Index
abbeys. See monasteries and abbeys
abstractions, problematic, 168–73
academia: codeswitching and, 182–85; institutionalism of, 180; interdisciplinarity in, 142, 143. See also colleges and universities; university labs
Academy of Media Arts (Cologne, Germany), 87
Access Space (Britain), 100–101, 103
ACM Interactions (journal), 104–5
ACTLab (Austin, Texas), 40, 177–84; codeswitching umbrella and, 111, 146, 156, 177, 182–85, 245; collaboration in, 220; mission and goals of, 179–80, 181–82; separatism criticism, 184–85
Ada’s Technical Books and Café (Seattle, Washington), 44–45
additive manufacturing. See 3D printing
Adorno, Theodor, 140
advertising, 152–53, 155, 167, 206
aesthetics in action, 215
Africa, 171–72
Agamben, Giorgio, 254n4
agricultural extension policy project (Canada), 117, 124–25, 129. See also home economics labs (Canada)
agricultural extension policy project (U.S.), Black operators of, 128–33
Agricultural Society Act (1902, Canada), 125
alchemical laboratories, 50
Alexander, Christopher. See Pattern Language, A (Alexander, Ishikawa, and Silverstein)
Alexandra School (Winnipeg), 120
Allahyari, Moreshin, 217
America by Design (Noble), 158
American Challenge, The (Servan-Schreiber), 165, 173
American exceptionalism, 61, 253nn48, 53
Ames, Morgan G., 176
AMG. See Architecture Machine Group (AMG, MIT)
analog apparatus and technology, 82–83, 88–89, 93–94, 254n7. See also digital technology
anatomical theaters, 49
Anderson, Sheila, 110
animal research, 122, 123, 170
antidisciplinarity, 62, 64. See also inter- and transdisciplinarity
antifoundationalism, 111
anti-hierarchical structure, 180, 184–85, 210. See also management practice
Anzaldùa, Gloria, 180
apparatus, analytic category of, 2, 13–16, 78, 79–106; analog apparatus and technology, 82–83, 254n7; on Booker T. Washington Agricultural School on Wheels, 133; defined, 80–81, 254n4; experimentation and, 227; Foucault on, 254n4; in French-language lab, 14, 15, 18–19; in Hamilton séance rooms, 198, 201–3; in HICapacity, 44; historical experience through, 51, 95–96; in home economics labs, 120, 122–23, 127; hybrid lab epistemology and, 83, 86, 227; infrastructure and policy, compared, 109; inscription devices, 30, 228–29; on Jesup Wagon, 129–30; juxtaposition of operationality, 89–90; measurement and quantification by, 86, 91–92; media archaeology through, 83–90; Menlo Park and, 194; messiness of, 83; monetary value of lab equipment, 120, 129–30, 147–48; Münsterberg’s instruments, 20; people as, 90, 91, 200, 213; as relational, 16, 23–24; research and teaching collections and, 82, 97–104, 106; scrounging equipment, 21, 250n50; Signal Lab and, 81–82, 85, 88, 93–94, 100–101; social regulation of, 245; space and, 79–80; specialized equipment, tracking proliferation of hybrid labs through, 137–38; technique and, 89, 213, 214; testing and, 237; 3D printing, 213, 216–18, 234–35. See also Media Archaeological Fundus (MAF, Humboldt University, Berlin); media archaeology; research and teaching collections, apparatus and
Apple II computers, 174
Arab people, 173–74
Arcades Project, The (Benjamin), 37
architecture and exterior space design: indigenous architecture, 172; Lab Cult exhibition and, 20, 21, 206, 207, 239–40; of MAF, 75–77; of Menlo Park, 54–56; of MIT Media Lab, 60, 64–66, 71, 253n46; of monasteries, 47–49. See also floor layouts and interior space design; Pattern Language, A (Alexander, Ishikawa, and Silverstein); space, analytic category of
Architecture Machine, The (Negroponte), 168, 171, 263n76
Architecture Machine Group (AMG, MIT), 60, 61, 155, 166, 168–72. See also Negroponte, Nicholas
Architecture without Architects (Rudofsky), 172
Aristotle, 215
Arizona Model (New American University), 108, 141–48, 211–12
Arizona State University (ASU), 141, 142, 147
art history, 135
Art in Our Time (MOMA exhibition), 135
artistic and creative activity, 140, 214, 215–16; at Bell Labs, 205; boundary work and, 193; hacker ethos and, 177; living labs for, 233–34; prototyping and, 236; testing and, 237–38
Artists and Architects Collaborate (MIT Committee on the Visual Arts), 64
art studios and art institutions, 134–38, 193; factory model for, 134–35, 205; infrastructure and policy and, 134–36; inspiration and, 231; knowledge production in, 214–15; lab designation, by users, 8, 135–36; studio-labs (1990s European media art scene), 87; studio-labs debates, 136–38. See also ACTLab (Austin, Texas); hybrid labs
assembling and disassembling, 214, 223–26. See also technique, analytic category of
Association for Computing Machinery National Conference (Boston), 171
astronomy, 41–42
Audible Past, The (Sterne), 22
automobile industry, 153
Avila, Renata, 262n54
Ayer, N. W., 152
Baccus-Clark, Ashley, 241, 243
Bacon, Francis, 227
Bajgier, Steve M., 231, 268n50
Baker, Gladys, 131
Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women (Cambridge), 252n29
Ballon, Pieter, 231
Baltan Laboratories, 260n89
Banet-Weiser, Sarah, 167
Barad, Karen, 257n56
Barbrook, Richard, 208–9
Bar Lab (bar, Montreal), 3
Barnum, P. T., 152
Barr, Alfred H., Jr., 135
bartending, 3
Barthes, Roland, 30
basic vs. applied research, 205
Bayh-Dole Act (U.S., 1980), 211
Being Digital (Negroponte), 61–62
Bell, Alexander Graham, 15, 16
Bell Labs, 194, 204–8, 210, 219, 237, 266n43
Bender, Walter, 62
Benedictine abbeys, 48–49, 54, 55
Benedikt, Michael, 251n8
Benediktbeuern Abbey, 48–49
Benjamin, Walter, 37
Bennett, Tony, 15–16
Bernbach, Bill, 206
Better Farming trains, 124–25
Between Humanities and the Digital (Svensson and Goldberg), 99
“Beyond Humanities qua Digital” (Foka et al.), 148–49
bias, 243–44; acknowledging, 77, 248; in technology design, 172, 173–74. See also gender; marginalized groups; power, forms of; racism
bicycle industry, 153
Bilkent University (Ankara), 229
bioinformatics lab, 33
Black, W. J., 125
black-box metaphor, 39, 42, 45, 86. See also opacity and transparency
Black Lives Matter, 247
Black Mountain College, 180, 228
Black people, 127–33; agricultural extension laboratories run by, 128–33; experimentation on, 127–28; “urban” as stand in, 168; women of color, Hyphen-Labs and, 243–44. See also marginalized groups; race
Bogost, Ian, 104
Bolsheviks, 124
Bonaccini, Léonore, 191
Booker T. Washington School on Wheels, 128, 133
Bosma, Josephine, 177
Boston, Massachusetts, 166, 168–69
boundaries, disciplinary. See disciplinary boundaries
boundary objects, 3D printers as, 216
boundary work (gatekeeping exclusion), 32, 110, 197–98, 240, 244; collaboration and, 218–19; expertise and, 192–93, 219; gender and, 49, 52, 63, 252n31; Gieryn on, 7, 192–93; gray literature and, 114. See also naming determination
“Boundary-Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non-science” (Gieryn), 192
bounded and unbounded space, 29, 38–39, 40, 41–42, 54; codeswitch umbrella of boundary making, 111, 146, 156, 182–85, 245; in MAF, 77; medieval research spaces and, 46–49; in MIT Media Lab, 69–70; placelessness and placefulness, 40, 77; simulation labs, 27. See also online and virtual labs; opacity and transparency; space, analytic category of
Bowker, Geoffrey C., 113–14
Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs (later 4-H Clubs), 126
brain drain, 165
Brand, Stewart, 61, 63, 66, 82, 94, 155
Brandon Central School (Winnipeg), 120
Brazil, 232
Breaking Bad (television show), 19
Britain: British cultural studies, 116; British media labs, 100-101, 177
Brownridge, T. R. (was Florence Mclauchlin), 121
Bruno, Giuliana, 20
building complexes, 54–56, 60. See also architecture and exterior space design
Bureau d’études (artistic duo), 191, 265n13
Burns, William E., 18
Busa, Roberto A., 83
Bush, Jeb, 142
business, lab functions as. See entrepreneurship; funding sources; industrial labs; management practice
business, lab imaginaries and, 193–98
Butler, Octavia E., 244
Californian Ideology, 189, 208–10, 236
“Californian Ideology, The” (Barbrook and Cameron), 208–9
California Trip (Stock), 208
calm space protocols, 245–46
Cambridge Analytica, 42
Cameron, Andy, 208–9
Campbell, Thomas Monroe, 128, 129–31, 132
Canada: agricultural extension in, 117, 124–25, 129; communication studies in, 61, 253n48; living labs and, 232; R&D labs in, 143; TPMs in, 225; university lab funding in, 162
Canadian Centre for Architecture (CCA), Lab Cult exhibition, 20, 21, 206, 207, 239–40
