 133
- storytelling: hustling and, 240, 243–46, 253–54, 269–71; Kahos’s perspective on, 303–4; music as, 243–46, 249, 250, 253–64, 267–68, 269–71; selfies as, 263–65, 267–68; social media posts as, 244–46, 247–50, 260–62; street tours as, 244, 246, 249, 265–67, 269–71
- Story Yetu (Our Story) (2010 film), 243–45, 263–65, 295
- “Straight Outta Compton” (1988 song), 85–86
- Straight Outta Compton (2015 film), 85–86
- straining, 48
- street children, 112
- street tours, 244, 246, 249, 265–67, 269–71
- Sundaram, Ravi, 48
- sustainable development, 133–34, 144, 163
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 134, 214
- System D (système de débrouillardise), 48–49
- Taggart, Jack, 131
- taka ni pato (trash is cash), 104–6. See also waste economy
- Taylor, Astra, 4
- tenement housing, 63–67, 70–71, 73, 201–3
- Tevis, Walter, 42
- Thieme, Sebastien, 243–44, 263–64
- Timbas (Timberland shoes), 50
- Top Boy (TV series), 251
- Transport Licensing Board, 17
- trash. See waste economy
- Tribe Called Quest, A, 50
- Truelove, Yaffa, 36–37
- Trump, Donald, 280
- trust, 20, 73–74, 154–57, 208, 212, 302–3
- Turner, Victor, 92–94
- Twain, Mark, 39
- Wacquant, Loïc, 44
- Wanjiru, Margaret, 66, 105–6, 130, 166, 209
- Ward, Barbara, 11
- Warzel, Charlie, 325n4
- waste and waste management, 65–66, 97–102
- waste economy: arrests for illegal dumping and, 117–20; auto-gestion (self-management) and, 82; Eliza and, 176, 180–81, 184, 199; green and circular economy and, 120–23; Jackson and, 229; kadogo (small) economy and, 74–75; Kahos’s perspective on, 303–4; Kennedy and, 207–13; liminality and communitas in, 93–94; Mathare Number Ten Youth Group (MANYGRO) and, 213–17; origins and evolution of, 12–13, 14–15, 102–6; relational autonomy and, 108–11; social function of, 111–17; values and effects of, 123–25; young people and, 85–88
- Watanabe, Chika, 314n6
- Watkins, Craig, 53
- Weiss, Brad, 90, 251
- West, Cornel, 258–59
- wheelbarrownomics, 280
- White, Joy, 259
- White, Luise, 54
- Willems, Wendy, 253
- Williams, Philippa, 3, 47
- Wilson, William Julius, 316–17n10
- women: hip-hop and, 259–62; hustling and, 169–71, 220, 222 (see also Eliza); single motherhood and, 175–76, 179–82, 195–96; solidarity networks and, 292–93
- World Environment Day, 213–15
- World Health Organization (WHO), 137
- Wretched of the Earth (Les Damnés de la terre) (Fanon), 60
- Wrong, Michela, 66–67
- youth employment schemes, 106–8. See also Kazi kwa Vijana (KKV, Work for Youth)