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Prison Land: Index

Prison Land

Index

Index

Akers, Josh, 35, 42, 46–47

alternative-to-incarceration programs, 52–53, 60, 60–63, 72–76, 157–58, 176. See also Brownsville Anti-Violence Project; Brownsville Community Justice Center; Brownsville Youth Court; electronic monitoring devices; surveillance

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 36, 141–42, 146

Avila, Eric, 108

banishment: mechanisms, 25, 140, 162–63; spatial banishment, 152, 154, 157, 164, 179. See also gangs; sex offenders

bankruptcy, 30, 40–44

Beckett, Katherine, 144, 151, 156, 163

Bentham, Jeremy, 127

Berlant, Lauren, 99–100, 107, 115, 119, 135

black freedom struggles, 48–49, 100, 178

Black Lives Matter, 3–4, 20, 26, 38, 177–78, 180–81, 183–84

Black Panther Party, 49

Blomley, Nick, 46

Bonds, Anne, 90

Bratton, William, 40, 42

broken-windows policing, 15, 23–24, 31, 38–42, 72–73, 75, 138, 145, 147, 178, 184, 189. See also Kelling, George

Brown, Michael, 2, 4–5, 177–78, 180

Brown, Wendy, 124, 133

Brownsville Anti-Violence Project (BAVP), 52–53, 60–63, 65–69, 71, 73

Brownsville Community Justice Center, 63, 67–69

Brownsville Youth Court (BYC), 52–53, 60–68, 70–73

buses: bus boycotts, 109–10; Bus Riders Union (BRU), 110; Flamboyant Bus Service, 120–21; Operation Prison Gap (OPG), 105, 112–13, 117, 120–21, 125; organizing on the bus, 108–11, 122

Butler, Judith, 167, 180–81

Byrd, Renee, 68, 73

California: prison reform, 176; prison system, 17–18, 107, 119 (see also Gilmore, Ruth Wilson); sex-offender laws, 148–51, 159. See also Los Angeles

Camp, Jordan T., 40, 48, 95

capital accumulation, 17–18, 23, 35, 46–47, 75, 180; accumulation by dispossession, 44, 172

carceral devolution, 69, 73

carceral geography, 14

carceral state, 16–17, 21, 26, 30, 73–74, 81, 89–90, 94–96, 101–3, 144, 162–66, 183

carework: caregiving, 25, 107, 122–23, 127, 132–35, 160

class struggle, 22, 45, 104, 184

coal mining: 24, 80–87, 92–93; Mountain Top Removal (MTR), 81, 83, 86

Cohen, Stanley, 74–75, 140

colonialism: 47, 83–84, 171. See also frontier ideology

Comfort, Megan, 119

common sense, 10, 95, 97, 168, 189

community, 61–69, 75–76, 137–40, 149, 157–58, 162–66

corporal punishment, 7

Corrigan, Rose, 152–54

Council of State Governments, 21, 53

Cowen, Deborah, 99

creative capitalism, 34

crime rates: and arrests, 58; declining, 52, 146, 175; in New York City, 41, 58; and prison growth, 73, 89

criminalization: 13, 15–16, 46, 145, 165, 181; black criminality, 11, 179; of poverty, 16, 30–31, 38–40, 144, 184. See also broken-windows policing

crisis: 182; capitalist crisis, 14, 17, 86, 103; legitimacy crisis, 8, 16, 19–21, 73, 75, 181; 1970s economic crisis, 14, 103, 137; ordinary crisis, 107–8, 115–16, 118, 133; 2008 financial crisis, 19, 30, 33, 75, 114, 138; urban crises of 1960s and 1970s, 40

Critical Resistance, 145

Davis, Angela, 9, 154

de Beaumont, Gustave, 126

decarceration strategies, 61–62, 104, 139, 164, 176. See also alternative-to-incarceration programs

Department of Justice (DOJ), 20–21, 52, 182

de Tocqueville, Alexis, 126

Detroit, Michigan: bankruptcy, 30, 40–44; eviction, 30, 33, 36; gentrification, 32, 35–38, 44–47; real estate, 23–24, 29–43, 45–50; unemployment rate, 43; water supply, 43–45, 47

Detroit People’s Water Board, 44–45

Detroit Police Department (DPD), 24, 31–32, 36–42, 48

Detroit Rebellion of 1967, 47–49, 66

electronic monitoring devices (EM): 21, 25, 74, 139–40, 157–62, 176; ankle bracelets, 25, 140, 157, 161–62