Canguilhem, Georges, 100
Carver, George Washington, 129, 132
CCCB (Barcelona) Dossier, 260n89
Centre mondiale informatique et ressource humaine, 173, 174; OLPC project, 101, 155, 168, 171, 174–75, 176
Century, Michael, 107–8, 136–39
Chan, Anita Say, 263n84
Chen, Angela, 161–62
children: childrearing, home economics labs and, 120–22, 258n35; DynaBook project, 171–72, 173; OLPC project, 101, 155, 168, 171, 174–75, 176
China, 232
Chinese typewriter, 188–89
“circuit of culture” heuristic, 23, 116
citizens: community engagement of, 231–34; crowd-sourced observation by, 41–42
Civic Laboratory for Environmental Action Research (CLEAR, Memorial University, Newfoundland), 115–16, 136, 221, 241, 245
Clark, William, 98–99
Clarke, Arthur C., 205
closedness. See opacity and transparency
closure, refusal of, 182–83
Coach House Press, 83
codeswitching umbrella, 111, 146, 156, 177, 182–85, 245. See also ACTLab (Austin, Texas)
Cohen-Boyer gene-splicing method, 210–11
collaboration, 43; at ACTLab, 220; codeswitch umbrella hinders, 184; communication in, 220–21; communitarian ethos, 87, 100; with community members, in living labs, 231–34; dis/assembly and, 225; experimentation and, 228; inclusion and equity issues, 218–19; at Menlo Park, 158; at MIT Media Lab, 60, 64, 68, 69; networking and connectivity, 146–47, 208; prototyping and, 234, 236; at Rad Lab, 210; space design to facilitate, 64, 68; technique and, 214, 218–21; 3D printing, collective use of, 217–18. See also inter- and transdisciplinarity; technique, analytic category of
collecting, 93–94, 98–99, 220, 256n37; technique and, 214, 221–23. See also apparatus, analytic category of; research and teaching collections; technique, analytic category of
College Press Club (Middlebury College), 17
colleges and universities: administrative activity in, 111–12, 223; vs. community-oriented spaces, 101; department dismantling in, 147, 212; entrepreneurship and, 157, 164–65, 176; failure of, 167; mission and goals of, 141, 142–43, 148, 156–57; New American University (Arizona Model), 108, 141–48, 211–12; patent offices, 210–11; professorial power and, 41; traditional civic functions of, 212; tuition, 139, 162. See also educational function of labs; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); research and teaching collections; university labs
commercial brands, 16, 42, 228–29
common areas, 72–73
communication, 32, 145, 199; collaboration and, 220–21; machine conversationalist project, 168–69; translation, 248
communication studies discipline, 61, 253n48
communities of practice, 111
community, of hybrid labs, 246
community engagement, 101, 177, 231–34
comparative research, 2, 24, 240, 248
computer-assisted design (CAD), 234
computer numerical control (CNC) machines, 216
computer use: Bell Labs’ influence on, 205; Californian Ideology and, 209; DynaBook project, 171–72, 173; human-computer interface, 155; IBM computers, 83; Kittler’s computer programming instruction, 100; MAL collection and, 102–3; OLPC project, 101, 155, 168, 171, 174–75, 176; Pattern Language and, 38; Signal Lab, study of obsolete computers, 93; simulation labs and, 27; in techno-humanist projects, 167–72; terminal rooms in early days of, 68; “third world” market for, 174–75; 3D printing and, 216. See also digital technology; online and virtual labs
Concordia University (Montreal), 217, 226
Conquest of Cool, The (Frank), 206
Consensus-Oriented Decision-Making (Hartnett), 221
consumerism, 154
Cooper, Alix, 52
cooperative design, 231. See also collaboration
copyright law and intellectual property, 63, 160, 162, 225
corporate-sponsored and for-profit labs, 138–40; apothecaries, 50; home economics lab graduates work for utilities companies, 126; innovation model in, 151, 154, 157, 167, 177, 211, 242; Menlo Park, 157, 159; monetization of knowledge production, 139–40, 148, 164; planned obsolescence and, 153–54; prototyping’s importance in, 157; techno-humanist solutionism by, 156, 173. See also funding sources; nonprofit labs and organizations
corporate-sponsored university labs, 139–40; AMG and, 170; Bayh-Dole Act and, 211; Century on, 137, 138; discourse of entrepreneurship and, 189, 210–12; lab-to-industry pipeline for students, 160; MIT, 61, 156–57; MIT Media Lab, 61, 154, 160, 167, 177, 178. See also university labs, funding for
Costa Rica, 174
“Couch, the Cathedral, and the Laboratory, The” (Knorr Cetina), 26
Covid-19 pandemic, 152, 167, 246
Cramer, Florian, 245
Crane, Gregory, 109
creative industries, 137, 140–41
creativity. See artistic and creative activity
critical making, 236
Critical Media Lab Basel, 234
critical pedagogy, 220
critical theory, 180
Croffut, William, 59
Crow, Michael M., 108, 141–48, 211
the Cube (MIT Media Lab), 66–68, 71
cultural analytics field, 139
cultural imaginary, 20
cultural institutes, labs affiliated with, 138
cultural policy, 125
cultural studies: ACTLab as lab for, 181; “circuit of culture,” 23, 116
cultural techniques, 10–11, 215. See also technique, analytic category of
culture, construction and deconstruction of, 25–26; apparatus and, 79; infrastructure and, 110; paradigms in, 31
culture, defined, 30
culture industry, 140
Cyberspace: First Steps (Benedikt), 251n8
Dabars, William B., 141–43, 211
data, manipulated/falsified, 152–53, 154–55; hyperbolic discourse, 152, 154, 155, 196, 241–42
Davisson, Clinton J., 205–6
dead media, 15, 21, 77, 84, 92, 255n23. See also media archaeology
De Landa, Manuel, 31
Deleuze, Gilles, 264n6
“demo or die” motto, 61, 162, 171. See also prototyping
Denkinger, Marc, 18
Department of Health Education, and Welfare (HEW, United States), 128
Derrida, Jacques, 178
Designing the New American University (Crow and Dabars), 141–42
Design Lab (Hudson Bay Company clothing line), 4–6
design methodology: bias in, 172, 173–74; MLab as site of, 94–95
Dictaphone Corporation, 15, 16
digital city initiatives, 231, 232
digital colonialism, 166, 262n54
digital humanities, 82, 83, 88–89, 96, 99; infrastructure and policy and, 111, 148, 184; media archaeology labs and, 103, 104, 105
digital humanities labs, 33, 254n7
digital media labs, early, 82
Digital Memory and the Archive (Ernst), 74–75
digital technology, 81, 137; ACTLab and, 181–82; analog and, 82–83, 88–89, 93–94, 254n7; MLab and, 94–95; postdigital, term, 96, 98, 104, 245, 254n8. See also computer use
dis/assembly, 214, 218, 223–26. See also technique, analytic category of
disciplinary boundaries: apparatus reveal, 80; communication studies discipline, 61, 253n48; scholarship on, 29, 31, 35. See also collaboration; inter- and transdisciplinarity
divisional business structure model, 195
DIWO (do-it-with-others) ethos, 218. See also collaboration
DIY (do-it-yourself) ethos, 218, 236
Documenting Racism: African Americans in U.S. Department of Agriculture Documentaries, 1921–42 (Winn), 131–32, 259n65
domestic science, 117. See also home economics labs (Canada)
doors, open/closed, 69–70, 206
Dourish, Paul, 38
Dragona, Daphne, 219
Drexel University College of Business and Administration, 231
Drucker, Johanna, 228–29
du Gay, Paul, 23
Duggar, J. F., 131
Duncan, L. C., 121
E14 (second media lab building at MIT Media Lab), 60, 69, 71–73
E15 (first media lab building at MIT Media Lab), 60, 64, 66–70, 71
Earl, Harley, 153
eccentricity, 206–7. See also lone genius figure
ecodesign, 225
Edison, Thomas, 39, 53–54, 57, 62, 157–58; failure and, 195, 230; the imaginary and, 193–96, 197; occult discourse of, 197; as “The Wizard of Menlo Park,” 194, 196, 197. See also Menlo Park laboratory
educational function of labs, 49, 50; ACTLab, 181–82; community-oriented, 101, 231–34; experimentation and, 226–27; innovation and, 165–66; MAF, 77, 85, 100; Signal Laboratory, 85. See also home economics labs (Canada); university labs
Egypt, 232
elbow-rubbing, 219–20. See also collaboration; inter- and transdisciplinarity
electricity, 126
emancipation ideals, 209
“Empire Strikes Back, The: A Posttranssexual Manifesto” (Stone), 179
empiricism, 154, 242; parapsychology and, 199–200, 204
engineering, 192
entrepreneurship, universities promote, 156–57, 160, 189, 210–12. See also corporate-sponsored university labs
entrepreneurship discourse, 189, 210–12
Epstein, Jeffrey, 161–63, 176, 242, 261n10
Eriksson, Mats, 232
Eriksson, Per, 233
