Index
alternative-to-incarceration programs, 52–53, 60, 60–63, 72–76, 157–58, 176. See also Brownsville Anti-Violence Project; Brownsville Community Justice Center; Brownsville Youth Court; electronic monitoring devices; surveillance
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 36, 141–42, 146
Avila, Eric, 108
banishment: mechanisms, 25, 140, 162–63; spatial banishment, 152, 154, 157, 164, 179. See also gangs; sex offenders
Beckett, Katherine, 144, 151, 156, 163
Bentham, Jeremy, 127
Berlant, Lauren, 99–100, 107, 115, 119, 135
black freedom struggles, 48–49, 100, 178
Black Lives Matter, 3–4, 20, 26, 38, 177–78, 180–81, 183–84
Black Panther Party, 49
Blomley, Nick, 46
Bonds, Anne, 90
broken-windows policing, 15, 23–24, 31, 38–42, 72–73, 75, 138, 145, 147, 178, 184, 189. See also Kelling, George
Brown, Michael, 2, 4–5, 177–78, 180
Brownsville Anti-Violence Project (BAVP), 52–53, 60–63, 65–69, 71, 73
Brownsville Community Justice Center, 63, 67–69
Brownsville Youth Court (BYC), 52–53, 60–68, 70–73
buses: bus boycotts, 109–10; Bus Riders Union (BRU), 110; Flamboyant Bus Service, 120–21; Operation Prison Gap (OPG), 105, 112–13, 117, 120–21, 125; organizing on the bus, 108–11, 122
California: prison reform, 176; prison system, 17–18, 107, 119 (see also Gilmore, Ruth Wilson); sex-offender laws, 148–51, 159. See also Los Angeles
capital accumulation, 17–18, 23, 35, 46–47, 75, 180; accumulation by dispossession, 44, 172
carceral geography, 14
carceral state, 16–17, 21, 26, 30, 73–74, 81, 89–90, 94–96, 101–3, 144, 162–66, 183
carework: caregiving, 25, 107, 122–23, 127, 132–35, 160
class struggle, 22, 45, 104, 184
coal mining: 24, 80–87, 92–93; Mountain Top Removal (MTR), 81, 83, 86
colonialism: 47, 83–84, 171. See also frontier ideology
Comfort, Megan, 119
common sense, 10, 95, 97, 168, 189
community, 61–69, 75–76, 137–40, 149, 157–58, 162–66
corporal punishment, 7
Corrigan, Rose, 152–54
Council of State Governments, 21, 53
Cowen, Deborah, 99
creative capitalism, 34
crime rates: and arrests, 58; declining, 52, 146, 175; in New York City, 41, 58; and prison growth, 73, 89
criminalization: 13, 15–16, 46, 145, 165, 181; black criminality, 11, 179; of poverty, 16, 30–31, 38–40, 144, 184. See also broken-windows policing
crisis: 182; capitalist crisis, 14, 17, 86, 103; legitimacy crisis, 8, 16, 19–21, 73, 75, 181; 1970s economic crisis, 14, 103, 137; ordinary crisis, 107–8, 115–16, 118, 133; 2008 financial crisis, 19, 30, 33, 75, 114, 138; urban crises of 1960s and 1970s, 40
Critical Resistance, 145
de Beaumont, Gustave, 126
decarceration strategies, 61–62, 104, 139, 164, 176. See also alternative-to-incarceration programs
Department of Justice (DOJ), 20–21, 52, 182
de Tocqueville, Alexis, 126
Detroit, Michigan: bankruptcy, 30, 40–44; eviction, 30, 33, 36; gentrification, 32, 35–38, 44–47; real estate, 23–24, 29–43, 45–50; unemployment rate, 43; water supply, 43–45, 47
Detroit People’s Water Board, 44–45
Detroit Police Department (DPD), 24, 31–32, 36–42, 48
Detroit Rebellion of 1967, 47–49, 66
electronic monitoring devices (EM): 21, 25, 74, 139–40, 157–62, 176; ankle bracelets, 25, 140, 157, 161–62
Enlightenment, 8
“excarceration,” 27
Fair Sentencing Act, 20
Feldman, Allen, 123
Ferguson, Missouri, 2–5, 66, 176–77; Ferguson Action Demands, 184; police, 2–5
“forgotten places,” 80
frontier ideology, 47, 56–57, 77
futures: abolitionist, 174, 181; decarcerated future, 21–22, 175; new carceral futures, 26
gangs: injunctions, 25, 140–47, 162–64; “safety zones,” 25, 140, 142, 146; and Trump, 174; youth gangs in Brownsville, 57–59
Garner, Eric, 58–59, 177–78, 180
gender: 107, 111, 113–14, 127, 132–33, 173; gender-based violence, 155; “gender-responsive prisons,” 96, 175; and organizing, 127
gentrification: ix–x, 35–36, 44–45, 51–57, 67, 73–74, 76–77, 145–46, 170, 182; antigentrification campaigns, 77. See also frontier ideology; real estate