Enlightenment, 8

“excarceration,” 27

Fair Sentencing Act, 20

Feldman, Allen, 123

Ferguson, Missouri, 2–5, 66, 176–77; Ferguson Action Demands, 184; police, 2–5

Fields, Barbara Jean, 97, 172

“forgotten places,” 80

Foucault, Michel, 9, 75

frontier ideology, 47, 56–57, 77

futures: abolitionist, 174, 181; decarcerated future, 21–22, 175; new carceral futures, 26

gangs: injunctions, 25, 140–47, 162–64; “safety zones,” 25, 140, 142, 146; and Trump, 174; youth gangs in Brownsville, 57–59

Garner, Eric, 58–59, 177–78, 180

gender: 107, 111, 113–14, 127, 132–33, 173; gender-based violence, 155; “gender-responsive prisons,” 96, 175; and organizing, 127

gentrification: ix–x, 35–36, 44–45, 51–57, 67, 73–74, 76–77, 145–46, 170, 182; antigentrification campaigns, 77. See also frontier ideology; real estate

Gilbert, Dan: 23–24, 29–30, 32–38, 41, 45, 47. See also Quicken Loans

Gilmore, Craig, 17

Gilmore, Ruth Wilson, x, 9, 14, 17, 20, 52, 80, 96, 107, 109, 111, 118, 121, 123, 127, 133, 164–65, 182

Giuliani, Rudy, 31, 40

Gorz, André, 164–65

Gottschalk, Marie, 20–21

Gramsci, Antonio, 16, 189

Hall, Stuart, 15–16, 182

Hallett, Michael, 21, 103

Harcourt, Bernard, 13

Harvey, David, 4, 14

healthcare: access to, 114–15, 183; health insurance, 115, 121

Heatherton, Christina, 40

Honolulu, 31

housing: x, 1, 32, 43, 65, 148, 169, 183–84; Colony Arms complex in Detroit, 38–39, 42; eviction, x, 30, 33, 36; public housing in Brownsville, 54, 56, 58–59; 2008 housing market crash, 30, 33. See also gentrification; real estate

ideology, 18, 90, 95–97, 99–100, 156, 168–69, 171, 183

immigration: immigration detention, 147, 158, 175; unauthorized migrants, 147

individualism, 9, 11–12, 68–72, 90, 123–24, 173

isolation: through incarceration, 25, 107, 123, 126–27, 133–35, 173; self-isolation, 111, 121–23, 173; of sex offenders, 155

Jim Crow laws: 110, 143, 178; “the New Jim Crow,” 20

Johnson, Lyndon B., 47–48, 82

Joseph, Miranda, 164

justice reinvestment: 21, 24, 52–53, 68, 76, 89, 182; Criminal Justice Reinvestment Act, 53; Justice Reinvestment Initiative (JRI), 53. See also prison reform

Katz, Cindi, 133

Kelley, Robin D. G., 171

Kelling, George, 40–42, 138, 189

Kenney, Moira Rachel, 109

Kentucky: 79–94, 99–102, 104, 165, 170, 182; coal mining in Eastern Kentucky or Appalachia, 79–89, 92–94, 100; history, 82–84; poverty, 81–82, 85–86, 91; prison growth, 80–81, 85–86, 89; prison population, 85; unemployment, 24, 81–82, 85, 89

Kilgore, James, 21, 73–74, 160, 162

Koch brothers, 20, 103

labor, 13–14, 26, 86–89, 97–104, 120, 170–73; barriers to, 71–72, 103, 162; exploitation of, 110, 177, 181; market, 10–12, 15, 18, 21, 70–71, 97–99, 103–4; organized, 110; participation rates, 91, 115, 129; and prison-building, 18, 86–89, 92–93, 97–103; socially reproductive, 111, 127, 132, 135, 160. See also carework; unemployment

Linebaugh, Peter, 45, 96

Los Angeles: gang injunctions, 142–43; Harbor Gateway, 147–51, 155 (see also sex offenders); Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), 42, 141–43, 148, 155; prison-related organizing, 127; public transit, 110–11