Ernst, Wolfgang, 73–75, 84, 87, 88–90, 91–92
ethics: of childrearing in home economics labs, 122; in parapsychology, 199; of research circulation, 136; research fraud, 70–71; of Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 128
“Ethnography of Infrastructure, The” (Star), 16, 109
Etzkowitz, Henry, 159
Europe, 260n89, 266n43; European net art scene, 177, 231; living labs and, 231, 232; right to repair, EU legislation on, 225
European Network of Living Labs (ENoLL), 232
Excelsior Edison Phonograph, 90
experimental media arts, 96, 177
experimentation, 7, 41–42, 47, 50–51, 234; on Black people, 127–28; collaboration and, 228; in early MIT labs, 157; experimental space, the imaginary and, 190; failure and, 195, 214, 229–31; THE LAB and, 44–45; lab definition and, 26, 227–28; at MAF, 75, 77, 85–86, 91, 92; at MAL, 102–3; at Menlo Park, 193; at MIT Media Lab, 60; at MLab, 94–96; parapsychological, 199–203, 266nn36–38, 40; in science labs, 27, 28–29; technique and, 214, 226–29; using 3D printing, 216; virtual witnessing, 190–91. See also hands-on experimentation; observation; technique, analytic category of; testing
expertise, 108; advertisers’ authority and, 152–53; boundary work and, 192–93, 219; collaborative, 219, 228; dis/assembly and, 226; prelegitimation and, 192; in university management, 164–65. See also boundary work (gatekeeping exclusion); lone genius figure
extended lab model, 2, 11, 23–25, 113, 116–17; agricultural extension, 117, 124–25, 128–33; experimentation and, 228; home economics labs, 125; knowledge production and, 246–47; overlap of aspects in, 37, 127, 134, 194, 200, 213, 216; as research framework, 145, 146, 247–48, 261n10. See also apparatus, analytic category of; the imaginary, analytic category of; infrastructure and policy, analytic category of; people, analytic category of; space, analytic category of; technique, analytic category of
exterior space design. See architecture and exterior space design; space, analytic category of
“Eye of Power, The” (Foucault), 239
fab lab (fabrication lab) model, 234, 235
Fables of Abundance (Lears), 152–53
fabulation, 187–88
Facebook, 42
Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research (National Academies Press report), 142–43
Factories of Knowledge, Industries of Creativity (Raunig), 139–40
factory production model, 133, 134–35, 140, 205
Faculty of Human Ecology (University of Manitoba), 127. See also home economics labs (Canada)
failure, 214, 229–31; Edison and, 195, 230. See also experimentation; technique, analytic category of; testing
Farías, Ignacio, 214–15
Farnsworth Museum (Wellesley College), 135
Farrow, Ronan, 161
Fecker, Thomas, 74
female scientists. See women
feminism: hackspaces and, 184; lab rhetoric and, 265n17; “working feminism,” 127
Fickers, Andreas, 96
film history, 9
financing. See corporate-sponsored and for-profit labs; funding sources; university labs, funding for
Findlen, Paula, 220
Fix the Pumps (O’Neil), 3
Flaubert, Gustave, 187–88
Fleck, Ludwik, 26
Fliehkraftregler (regulator component), 90
flip-flop circuit, 88–89
floor layouts and interior space design: of E14 (MIT Media Lab), 60, 69, 71–73; of E15 and the Cube (MIT Media Lab), 60, 64, 66–70, 71; of Home Economics Food Lab, 120; of MAF, 75, 77–78; of Menlo Park, 54, 56–59; of MIT Media Lab, 63; of séance room in Hamilton house, 201–3. See also architecture and exterior space design; space, analytic category of
Florida, Richard, 208
Fogg Art Museum (Harvard), 135
food laboratories, household science and, 118–20, 122, 124. See also home economics labs (Canada)
forces and reality, constructing, 25, 27–28, 178
for-profit labs. See corporate-sponsored and for-profit labs
Foster, Leroy, 159
Foucault, Michel, 115, 187–88, 239, 254n4
Fouché, Rayvon, 175
4-H Clubs, 126
Fourt, Xavier, 191
Frank, Thomas, 206
Frankenstein (Whale), 19
From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism (Turner), 209
funding sources, 43–44; Bayh-Dole Act and, 211; Crow and Bozeman on, 144–45, 147; for cultural-institute labs, 138; gray literature to secure, 112, 113; infrastructure and policy relationship to, 115, 139, 141, 146–47, 148–49, 210–11; investment size, 196; for Menlo Park, 157, 159; prelegitimation of practice in funding requests, 192; prototyping’s importance for, 157; race and gender and, 160–61, 162; for research and teaching collections, 221, 223; for studio-labs, 137. See also corporate-sponsored and for-profit labs; government funding; nonprofit labs and organizations; university labs, funding for
Furtherfield, 101
future, notions of, 167–68, 169, 262n57; ACTLab and, 178; apparatus and, 81; Edison and, 157; the imaginary and, 189, 204, 207, 208; “inventing the future,” 63–64, 81, 167, 207, 242; by lead users, 233; at MIT Media Lab, 63–64, 81, 155, 167, 207, 242; ownership and control of, 155, 157; prototyping and, 234; retro-futurism, 77; signal artifacts and, 94; techno-humanist solutionism and, 166–68; timescale of, 148, 189, 204, 207, 244. See also media archaeology
Galison, Peter, 232, 242; on factory model, 134–35, 140, 205; on trading zones of interdisciplinarity, 212, 214, 257n52
gatekeeping. See boundary work (gatekeeping exclusion)
gender: Agricultural College degrees and, 125; anatomical theaters and, 49; Bell Labs and, 266n43; design bias and, 243–44; knowledge production and, 18, 229; lab funding and, 160–61, 162; male privilege and eccentricity, 206; management practice and, 151, 160–61; MIT Media Lab gender demographics, 161; NASA and, 108; Pattern Language and, 58; research ethics and, 70–71, 128; transgender identity and studies, 178–79, 181. See also bias; men; women
General Motors, 153
German conception of media studies as media sciences, 86–87. See also Media Archaeological Fundus (MAF, Humboldt University, Berlin)
Gibson, William, 251n8
Gieryn, Thomas F., 7, 13, 192–93
gig economy, 140
Gitelman, Lisa, 24
“Give Me a Laboratory and I Will Raise the World” (Latour), 6, 228
Gladstone, W. E., 199
Glastonbury Abbey, 51–52
Global Literacy X Prize, 175–76
Gooday, Graeme, 47
Goodyear, George, 53
government: institutionality and, 9; USDA documentary on Jesup Wagon, 131–32, 259n65
government funding, 112, 130, 138, 139, 144; Bayh-Dole Act and, 211; for Home Economics Extension program, 125; for Rad Lab, 159, 256n26; for university labs, 125, 147, 159. See also corporate-sponsored and for-profit labs; funding sources; university labs, funding for
government labs: funding and, 147, 159; interdisciplinary research in, 142–43; R&D labs, 144–48
grassroots media labs, 87, 100, 177
gray literature, 107–8, 112–14, 125, 216
“great man” narratives, 151, 266n43. See also lone genius figure
Gropius, Walter, 235–36
Gross, Matthias, 228
Guerlac, Henry, 159
Guillemin, Roger, 29
Guillory, John, 112
Hacking, Ian, 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, 227
hackspaces and hacktivism, 43–44, 177, 184, 218–21, 236; maker spaces and maker movement, 82–83, 181–82, 218–21, 236
Hague, Nick, 108
Hall, Stuart, 23
Halpern, Orit, 169–70
Ham, Ralph, 121
Hamilton, Lillian, 201
Hamilton, Thomas Glendenning, 198, 203, 266nn36–38, 40
Hamilton family, 198–201
hands-on experimentation: at MAF, 75, 77, 85–86, 91, 92; at MAL, 102–3; at MIT Media Lab, 60; at MLab, 95–96; research and teaching collections encourage, 98, 222. See also experimentation; observation
Hannaway, Owen, 26
Hao, Sarah, 161–62
Hapgood, Fred, 167
Haraway, Donna, 179
hard science, 29
hardware, 93
Hartnett, Tim, 221
Harvard Psychological Laboratory, 20
Harvard University, 135
Hearn, Alison, 167
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 75
Helping Negroes to Become Better Farmers and Homemakers (USDA documentary), 131, 259n65
Hennion, Antoine, 213
Hertz, Garnet, 95
Hessdorfer, Richard, 168
Hessdorfer project, 168–69, 171, 172–73, 175
Hester, Uva M., 130
heuristic building, 1–2, 9, 13, 24–25, 35; “circuit of culture,” 23, 116. See also extended lab model; research method
HICapacity, 43–44
hierarchy, 62, 69, 158, 163. See also management practice
Higher Learning in America, The: A Memorandum on the Conduct of Universities by Business Men (Veblen), 164
hippie culture, 208–9