Gilbert, Dan: 23–24, 29–30, 32–38, 41, 45, 47. See also Quicken Loans
Gilmore, Craig, 17
Gilmore, Ruth Wilson, x, 9, 14, 17, 20, 52, 80, 96, 107, 109, 111, 118, 121, 123, 127, 133, 164–65, 182
Gorz, André, 164–65
Gottschalk, Marie, 20–21
Harcourt, Bernard, 13
healthcare: access to, 114–15, 183; health insurance, 115, 121
Heatherton, Christina, 40
Honolulu, 31
housing: x, 1, 32, 43, 65, 148, 169, 183–84; Colony Arms complex in Detroit, 38–39, 42; eviction, x, 30, 33, 36; public housing in Brownsville, 54, 56, 58–59; 2008 housing market crash, 30, 33. See also gentrification; real estate
ideology, 18, 90, 95–97, 99–100, 156, 168–69, 171, 183
immigration: immigration detention, 147, 158, 175; unauthorized migrants, 147
individualism, 9, 11–12, 68–72, 90, 123–24, 173
isolation: through incarceration, 25, 107, 123, 126–27, 133–35, 173; self-isolation, 111, 121–23, 173; of sex offenders, 155
Jim Crow laws: 110, 143, 178; “the New Jim Crow,” 20
Joseph, Miranda, 164
justice reinvestment: 21, 24, 52–53, 68, 76, 89, 182; Criminal Justice Reinvestment Act, 53; Justice Reinvestment Initiative (JRI), 53. See also prison reform
Katz, Cindi, 133
Kelley, Robin D. G., 171
Kelling, George, 40–42, 138, 189
Kenney, Moira Rachel, 109
Kentucky: 79–94, 99–102, 104, 165, 170, 182; coal mining in Eastern Kentucky or Appalachia, 79–89, 92–94, 100; history, 82–84; poverty, 81–82, 85–86, 91; prison growth, 80–81, 85–86, 89; prison population, 85; unemployment, 24, 81–82, 85, 89
Kilgore, James, 21, 73–74, 160, 162
labor, 13–14, 26, 86–89, 97–104, 120, 170–73; barriers to, 71–72, 103, 162; exploitation of, 110, 177, 181; market, 10–12, 15, 18, 21, 70–71, 97–99, 103–4; organized, 110; participation rates, 91, 115, 129; and prison-building, 18, 86–89, 92–93, 97–103; socially reproductive, 111, 127, 132, 135, 160. See also carework; unemployment
Los Angeles: gang injunctions, 142–43; Harbor Gateway, 147–51, 155 (see also sex offenders); Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), 42, 141–43, 148, 155; prison-related organizing, 127; public transit, 110–11
Lukács, Georg, 168
mandatory-minimum sentencing, 20, 175
Manhattan Institute, 40–41. See also broken-windows policing
Marx, Karl, 169
Marxist feminism, 132
mass incarceration, 5, 9, 12–19, 68, 73, 95, 106, 157, 170, 181, 190
Mauer, Mark, 76
Meiners, Erica, 153–56
Michigan Welfare Rights Organization (MWRO), 44–45
Miller, Reuben Jonathan, 69–70, 73
“million-dollar blocks,” 54–55
Moten, Fred, 167, 178, 181, 184
Mothers Reclaiming Our Children (Mothers ROC), 127
Muhammad, Khalil, 179
municipalities: bankruptcy, 30, 40–44; fines, 2–3, 31, 144; “Hancock Amendment,” 2; redlining or boundary lines, 1–2, 109, 144
Muniz, Ana, 146–47
Murakawa, Naomi, 144, 151, 163
National Institute of Justice, 66
National Welfare Rights Organization, 44
Native America: Indigenous lands, 47, 83–84; Native American groups, 83, 178
“neighborhood effects,” 60, 190
neoliberalism, 12–13, 40, 75–76, 90, 95, 99, 114–15, 123, 165. See also crisis: capitalist crisis; individualism; prison reform
New York City: crime rates, 41, 52, 58; gentrification, 23–24, 30–31, 35, 51–57, 61, 65, 67, 73–74, 76–77; unemployment rates, 53–54, 72
New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA), 54
New York City Police Department (NYPD), 31, 40–41, 58–62, 64–65, 69, 72, 74–75, 177; Operation Crew Cut, 59; stop-and-frisk program, 58–59. See also gangs
New York Civil Liberties Union, 59
New York State: Auburn, 8; prison bus, 105–7, 112–14, 117
New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision (DOCCS), 111–12
New York State Prisons, 105–7, 112–13, 118, 125, 128–29
Norte, Marisela, 111
Orange, Olu K., 143
parole: parolees, 62, 69, 139, 142, 148–49, 151–52, 158–59, 160–62, 164; parole officers, 125, 140, 160–61; revocation hearings, 151–52. See also electronic monitoring devices; surveillance
Pasternak, Shiri, 46
Petersilia, Joan, 162