Lukács, Georg, 168

mandatory-minimum sentencing, 20, 175

Manhattan Institute, 40–41. See also broken-windows policing

Martin, Trayvon, 171, 177

Marx, Karl, 169

Marxist feminism, 132

mass incarceration, 5, 9, 12–19, 68, 73, 95, 106, 157, 170, 181, 190

Mauer, Mark, 76

Meiners, Erica, 153–56

Michigan Welfare Rights Organization (MWRO), 44–45

Miller, Reuben Jonathan, 69–70, 73

“million-dollar blocks,” 54–55

Moten, Fred, 167, 178, 181, 184

Mothers Reclaiming Our Children (Mothers ROC), 127

Muhammad, Khalil, 179

municipalities: bankruptcy, 30, 40–44; fines, 2–3, 31, 144; “Hancock Amendment,” 2; redlining or boundary lines, 1–2, 109, 144

Muniz, Ana, 146–47

Murakawa, Naomi, 144, 151, 163

National Institute of Justice, 66

National Welfare Rights Organization, 44

Native America: Indigenous lands, 47, 83–84; Native American groups, 83, 178

“neighborhood effects,” 60, 190

neoliberalism, 12–13, 40, 75–76, 90, 95, 99, 114–15, 123, 165. See also crisis: capitalist crisis; individualism; prison reform

New York City: crime rates, 41, 52, 58; gentrification, 23–24, 30–31, 35, 51–57, 61, 65, 67, 73–74, 76–77; unemployment rates, 53–54, 72

New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA), 54

New York City Police Department (NYPD), 31, 40–41, 58–62, 64–65, 69, 72, 74–75, 177; Operation Crew Cut, 59; stop-and-frisk program, 58–59. See also gangs

New York Civil Liberties Union, 59

New York State: Auburn, 8; prison bus, 105–7, 112–14, 117

New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision (DOCCS), 111–12

New York State Prisons, 105–7, 112–13, 118, 125, 128–29

Nixon, Richard, 14, 174

Norte, Marisela, 111

Orange, Olu K., 143

parole: parolees, 62, 69, 139, 142, 148–49, 151–52, 158–59, 160–62, 164; parole officers, 125, 140, 160–61; revocation hearings, 151–52. See also electronic monitoring devices; surveillance

Pasternak, Shiri, 46

Peck, Jamie, 15–16, 98

Petersilia, Joan, 162

policing: community policing or community corrections, 25, 41, 68, 137–41, 158–59, 163–64; Detroit Police Department (DPD), 24, 31–32, 36–42, 48; harassment, violence, or brutality, 2, 4–5, 30, 38, 48–49, 66, 137, 145, 149, 171, 177–78, 180–81, 184; Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), 42, 141–43, 148, 155; New York City Police Department (NYPD), 31, 40–41, 58–62, 64–65, 69, 72, 74–75, 177; police state, 48–49, 95–96, 103; police–community relations in Brownsville, 62, 64–65; and property relation, 46, 77; St. Louis Police, 2–5; stop-and-frisk program, 58–59

poverty: chronic, 95, 120; criminalization of, 15–16, 30–31, 38–40, 144, 184; “culture of poverty,” 71; fines, 1, 3, 184; homelessness, 38, 149; racialized, 10, 38, 73–74, 176, 179; rates, 30, 42–43, 53, 80, 82, 86, 91–93; structural, 24, 70–72, 81, 90–94, 99, 100, 103–4, 108, 115, 168; “War on Poverty,” 82, 86

prison abolition, 22, 26–27, 92, 97, 104, 156, 165, 167–68, 170–72, 174, 181, 183–84

Prison in Twelve Landscapes, The, xi–xii

prison population, U.S., 5, 12, 73, 85, 89, 98, 103, 162

prison reform: advocates, 76; eighteenth- and nineteenth-century reform, 8–9, 126–27; penal reform, 7–8, 19–22, 26, 51–53, 60–61, 73, 76, 89, 95–96, 102–4, 137–41, 156–58, 162–64, 170, 174–76, 181–83; reformist and nonreformist reforms, 164–65. See also alternative-to-incarceration programs

Prison Talk web forum, 117, 120, 130

private prisons, 20, 175, 189

property relation, 23–24, 32–40, 43–47, 49–50, 53, 75, 77, 146, 171, 181

punishment: ideology of, 10–11, 96–99, 101–2, 156, 183; imperative, 93–96, 154, 170; punishable subject, 172; punitive feeling, 81, 89, 96–97, 102, 156