historical genealogy of labs, 46–78, 106, 252n25; alchemical laboratories as first named labs, 50; anatomical theaters, 49; apothecaries, 49–50; Bell Labs, 204–5; factory production and, 133, 134–35, 140, 205; functions of lab-like spaces, 47; kitchens, 47, 51–52; lab term use, 50, 240; monasteries and abbeys, 46, 47–48, 51–52, 54, 55, 117; non-linear media archaeology, 77; novelty claims and exceptionalism, 60, 61, 62, 64, 253nn46, 53; research and teaching collections, 97; technique and, 213. See also media archaeology; Menlo Park laboratory; MIT Media Lab; space, analytic category of
“History of Home Economics Education in Manitoba 1826–1966, A” (Wilson), 118
Holmes, Brian, 210–11
Höltgen, Stefan, 76, 85, 88, 93–94
home-based labs, 138
home economics labs (Canada), 107, 116–27, 133; Better Farming trains and, 124–25; Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs study, 126; food labs, 118–20, 122, 124; Home Economics Food Lab (University of Manitoba), 117, 118–20; photodocumentation of, 118–19, 124, 258n36; postcards of, 123–25; Practice House, 120–22, 258n35; Winnipeg School of Household Science, 117–18. See also infrastructure and policy, analytic category of
Hook & Eye (website), 41
hooks, bell, 184
horizontal and vertical organization, 158, 159, 195, 221
Horkheimer, Max, 140
horopter apparatus (Münsterberg), 20, 21
household science, 117–18
Household Science Association (Manitoba), 125–26
Hulton, Danielle, 45
Hulton, David, 45
human and nonhuman components, mixing of, 17, 61–62, 78, 105, 155
human ecology, 117
humanism. See techno-humanist projects
humanistic machines, 168
humanities infrastructure, 97; apparatus and, 82, 87, 99, 105. See also research and teaching collections
humanities labs, 8, 20, 25–26, 30, 240; knowledge production and, 32, 140. See also art studios and art institutions; hybrid labs, defined; media labs
Humanities Maker Lab (University of Victoria), 81, 92, 94–96, 218, 235, 267n13
humanities theory, 15, 95, 181
Humboldt University (Berlin), 73, 84, 85
HumlabX (Umeå University), 148–49, 184
hybrid apparatus, 83
hybrid lab discourse, 135, 212; testing and, 237–38. See also lab discourse
hybrid labs, defined, 6–8, 143, 240; heuristic for study of, 1–2, 9, 13, 24–25, 35; Janus-faced qualities of, 39–40, 46, 60, 61, 64; studio-labs identified as, 87, 108, 136–38, 181. See also apparatus, analytic category of; boundary work (gatekeeping exclusion); extended lab model; historical genealogy of labs; the imaginary, analytic category of; infrastructure and policy, analytic category of; labs, defined; naming determination; people, analytic category of; space, analytic category of; technique, analytic category of
hybrid labs, preemergence of, 2, 8–9, 14, 32–35, 40, 51
hyperbolic discourse, 152–54, 155, 196, 241–42
Hyphen-Labs, 243–44
IBM computers, 83
Idea Factory, The: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation (Gertner), 205, 266n43
identity politics, 156
the imaginary, analytic category of, 2, 19–21, 116, 187–212; ambivalence and, 189, 192–98; Bell Labs and, 194, 204–8, 210, 219, 237; Californian ideology and, 189, 208–10, 236; Foucault on, 187–88; French-language lab and, 20–21; home economics labs and, 117–18, 127; industrial research process, 194–96; media archaeology and, 19, 20, 188, 244–45; mission statements and, 117–18, 189; Plan of St. Gall as imaginary media, 48; prototyping and, 194–95, 236; Rad Lab and, 209–10, 212; as relational, 23–24; technique and, 214; technoliguistic imaginary approach, 188–89; temporality and, 188–89, 196–97, 207; term defined, 19, 187; 3D printing, 216–17; university labs and entrepreneurship, 189; virtual witnessing, 190–91. See also boundary work (gatekeeping exclusion); bounded and unbounded space; lone genius figure; parapsychological practices
immateriality, 94
I. M. Pei and Partners, 60, 64
incandescent lightbulbs, 153–54
inclusion standards. See boundary work (gatekeeping exclusion)
indigenous figure, AMG projects and, 172–73, 263n76
individual research, 158, 207; DIY ethos, 218, 236. See also collaboration; lone genius figure
industrial labs: business management of, 194–96; Edison and Menlo Park’s influence on, 53, 59, 157–59, 194–96; interdisciplinary research in, 143; lab-to-industry pipeline, for students, 160; planned obsolescence and, 153–54; prototyping and, 236; R&D labs, 108, 143, 144–48, 153–54. See also corporate-sponsored and for-profit labs; management practice
industry, term, 140
information theory, 206
infrastructure and policy, analytic category of, 2, 9, 18, 107–49, 250n37; agricultural extension programs, 117, 124–25, 128–33; apparatus, compared, 109; Arizona Model and, 108, 142–48; art institutions and, 134–36; at Bell Labs, 205; breakdown of, 111, 258n12; collecting and, 221; culture’s similarity to, 110; digital humanities and, 111, 148, 184; funding relationship, 115, 139, 141, 146–47, 148–49, 210–11; geographic specificity issues, 138, 142; gray literature, 28, 107–8, 112–14, 125, 216; hyperbolic discourse and, 152–54; the imaginary and, 188; infrastructure, defined, 109; invisibility/visibility of, 108–9, 111, 113–14, 258n12; knowledge production, approaches to, 107, 110–11, 115, 116; list of properties of, 111; living labs and, 232, 234; materiality of, 107, 109; Menlo Park and, 194; MIT Media Lab and, 242; opposition to, 115, 136, 212; Pathways to Innovation in Digital Culture and, 136–38; policy, defined, 115; policy aspect, 115–16, 133–39; provincialized, 133–34; R&D lab research and, 108, 143–48; as relational, 23–24, 111, 138, 146; research collections, 97, 100; rigid adherence to, 148–49; scale of, 16–17, 109, 110–11, 133–34, 142; tactical use of, 111–12, 183–85; testing and, 238; 3D printing and, 216; university entrepreneurship and, 210–11. See also funding sources; home economics labs (Canada); institutionality; mission statements; university labs, infrastructure and policy of
inherited spaces, 73–74, 77, 84, 254n67. See also Media Archaeological Fundus (MAF, Humboldt University, Berlin); space, analytic category of
innovation, 4, 39, 59, 92, 165–66; ACTLab and, 180–81; failure and, 230; fetishization of, 211–12; knowledge-based, 157–58, 194; living labs and, 231, 232, 233; MIT Media Lab and, 62–63, 73, 151, 155, 162, 163, 167; prototyping and, 234, 235, 236; studio-labs and, 136–37, 138
innovation, profitability and, 13, 137, 138, 232–33; Edison and Menlo Park’s influence on, 157–58, 194–95, 196; existing technology and, 157–58, 194–95; experimentation and, 51; for-profit labs and, 151, 154, 157, 167, 177, 211, 242; planned obsolescence and, 153–54; R&D labs and, 144; techno-humanist solutionism and, 174, 175–76
Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles (Drucker), 156
inscription devices, 41, 228–29
inscription process, 29–30, 100
inscriptive lab work, 27
inspiration, 231
institutionality, 9, 180; codeswitching umbrella concept, 182–85; hybrid labs oppose or challenge, 115, 136, 212; MAF and, 73. See also infrastructure and policy, analytic category of
intellectual property and copyright law, 63, 160, 162, 225
Intention and Survival: Psychical Research Studies and the Bearing of Intentional Actions by Trance Personalities on the Problem of Human Survival (Hamilton), 198–204, 266nn36, 37
inter- and transdisciplinarity, 240–41; ACTLab and, 177, 179–80, 181–82, 184; antidisciplinarity, 62, 64; Arizona Model and, 141–43, 147; at Bell Labs, 207, 219, 237; department dismantling and, 147, 212; funding and, 139; in government labs, 142–43; Hyphen-Labs and, 243–44; interdepartmentality, 142–43; MIT Media Lab founded in ethos of, 60–61, 62, 64; Rad Lab and, 159, 212; as response to university infrastructure, 101; technique and, 214, 216, 219–20, 225; thin description and, 104, 257n52; 3D printing and, 216; trading zones for, 212, 214, 257n52; translation and communication in, 248. See also disciplinary boundaries; MIT Media Lab
interior space design. See floor layouts and interior space design; space, analytic category of
internet. See online and virtual labs
intra-action, term, 105, 257n56
inventions: Edison and, 53, 195; “inventing the future,” 63–64, 81, 167, 207, 242. See also patenting; prototyping
investment. See corporate-sponsored and for-profit labs; funding sources
invisibility: of Bell Labs innovators, 266n43; of gray literature and, 113–14; of infrastructure, 108–9, 111, 113–14, 258n12; of lab technicians, 18–19; management practice and, 151; of media objects, 90–91. See also marginalized groups