policing: community policing or community corrections, 25, 41, 68, 137–41, 158–59, 163–64; Detroit Police Department (DPD), 24, 31–32, 36–42, 48; harassment, violence, or brutality, 2, 4–5, 30, 38, 48–49, 66, 137, 145, 149, 171, 177–78, 180–81, 184; Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), 42, 141–43, 148, 155; New York City Police Department (NYPD), 31, 40–41, 58–62, 64–65, 69, 72, 74–75, 177; police state, 48–49, 95–96, 103; police–community relations in Brownsville, 62, 64–65; and property relation, 46, 77; St. Louis Police, 2–5; stop-and-frisk program, 58–59
poverty: chronic, 95, 120; criminalization of, 15–16, 30–31, 38–40, 144, 184; “culture of poverty,” 71; fines, 1, 3, 184; homelessness, 38, 149; racialized, 10, 38, 73–74, 176, 179; rates, 30, 42–43, 53, 80, 82, 86, 91–93; structural, 24, 70–72, 81, 90–94, 99, 100, 103–4, 108, 115, 168; “War on Poverty,” 82, 86
prison abolition, 22, 26–27, 92, 97, 104, 156, 165, 167–68, 170–72, 174, 181, 183–84
Prison in Twelve Landscapes, The, xi–xii
prison population, U.S., 5, 12, 73, 85, 89, 98, 103, 162
prison reform: advocates, 76; eighteenth- and nineteenth-century reform, 8–9, 126–27; penal reform, 7–8, 19–22, 26, 51–53, 60–61, 73, 76, 89, 95–96, 102–4, 137–41, 156–58, 162–64, 170, 174–76, 181–83; reformist and nonreformist reforms, 164–65. See also alternative-to-incarceration programs
Prison Talk web forum, 117, 120, 130
property relation, 23–24, 32–40, 43–47, 49–50, 53, 75, 77, 146, 171, 181
punishment: ideology of, 10–11, 96–99, 101–2, 156, 183; imperative, 93–96, 154, 170; punishable subject, 172; punitive feeling, 81, 89, 96–97, 102, 156
Purser, Gretchen, 18
Quicken Loans, 29, 32–34, 36–37
racial capitalism, 6, 18, 95, 101, 107–8, 132, 170, 177, 181, 184
racism, 48–49, 65, 110, 143, 176–79, 184; race as ideology, 18, 97, 108–9, 171–72; racialization, 11, 18–19, 26, 42, 73, 97, 147, 153, 155, 175, 180
real estate, ix–x, 1, 14, 15, 23, 31–43, 45–49, 51–52, 55–56, 73–77; Bedrock Real Estate, 29–30, 33; securitization of, 37–38, 42, 45–47, 49, 73–74, 145, 171; socially “activated,” 36. See also gentrification; property relation
reentry: 20–21, 52, 68–73, 131, 140, 163, 189. See also alternative-to-incarceration programs
Robinson, Cedric, 18
Rogers, Hal, 88–89, 94, 101, 182
Schept, Judah, 80, 86, 89, 91, 93
Schrader, Stuart, 164
sex offenders: Jessica’s Laws (Sexual Predator Punishment and Control Act), 147–48, 150–51, 159; Megan’s Laws (Sexual Offender Act of 1994), 150, 152; pocket parks, 25, 140, 147–49, 151–56, 173; registries (SORs), 139, 149–50, 153–54, 158–59, 163; sex offender regulations, 25, 140, 147–59, 172, 183
Smith, Neil, 30–31, 35, 51, 56, 77, 93. See also frontier ideology
social relation, 4–7, 9, 19, 22–23, 26, 46, 97, 168, 174, 182
social reproduction, 107, 115, 131–33
solidarity, 107, 122, 127–28, 130–35, 179
spatial fix, 17, 86, 165, 175, 190
Stein, David, 100
“stranger danger,” 152–53
surplus: labor, 14–15, 18, 98, 172; land, 17–18; life, 10–11, 23, 98, 101, 104, 175, 180–81, 183; social surplus, 44, 100, 171
surveillance: databases, 142–43, 147; electronic monitoring devices (EM), 21, 25, 74, 139–40, 157–62, 176; exclusion zones, 139, 157, 159, 162, 179; GPS monitoring of sex offenders, 151, 157–62; technology, 24, 37–38, 139, 143, 164; user fees, 158; Voice of the Monitored website, 160
Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta, 102, 179
transcarceration, 163
Trump, Donald, 19, 26, 147, 174–75, 179, 181–83
unemployment: chronic, 72, 82, 89; and prison-building, 18, 85–86; rates of, 30, 43, 53–54, 115; structural, 95, 98, 101–2, 104. See also labor; poverty
U.S. Bureau of Prisons (BOP), 79–80, 82, 89
USP Big Sandy, 80–83, 86–87, 91, 94
Wacquant, Loïc, 14–15
water supply: access to, 181; contamination, 83; privatization, 43–45, 47
Wilson, James Q., 40
Young Lords, 49
youth courts, 60–66, 71–73. See also Brownsville Youth Court