Purser, Gretchen, 18

Quicken Loans, 29, 32–34, 36–37

racial capitalism, 6, 18, 95, 101, 107–8, 132, 170, 177, 181, 184

racism, 48–49, 65, 110, 143, 176–79, 184; race as ideology, 18, 97, 108–9, 171–72; racialization, 11, 18–19, 26, 42, 73, 97, 147, 153, 155, 175, 180

real estate, ix–x, 1, 14, 15, 23, 31–43, 45–49, 51–52, 55–56, 73–77; Bedrock Real Estate, 29–30, 33; securitization of, 37–38, 42, 45–47, 49, 73–74, 145, 171; socially “activated,” 36. See also gentrification; property relation

reentry: 20–21, 52, 68–73, 131, 140, 163, 189. See also alternative-to-incarceration programs

reification, 168, 170

Robinson, Cedric, 18

Rogers, Hal, 88–89, 94, 101, 182

Ryerson, Sylvia, 91, 94

sacrifice zone, 82, 104

Schenwar, Maya, 21, 162

Schept, Judah, 80, 86, 89, 91, 93

Schrader, Stuart, 164

sex offenders: Jessica’s Laws (Sexual Predator Punishment and Control Act), 147–48, 150–51, 159; Megan’s Laws (Sexual Offender Act of 1994), 150, 152; pocket parks, 25, 140, 147–49, 151–56, 173; registries (SORs), 139, 149–50, 153–54, 158–59, 163; sex offender regulations, 25, 140, 147–59, 172, 183

“slow death,” 119–20, 133

Smith, Caleb, 8, 126

Smith, Neil, 30–31, 35, 51, 56, 77, 93. See also frontier ideology

social relation, 4–7, 9, 19, 22–23, 26, 46, 97, 168, 174, 182

social reproduction, 107, 115, 131–33

social wage, 103, 179

solidarity, 107, 122, 127–28, 130–35, 179

spatial fix, 17, 86, 165, 175, 190

Stein, David, 100

“stranger danger,” 152–53

surplus: labor, 14–15, 18, 98, 172; land, 17–18; life, 10–11, 23, 98, 101, 104, 175, 180–81, 183; social surplus, 44, 100, 171

surveillance: databases, 142–43, 147; electronic monitoring devices (EM), 21, 25, 74, 139–40, 157–62, 176; exclusion zones, 139, 157, 159, 162, 179; GPS monitoring of sex offenders, 151, 157–62; technology, 24, 37–38, 139, 143, 164; user fees, 158; Voice of the Monitored website, 160

Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta, 102, 179

Theodore, Nik, 15, 98

transcarceration, 163

Trump, Donald, 19, 26, 147, 174–75, 179, 181–83

unemployment: chronic, 72, 82, 89; and prison-building, 18, 85–86; rates of, 30, 43, 53–54, 115; structural, 95, 98, 101–2, 104. See also labor; poverty

U.S. Bureau of Prisons (BOP), 79–80, 82, 89

USP Big Sandy, 80–83, 86–87, 91, 94

USP Letcher, 80, 87, 94

Wacquant, Loïc, 14–15

water supply: access to, 181; contamination, 83; privatization, 43–45, 47

Weeks, Kathi, 99, 171

Williams, Raymond, 139, 165

Wilson, James Q., 40

Young Lords, 49

youth courts, 60–66, 71–73. See also Brownsville Youth Court

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The University of Minnesota Press gratefully acknowledges the generous assistance provided for the publication of this book by the Margaret S. Harding Memorial Endowment, honoring the first director of the University of Minnesota Press.

Portions of chapters 1 and 2 were published in “The Prison and the City: Tracking the Neoliberal Life of the ‘Million Dollar Block,’” Theoretical Criminology 20, no. 3 (2016): 257–76. Portions of chapter 1 were published in “Against a Humanizing Prison Cinema: The Prison in Twelve Landscapes and the Politics of Abolition Imagery,” in The Visual Criminology Handbook, ed. M. Brown and E. Carrabine, 455–66 (London: Routledge, 2017). Portions of chapter 3 were published in B. Story and J. Schept, “Against Punishment: Centering Work, Wage, and Uneven Development in Mapping the Carceral State,” Social Justice: A Journal of Crime, Conflict, and World Order 46 (forthcoming in 2019).

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