Ishii, Hiroshi, 62–63
Ishikawa, Sara. See Pattern Language, A (Alexander, Ishikawa, and Silverstein)
l’Isle-Adam, Auguste Villiers de, 194
Ito, Joichi, 62, 161, 163, 176, 253n53
Jackson, Myles W., 48–49
Jackson, Steven, 230
James, William, 20
Janes, Linda, 23
Janus-faced nature of hybrid labs, 39–40, 46, 60, 61, 64
Jarry, Alfred, 8
Jesup, Morris K., 129
Jesup Wagon (Tuskegee Institute), 107, 128–33, 259n65
Jobs, Steve, 174
Johnson, Eldridge Reeves, 62
Johnson, Howard W., 166, 168, 171–72
Jones, Caroline A., 134–35, 140, 205, 232
J. Walter Thompson company, 152
Kac, Eduardo, 255n23
Kantor, Sybil Gordon, 135
Kay, Alan, 171–72, 174, 262n54
Kera, Denisa, 236
Kerby-Patel, Kiersten, 41
Kim, Edward, 43
“Kits for Cultural History” (MLab), 95–96, 218, 235, 256n31
Kittler, Friedrich, 20, 84, 86, 99, 100, 188
Klein, Ursula, 50–51
Kluitenberg, Eric, 197
Knapp, Seaman A., 131
Knapp Agricultural Truck, 131–32
Knorr Cetina, Karin, 26–29
knowledge-based innovation, 157–58, 194
knowledge production, 7, 242–43, 246–47; ACTLab and, 181–82; apparatus and, 79, 80; in art studios, 214–15; creativity and, 215–16; cultural shifts and studio-labs, 138; culture, construction and deconstruction of, 25–26, 31, 79, 110; experimentation and, 227; facts, Latour on, 31, 237; gender and, 18, 229; information, valorization of, 255n26; infrastructure and policy for, 107, 110–11, 115, 116; labs definition and, 25; legitimated practices of, 47, 246, 247; libraries and, 193; medieval spaces of, 46–49; monetization of, 139–40, 148, 164; scholarship on, 31, 154; of science vs. arts/humanities labs, 32; by superlabs, 144; technique and, 214; testing and, 237; virtual witnessing of, 190–91. See also research and teaching collections
Koch, Christina, 108
Kohler, Robert E., 40
Krajewski, Markus, 153–54
Krmpotich, Cara, 222
Krzyżanowski, Michał, 191–92
Kuhn, Thomas, 14, 30, 34–35, 248
THE LAB (event space, Seattle, Washington), 44–45
Lab Cult: An Unorthodox History of Interchanges between Science and Architecture (CCA exhibition), 20, 21, 206, 207, 239–40
Lab Culture (MIT Media Lab), 163, 176
lab discourse, 39; ambivalence of, 192–93; art institutions and, 134–35; Californian ideology and, 208–10; conservative politics and, 152; failure in, 229; feminist lab rhetoric, 265n17; hybrid lab discourse, 135, 212, 237–38; hyperbolic, 152–54, 155, 196, 241–42; innovation in, 180–81; legitimacy through, 198, 203–4; living lab, 231
“lab lit” subgenre, 187
“Lab of One’s Own, A” (Richmond), 252n29
labor, lab-related: at Bell Labs, 205–6; Californian Ideology and, 209; corporate sponsor participation, 139, 160; department dismantling and, 147; etymology, 181; gray literature production, 28, 113, 114; lab directors, 176; lab technicians, 18–19, 30, 122, 259n36; machine shop culture, 56; Menlo Park, 56, 57–58; MIT Media Lab, 160, 163; in monasteries, 47–48; photodocumentation of home economics lab technicians, 258n36; testing and, 237; work hours and scheduling, 157, 158. See also management practice
labor, of women, 127
Laboratory Life (Latour and Woolgar), 29, 154
laboratory planet (world as lab), 191, 209, 265n13
labs, defined, 1–2, 6–7, 9, 26–29, 41, 50; bounded and unbounded space and, 38–39; Critical Media Lab Basel on, 234; experimentation and, 26, 227–28; forces and realities constructed in, 25, 27–28, 178; hybrid labs, preemergence of, 33; kitchens and, 51–52. See also boundary work (gatekeeping exclusion); extended lab model; hybrid labs, defined; naming determination
Lab Series (men’s cosmetics brand), 4
Lacan, Jacques, 19
language: apparatus and, 80, 254n4; inscription and, 27, 29–30, 41, 100, 228–29; of institutionality, codeswitching and, 182–83; machine conversationalist project, 168–69; Rad Lab’s internal, 212; trading zones of interdisciplinarity, 212, 214, 257n52
language labs, 30; Middlebury College case study, 2, 9, 10–19, 20–21, 22–23
Latour, Bruno, 6–8, 9; on apparatus, 14; on disciplinarity, 35; on doors, 69; on empiricism, 154; “Give Me a Lab” phrase, 6, 228; on inscription process, 29–30, 100; on invisibility/visibility of infrastructure, 258n12; on Janus-faced nature of contemporary science, 39–40; on lab definition and operations, 25, 26; on matters of fact, 31, 237; on scale-shifting, 196–97; on scientific writing, 30–31; on space, differential relations, 11, 29; on technique, 22. See also Woolgar, Steve
lead user concept, 233
learning process, 172, 173–74; ACTLab and, 181–82. See also colleges and universities; educational function of labs
Lears, Jackson, 152–53
Lefebvre, Henri, 37–38, 43, 79
legitimacy: of knowledge claims, 47, 246, 247; lab discourse used for, 198, 203–4; prelegitimation techniques, 191–92, 198; self-designation as lab, as tactic for achieving, 32, 134, 198; through technical demonstration, 197–98
Leinaweaver, Jessaca B., 258n35
letterpressing, 83
Leviathan and the Air-Pump (Shapin and Schaffer), 7, 189–90, 245, 247
Liboiron, Max, 116
libraries, 193, 221. See also research and teaching collections
life as a lab, 4
lightbulb manufacturers, Phoebus cartel, 153–54
Limited by Design: R&D Laboratories in the U.S. National Innovation System (Crow and Bozeman), 108, 143–48
Lincoln Laboratory (MIT), 61
Lindquist, Thea, 241
living labs, 142, 148, 214, 231–34, 268n50
“Living Labs as a Multi-contextual R&D Methodology” (Eriksson et al.), 233
Livio, Maya, 241
Lloyd, Seth, 161
Lodge, Oliver Joseph, 266n38
logical positivism, 9
lone genius figure, 151, 152, 158, 193–94; Davisson, 205–6; Shannon, 206–7; Tesla, 193, 196, 197. See also Edison, Thomas
Lord & Taylor clothing company, 4
Lourenço, Marta, 97
Ludwig, David, 97
machine conversationalist project, 168–69
machines, the imaginary and, 188–89. See also apparatus, analytic category of
machine shop culture, 56
Mackay, Esther (née Thompson), 125
Mackay, Hugh, 23
Mad Men (television show), 206
mad scientists, 79
Madsen, Anders Koed, 23
MAF. See Media Archaeological Fundus (MAF, Humboldt University, Berlin)
MakerBot labs, 16
Maker Lab in the Humanities (MLab, University of Victoria), 81, 92, 94–96, 218, 235, 267n13
maker spaces and maker movement, 82–83, 181–82, 218–21, 236; hackspaces and hacktivism, 43–44, 177, 184, 218–21, 236
Maki, Fumihiko, 71
MAL (Media Archaeology Lab, University of Colorado Boulder), 82, 92, 101, 102–4, 254n67
Malécot, Gaston Louis, 18
male scientists. See men
management practice, 265n21; at ACTLab, 177–78, 180; hierarchical structure, 62, 69, 158, 163; horizontal and vertical organization, 158, 159, 195, 221; hyperbolic discourse and, 153–54; at Menlo Park, 151, 156, 157–58, 193–96; at MIT Media Lab, 151, 159–63, 178; race and gender and, 151, 160–61; at Rad Lab, 159, 210; of TAE Inc., 195; in universities, 164–65; value production and, 163–67. See also people, analytic category of
Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices (Drucker), 165
Mangle of Practice, The (Pickering), 30–31
Manifold publishing platform, 2–3, 214
Manitoba Agricultural College Special train, 124
Manovich, Lev, 211–12
Mansoux, Aymeric, 230
marginalized groups: digital colonialism and, 166, 262n54; infrastructure and, 133–34; labs established and operated by, 184; management practice and, 151; MIT Media Lab, race and gender demographics, 160–61, 162; tactical separation by, 183–85; violence toward, 152. See also Black people; invisibility; race; women
Maric, Nada, 122
Marvin, Carolyn, 31–32, 219, 246
Marx, Karl, 8
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 158–59, 166, 263n76; corporate funding for labs at, 61, 156–57; Rad Lab, 61, 159, 209–10, 212, 256n26; Trope Tank, 92, 102, 222. See also MIT Media Lab
material access, 92
material dictionaries, 14–15
materiality/immateriality questions, 94; on infrastructure, 107, 109
material manufacture, 47
mathematics, 100
McClain, Anne, 108
McFarlane, Colin, 133–34
McIlwain, Charlton, 263n76
Mclauchlin, Florence (later Mrs. T. R. Brownridge), 121
measurement and quantification, 86, 91–92
Medea lab (Malmö, Sweden), 228
Media Archaeological Fundus (MAF, Humboldt University, Berlin), 40, 73–78, 81, 84–92, 96; educational function of, 77, 85, 100; exterior architecture of, 75–77; hands-on experimentation in, 75, 77, 85–86, 91, 92; hybrid lab epistemology and, 84, 86, 91–92; inherited space of, 73–74, 77, 84, 254n67; location of, 75, 84–85; mathematics and logic in curriculum, 100; MIT Media Lab, compared, 73, 75; Signal Lab, compared, 93; staged demonstrations at, 87–91, 92
media archaeology, 24; dead media, 15, 21, 77, 84, 92, 255n23; defined, 82; experimentation in, 96; the imaginary and, 19, 20, 188, 244–45; invisibility/visibility of media objects, 90–91; media forensics, 89; as non-linear, 77; prototyping and, 95, 218, 235; research and teaching collections and, 97, 221–22; reverse engineering and, 74, 86, 191, 214–15, 224–25, 257n44; variantology and, 145. See also apparatus, analytic category of
Media Archaeology Lab (Bilkent University, Ankara), 229
Media Archaeology Lab (MAL, University of Colorado Boulder), 82, 92, 101, 102–4, 254n67
media archaeology labs, 14, 92, 106, 145; defined, 82; digital humanities and, 103, 104, 105; digital vs. analog domain in, 83; failure and, 230; the imaginary and, 19–20; material dictionaries in, 14; research and teaching collections and, 221–22, 223
media attention: on Epstein story, 161–62; on labs, 113; on MIT Media Lab, 160, 167, 176, 241–42; on Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 128
Media Lab, The: Inventing the Future at MIT (Brand), 61, 66, 94, 155
Media Lab Prado, 234
media labs: British, 100-101, 177; community focus of, 177, 234; early digital media labs, 82; grassroots media labs, 87, 100, 177; institutionalization of, at Bell Labs, 204–8; living labs and, 233–34; MIT claims ownership over designation of, 62–63, 241; planned obsolescence and, 153; sustainability of, 138, 149; testing in, 238. See also photographs of French-language media lab (Middlebury College)
media studies: communication studies, 61, 253n48; in Germany, 86–87
medienwissenschaft (media sciences), 86–87
medieval research spaces, 46–49
mediums, Hamilton family parapsychology lab, 199, 200–201
Meldrum, Dierdre, 147–48
Memorial University (Newfoundland), 115–16
men: at Bell Labs, 266n43; cosmetics industry and, 243–44; eccentricity and, 206–7; “great man” narratives, 151, 266n43; historical education for, 49; lab designation reserved for, 63; as lab directors, 176; male bonding, 56; male privilege, 206; at Menlo Park, 56; at MIT, 161; research fraud by, 70–71; visibility and identification of, 18. See also gender; women
Menlo Park laboratory, 39, 53–59; common areas in, 73; exterior architecture of, 54–56; funding for, 157, 159; the imaginary and, 193–96; machine shop culture of, 56; MAF, compared, 75; management practice in, 151, 156, 157–58, 193–96; timetable goals for production in, 53. See also Edison, Thomas
Menlo Park Reminiscences (Jehl), 54, 57
Merkel, Angela, 75
“mestiza consciousness,” 180
metallurgy, 52
metaphor of the lab, 1–6, 134–35; world as lab, 191, 209, 265n13. See also the imaginary, analytic category of
#MeToo movement, 242
Mexico, 232
Middlebury College French-language lab, 2, 9, 10–19, 20–21, 22–23. See also photographs of French-language media lab (Middlebury College)
Mileux Makerspace (Concordia University), 217
military-industrial sphere, 216
Miller, Toby, 42–43
Minitel networking system, 255n23
mission statements, 44, 45, 189
MIT Media Lab, 39, 56, 60–73; advertising and, 155, 167; claims to “media lab” designation, 62–63, 241; demographics in, 160–61, 162; “demo or die” mantra, 61, 162, 171; Epstein and, 161–63, 176, 242, 261n10; exterior architecture of, 60, 64–66, 71, 253n46; funding for, 61, 154, 160, 161–64, 167, 176, 177, 178, 242, 261n10; as future-oriented, 63–64, 81, 155, 167, 207, 242; interdisciplinarity as founding ethos of, 60–61, 62, 64; interior space, E14, 60, 69, 71–73; interior space, E15, 60, 64, 66–70, 71; interior space design, 63; “inventing the future” motto, 63–64, 81, 207; Lab Culture of, 163, 176; MAF, compared, 73, 75; management practice in, 151, 159–63, 178; operating budget of, 160; organizational structure of, 163–64; techno-humanist solutionism and, 166–67; value production in, 155–56; vanguardism and, 211. See also Negroponte, Nicholas
MIT Media Lab, reputation of: innovation, 62–63, 73, 151, 155, 162, 163, 167; novelty claims, 60, 61, 63–64, 159–60, 253n46
MIT Technology Review, 161–62
mixology, 3
MLab (Maker Lab in the Humanities, University of Victoria), 81, 92, 94–96, 218, 235, 267n13
mobile labs, 13; agricultural and home economics trains, 124–25; Jesup Wagon, 129–33; Knapp Agricultural Truck, 131–32
monasteries and abbeys, 46, 47–49, 117; Benedictine, 48–49, 54, 55; Benediktbeuern Abbey, 48–49; Glastonbury Abbey, 51–52; Plan of St. Gall, 47–48, 51, 54
monetization. See corporate-sponsored and for-profit labs
Montfort, Nick, 222
Morozov, Evgeny, 209
Moss, Frank, 62
mothering, practicing, 120–22, 258n36. See also children
Movable School, 128–33
Movable School Goes to the Negro Farmer, The (Campbell), 128, 129–30
“move fast and break things” slogan, 230. See also failure
“Muji Labo” furniture line (Muji design chain), 4
Mullaney, Thomas, 188–89
multiplicity, seeking, 182–83
Mumford, Lewis, 46
Murray, David, 256n37
Museum of Modern Art, 135
museums, 15–16; MAL’s resemblance to, 102–3; Museum Island (Berlin), 75, 84–85; research and teaching collections’ resemblance to, 222; University of Oxford science museum, 52
mystery, 45
naming determination, 38–39, 40–45, 145, 178, 240; ACTLab, 180; alchemical laboratories and, 50; MIT Media Lab, 60–61; as performative act, 32, 41; self-designation as lab, 40–41, 134, 135–36, 146, 191–92, 198. See also boundary work (gatekeeping exclusion)
National Academies Press, 142–43
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, U.S.), 108
National Comparative Research and Development Project (NCRDP, U.S.), 143
National Science Teaching Association (U.S.), 226–27
Negroponte, Nicholas, 60–62, 68, 69, 253n48; AMG founded by, 166, 168; on analog domain, 82; Architecture Machine, The, 168, 171, 263n76; Being Digital, 61–62; digital colonialism and, 166, 262n54; directs Centre mondiale informatique et ressource humaine, 173, 174–75; on Epstein donations, 161–62; Global Literacy X Prize and, 175–76; machine conversationalist project, 168–69; Soft Architecture Machine, 172; techno-humanist projects of, 155, 166, 168–71, 172, 174–75; Urban5 project and, 172–73, 263n76. See also MIT Media Lab
Negus, Keith, 23
neoliberalism, 162, 164–65, 176. See also corporate-sponsored and for-profit labs
Nepal, 175
Nettime list community, 177
networks, 138, 208, 265n17; living labs and, 232; relationships between labs, 146–47. See also collaboration; inter- and transdisciplinarity
Neuromancer (Gibson), 251n8
NeuroSpeculative AfroFeminism, 243
New American University (Arizona Model), 108, 141–48, 211–12
new media, 82, 245. See also future, notions of; media archaeology
New York Jewish Museum, 170
Nintendo, 194–95
Noble, David, 158
nonprofit labs and organizations: living labs, 232; OLPC, 101, 155, 168, 171, 174–75, 176. See also corporate-sponsored and for-profit labs
nonscientific activities, 192–93
North America: corporate innovation lab model, 151; living labs and, 232. See also Canada; United States
nostalgia, 77
novelty claims and exceptionalism, 60, 61, 62, 63–64, 159–60, 253nn46, 53
Nowviskie, Bethany, 80
observation, 26, 27–28; Bacon on, 227; crowdsourced, by citizens, 41–42; in French-language lab, 12, 18; by humans, fallibility and, 198; of material in research and teaching collections, 97; observers, agency of, 169; observers, as apparatus, 90, 91. See also hands-on experimentation; participants; people, analytic category of
occult discourse, 197. See also parapsychological practices
official/unofficial spaces, 38
Olsson, Jesper, 90–91, 223, 230
“On Being Trans, and under the Radar” (Stone), 180
O’Neil, Darcy, 3
One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project, 101, 155, 168, 171, 174–75, 176. See also Negroponte, Nicholas
On Historicizing Epistemology (Rheinberger), 26
online and virtual labs, 40, 41, 177, 251n8; virtual reality, 244; virtual witnessing, 190–91. See also bounded and unbounded space; computer use
opacity and transparency: black-box metaphor, 39, 42, 45, 86; CLEAR’s transparency about infrastructure and policy, 115–16; MIT Media Lab workspaces and, 64–70, 72; space, placelessness and placefulness, 40, 77; transparency about outreach, 233; transparency about projects, 164
open-source software, 101
operationality, apparatus enables comparisons and juxtaposition, 89–90
organic genesis, 47
organizational structure: hierarchy, 62, 69, 158, 163; of meetings, 221; at MIT Media Lab, 163–64. See also management practice
Pakistan, 174
PA-MAL Media Archaeology Lab (L’École Supérieure d’Art d’Avignon), 92
paradigm, defined, 31
parapsychological practices, 197–204; Hamilton family and, 198, 201, 203, 266nn36–38, 40; mediums’ role in, 199, 200–201. See also the imaginary, analytic category of
Parham, Marisa, 241
Parks, Lisa, 109
participants, 2, 26, 101, 228; as apparatus, 200, 203; at MAL, 103; networks of, unbounded labs defined by, 265n17; in séances, 199–200, 203; in Taif seminar, 173; in Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 128. See also apparatus, analytic category of; observation; people, analytic category of
participatory design, 231
Pasteur, Louis, 196
past technology. See media archaeology
‘pataphysics, 8
patenting, 164, 246; by Edison, 53, 158, 194; university patent offices, 210–11. See also inventions
Pathways to Innovation in Digital Culture (Century), 136–39
Pattern Language, A (Alexander, Ishikawa, and Silverstein), 38, 75; on ambiguous territory, 47–48; on building complexes, 54–56; on common areas, 72; on infinite flexibility, 67; on main entrances, 56; on privacy in office space design, 69; on self-governing workshops and offices, 58. See also space, analytic category of
Patterson, Clair, 13
people, analytic category of, 2, 17–19, 37, 151–85; as apparatus, 90, 91, 200, 213; falsified data by, 152–53, 154–55; HICapacity and, 44; home economics labs and, 127; hyperbolic discourse and, 152, 154, 155, 196, 241–42; invisibility and, 18–19; as relational, 23–24; scientists’ role, 158–59; social dynamics, 12, 16, 26–27, 38, 110; techno-humanist projects and, 167–72; testing and, 237. See also ACTLab (Austin, Texas); management practice; observation; participants; social change, attempts to effect
people of color. See Black people; race
Pergamon Museum, 84
Peru, 175
Pettingell, Louise, 123
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 231
philosophical lab equipment, 104
Phoebus cartel, 153–54
phonautograph machine, 15, 20–21, 30
phonographs, 90
photograph postcards of home economics labs, 118–19, 123–25, 258n36
photographs of French-language media lab (Middlebury College), 2, 10–11; apparatus in, 14, 15, 18–19; the imaginary and, 20–21; infrastructure and, 16; spatial relations and, 12–13; staging of, 12–13, 18, 22–23
photographs of séances and parapsychology labs, 198–204, 266n36
physical interaction, 177
Pickering, Andrew, 26, 30–31, 81, 103, 244
Pierce, Charles, 229
placelessness and placefulness, 40, 77. See also bounded and unbounded space
planned obsolescence, 153–54
Plan of St. Gall, 47–48, 51, 54
policy. See infrastructure and policy, analytic category of
policy documents. See gray literature
political affiliations, 152, 217
postdigital, term, 96, 98, 104, 245, 254n8
post-truth era, 146
power, forms of, 7, 32, 52, 151, 155; in colleges and universities, 41; to create or terminate labs, 147; gray literature reveals, 114; infrastructure and, 71, 133–34; knowledge production and, 18; labs reproduce, 242; MIT Media Lab funding and, 160, 162–63; space design and, 69–71. See also marginalized groups; racism
power and electricity, 126
Practice House (Home Economics Lab), 120–22, 258n35
“Practice Mothers” (Leinaweaver), 258n35
practices and techniques, performance of, 13
Praxis Studio for Comparative Media Studies, 267n13. See also Maker Lab in the Humanities (MLab, University of Victoria)
preemergent, concept of, 33
prelegitimation of practice, 191–92, 198. See also legitimacy
preservation, 85, 92, 102, 103. See also collecting; research and teaching collections
printing and publishing, 83
private residences, 50–51
private sector labs, 61
process, lab as, 12–13
Production of Space, The (Lefebvre), 37–38
profit. See corporate-sponsored and for-profit labs
profit motives of universities, 164–65, 176
protocols, 107. See also infrastructure and policy, analytic category of
prototyping: artistic, 177; at Bell Labs, 205; “demo or die” motto, 61, 162, 171; dis/assembly and, 224; Edison’s vertically-integrated business model and, 194–95; funding and, 157; the imaginary and, 194–95, 236; innovation and, 234, 235, 236; media archaeology and, 95, 218, 235; at Menlo Park, 53, 157, 194–95; at MIT Media Lab, 61, 159–60, 162; at MLab, 218; at Rad Lab, 159; rapid, 53, 61, 159–60, 162, 218, 234–35; technique and, 214, 234–36; 3D printing and, 216, 218. See also experimentation; innovation; testing
Prototyping (Vonk), 236
provincialized political infrastructures, 133–34. See also infrastructure and policy, analytic category of
public experimental spaces, 18
public good, contributions to, 50, 208, 209; community engagement, 101, 177, 231–34
public/private lab spaces, 18, 75; anatomical theaters, 49; funding and monetization issues, 139, 210–11; monasteries and, 48; universities and, 210–11
Punch (Wondrich), 3
Queer Media Database (online research tool), 41
race: knowledge production and, 229, 247; lab funding and, 160–61, 162; machine conversationalist project and, 168–70; techno-humanist projects and, 167, 168–70, 172–73, 263n76; Urban5 project and, 172–73, 263n76; “urban” as coded language for, 263n76. See also Black people; marginalized groups; white people
racism: DynaBook and OLPC project, 171–72, 173; Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 127–28; USDA documentary, 131–32, 259n65
Radiation Laboratory (Rad Lab, MIT), 61, 159, 209–10, 212, 256n26
RAND Corporation, 152, 246, 262n57
rapid prototyping, 53, 61, 159–60, 162, 218, 234–35. See also prototyping
Rappaport, AJ “spoopy,” 224
Raunig, Gerald, 139–41
reality, constructing, 27–28, 178; culture, construction and deconstruction of, 25–26, 31, 79, 110. See also knowledge production
reconfiguration process, 26–27
regulatory policy. See infrastructure and policy, analytic category of
Reif, L. Rafael, 161
relationships. See collaboration; networks
religion, 192; spiritualism, 198, 201. See also monasteries and abbeys
repair, right to, 225
representational spaces, 38, 43–44
representations, digital, 98
research and teaching collections, 14–15, 256n37; Access Space, 100-101, 103; apparatus and, 82, 97–104, 106; hands-on principle of, 98, 222; infrastructure and, 97, 110; MAL, 101, 102–4; media archaeology and, 97, 221–22, 223; preservation and, 85, 92, 102, 103; reading and interpreting material, 99–100; recontextualization of objects in, 222–23; resemblance to museums, 222; Residual Media Depot, 224, 226; technique and, 214, 221–23. See also apparatus, analytic category of; collecting; hands-on experimentation; knowledge production; Media Archaeological Fundus (MAF, Humboldt University, Berlin)
research communication, 32. See also boundary work (gatekeeping exclusion); communication; disciplinary boundaries; inter- and transdisciplinarity
research fraud, 70–71
research infrastructures, 110. See also infrastructure and policy, analytic category of
research method, 23, 24, 145–46, 247–48; creativity as, 205; of Limited by Design study, 144; Western-centered, 240. See also extended lab model
Residual Media Depot (Concordia University, Montreal), 92, 102, 224, 226
resource sharing, 87, 100. See also collaboration
retro-futurism, 77
Reverby, Susan M., 128
reverse engineering, 74, 86, 191, 214–15, 224–25, 257n44
Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg, 26, 100, 227
Rheingold, Howard, 251n8
Richmond, Marsha L., 252n29
Roblin, Rodmond, 126
Rockefeller Foundation, 107–8, 136–37
Ronell, Avital, 237
Rourke, Daniel, 217
Royal Society, 18
Rudofsky, Bernard, 172
Ruhleder, Karen, 111
Rule of Saint Benedict, 48
Rutherford, Jonathan, 133–34
Sachs, Paul J., 135
safe space protocols, 245–46
Salk Institute, 29
Saudi Arabia, 173–74
Sayers, Jentery, 94–95, 218, 235
scale: of information dissemination, 42; infrastructure and policy and, 16–17, 109, 110–11, 133–34, 142; Latour on, 196–97; OLPC project and, 174–75; world as lab, 191, 209, 265n13
scale, temporal, 244–45; digital research infrastructure and, 111; experimentation and, 227; future, notions of, 148, 189, 204, 207, 244; the imaginary and, 188–89, 196–97, 207; rapid prototyping, 53, 61, 159–60, 162, 218, 234–35; return on investments and, 207–8
Scandinavian cooperative and participatory design, 231
Schaffer, Simon, 189–91; Leviathan and the Air-Pump, 7, 189–90, 245, 247
Schmidgen, Henning, 99–100
Scholar’s Lab (University of Virginia Library), 80
Schumpeter, Joseph, 137
Schuurman, Dmitri, 231
science, dominance of: Arizona Model and, 147; boundary work and, 192–93; “science envy,” 134. See also boundary work (gatekeeping exclusion); knowledge production; legitimacy
science labs, arts/humanities labs compared, 25, 32–34, 134, 223, 257n44; apparatus and, 30, 81, 86, 91; Arizona Model and, 147; epistemological gap, 86, 91; text and inscription, 29–30, 99–100
science labs, functions of, 25–32; knowledge production and truth claims, 25; scholarship on, 26–32
Science magazine, 108
scientific communities, 31
scientific discourse, conservative politics and, 152. See also lab discourse
“Scientific Laboratories” (lecture, Thomson), 91–92
scientific writing, 30–31
scientists: awareness of proximal lab activity, 146; reputation of, 196, 206; role of, in university labs, 158–59. See also lone genius figure
Scott de Martinville, Édouard-Léon, 15, 20–21
scrounging equipment, 21, 250n50
Seales, Brent, 109
seating considerations, 44, 45
Security, Territory, Population (Foucault), 115
Seek experiment, 170, 173, 175
Sega Genesis, 226
self-designation as lab, 40–41, 134, 135–36, 146, 191–92, 198. See also boundary work (gatekeeping exclusion); legitimacy; naming determination
self-determination value, 148
“Self-Vindication of the Laboratory Sciences, The” (Hacking), 34
seminar structure in German education, 73–74, 98–99
semiotic analysis, 31
Senegal, 174
separatism, 184–85
Servan-Schreiber, Jean-Jacques, 165, 173–74, 262n54
Shannon, Claude, 170, 206, 207
Shapin, Steven, 26, 50–51, 189–91, 200; Leviathan and the Air-Pump, 7, 189–90, 245, 247
sharecropping system, 132
sharing economy, 100. See also collaboration
Siegert, Bernhard, 17
Signal Laboratory (Humboldt University), 81–82, 85, 88, 93–94, 100–101
signs and signals, 27, 98; defined, 229; signal processing media, 93–94. See also communication
Silverstein, Murray. See Pattern Language, A (Alexander, Ishikawa, and Silverstein)
simulacra, 199
simulation labs, 27
situated practice, 81; Century on, 138; defined, 9, 12, 23; location-specific theory and, 183, 242–43
situation, insistence on, 182–83
Sloan, Alfred, 153
smart homes, 268n50
Snow, C. P., 9
social change, attempts to effect, 165–76, 245; by AMG, 166, 168–73; Californian Ideology, 189, 208–10, 236; collaboration and, 219; the imaginary and, 190, 208–9; in living labs, 232–34; MIT Media Lab and, 166–67; by OLPC, 101, 155, 168, 171, 174–75, 176. See also people, analytic category of; techno-humanist projects
social dynamics, 12, 16, 41, 95, 246; experimentation and, 228, 231, 234; hierarchy, 62, 69, 158, 163; infrastructure and, 109, 110, 112, 133; regulation of, 245; space and, 26–27, 38, 63, 68, 72, 78. See also collaboration; people, analytic category of
social space, Lefebvre’s distinctions of, 37–38, 43–44
Soft Architecture Machines (Negroponte), 172
SOFTWARE (1970 New York Jewish Museum exhibition), 170
solutionism. See social change, attempts to effect; techno-humanist projects
space, analytic category of, 2, 11–13, 29, 37–78; apothecaries and, 46, 49–50, 59; apparatus and, 79–80; collaboration facilitated through, 64, 68; HICapacity and, 43–44; home economics labs in Canada and, 120–21, 122, 123–24, 127; Hyphen-Labs and, 244; infinite flexibility question, 67; inherited spaces, 73–74, 77, 84, 254n67; THE LAB and, 44–45; MAF, 40, 73–78, 84, 254n67; as measurement of adherence to lab’s stated goals, 45, 47, 73, 77; Menlo Park and, 39, 53–59, 75; as mode of production, 37–38; naming determination, 40–45; placelessness concept, 40, 77; prototyping and, 234; as relational, 23–24; representational, and representations of, 38, 43–44; sky as lab, 41–42; social dynamics and, 26–27, 38; technique and, 214; testing and, 238. See also architecture and exterior space design; bounded and unbounded space; floor layouts and interior space design; historical genealogy of labs; MIT Media Lab; monasteries and abbeys; Pattern Language, A (Alexander, Ishikawa, and Silverstein)
SpecLab, 228–29
speculative design, 243
speculative fiction, 244
SpiderWebShow.ca, 41
spiritualism, 198, 201; religion, 192
“Sponsored Research at MIT” (Foster), 159
staged demonstrations: Jesup Wagon and, 129; legitimacy through, 197–98; at MAF, 87–91, 92
staging, 15, 88–89; in French-language lab photos, 12–13, 18, 22–23
Stanford University, 210–11
Star, Susan Leigh, 16, 109, 111, 113–14
Starosielski, Nicole, 109, 252n31
Steenson, Molly, 253n48
Steinberg, Marc, 250n37
Stengers, Isabelle, 9
Sterne, Jonathan, 15, 22, 99, 104, 215
Stock, Dennis, 208
Stone, Allucquére Rosanne (Sandy), 111, 156, 177–83, 220
Strategic Communication Laboratories (SCL), 40, 42, 45
Strong-Boag, Veronica, 127
studio-as-lab metaphor, 134–35
studio-labs, 87, 108, 136–38, 181. See also art studios and art institutions
study participants. See participants
superlabs, term, 144
sustainability: of labs, 138, 149; technological, 218
Svensson, Patrik, 184
Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems, 233
syphilis study, 127–28
tables and work surfaces, 75, 80, 85, 89–90, 120
TAE Inc., 195. See also Edison, Thomas; Menlo Park laboratory
Tanaka, Atau, 233
Tarif seminar, 173–74
techné, term, 215
technical media, 188
technical protection measure (TPM), 225
Technics and Civilization (Mumford), 46
technique, analytic category of, 2, 13, 22–23, 213–38; apparatus and, 89, 213, 214; art institutions and, 135–36; collaborating, 214, 218–21; collecting, 214, 221–23; cultural technique, 10–11, 215; dis/assembling, 214, 218, 223–26; experimenting, 214, 226–29; failing, 214, 229–31; living labs, 214, 231–34; musical, 215; prototyping, 214, 234–36; as relational, 23–24; testing, 214, 215, 237–38; 3D printing, 213, 216–18, 234–35
techno-humanist projects, 156, 166–76; Negroponte leads, 155, 166, 168–71, 172, 174–75; race and, 167, 168–70, 172–73, 263n76
technolinguistic imaginary, 188–89
technological apparatus, 41, 80–81. See also apparatus, analytic category of; digital technology
technological gap, 165
technological literacy, 32
technological sustainability, 218
Technology Enterprise Facility (TTEF, University of Victoria), 235
teleplasm, 199
teletype machine, 168–69
temporality. See scale, temporal
“Ten Simple Rules for How to Build an Anti-racist Lab” (Chaudhary and Berhe), 241
Terras, Melissa, 109
testing, 215, 237–38; failure and, 195, 214, 229–31; using 3D printing, 216. See also experimentation; prototyping; technique, analytic category of
textbooks, 31. See also knowledge production
texts, inscription and, 29–30, 99–100. See also research and teaching collections
theory/practice interplay, 89–90, 92, 157, 242; at ACTLab, 181
Thibault, Ghislain, 197
“Third World” conceptualizations, 173–75, 263n84
“Thomas Edison and the Theory and Practice of Innovation” (Millard), 195
Thomson, William, 91–92
“3D Additivist Manifesto, The” (Allahyari and Rourke), 217
3D printing, 213, 216–18, 234–35. See also technique, analytic category of
Time in Our Lives, A: A History of Manitoba Home Economists in Extension (University of Manitoba Home Economics alumni), 118
Tomorrow’s Eve (l’Isle-Adam, Auguste), 194
Toupin, Sophie, 184
TPM (technical protection measure), 225
trading zones for interdisciplinarity, 212, 214, 257n52
trains, for agricultural and home economics education, 124–25, 131
transdisciplinarity. See inter- and transdisciplinarity
transgender identity and studies, 178–79, 181. See also gender
transparency. See opacity and transparency
Transsexual Empire, The: The Making of the She-Male (Raymond), 179
Treske, Andreas, 229
Trope Tank (MIT), 92, 102, 222
truth claims, 25, 146, 152. See also knowledge production
truth decay, 246
“truth-spots,” 13
Tucker, Greg, 68
tuition, 139, 162. See also university labs, funding for
Turner, Fred, 209, 212, 236, 255n26
Tuskegee Agricultural Experiment Station, 129
Tuskegee Institute, 107, 128–33
Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 127–28
Tyndall, John, 192
uniforms, 120
United States: brain drain, 165; R&D labs in, 143; TPMs in, 225; university lab context of, 148; violence against marginalized groups in, 152