Index

Aachen. See Aix-la-Chapelle
abolition, xvi, xix, xxi, 59, 100, 238n43; December 20 anniversary on Réunion, 199, 209, 303n83. See also slavery
Académie Française: Bédier’s colleagues, 59, 76, 81, 85, 172; Bédier’s election, xx, xxiii, 54, 77, 85, 93, 111, 113, 114, 135, 140, 144, 158, 160, 201; Bédier’s speeches about, 108–11, 154, 157, 208; Creole and, 196–98; prize awarded to Bédier, 144; Réunionnais members, xxi, xxii, 95, 109–10
Action Française, 80–81, 83, 85, 170; publication, 144, 266n64
Aden, 127, 128, 131
Aeneid, 11, 23. See also epic genre
Africa: anthropology and, xxvii; art and, 217, 226, 229, 260n160, 303n71, 303n79; Bédier and, 111, 126, 246n94; colonialism and, xvi, 1, 5–8, 10, 19, 24, 133, 172, 305n19; epic genre and, 165, 176; at the Expositions, 33, 36, 43, 48, 63, 67–68, 70; literature and, xx, xxiii–xxv, 239n58; métissage and, xvii, 67–68, 203, 207, 232
Agadir Crisis, 7–8
Aix-la-Chapelle, 167, 185, 186, 190, 191
al-Andalus, 41, 176, 184, 294n56. See also Islam; Spain Albany, Jean, xxv
Alexandria, 175, 176, 181, 294n56
Algeria: Bédier and, 145; Chanson de Roland and, 171; colonial literature and, 239n60; as colony, 5, 6, 24, 207, 241n82, 241n1, 251n2, 300n42; at the Expositions, 41, 43, 49. See also North Africa
Alliance Française, 78, 91
aloalo, 215, 218
Alsace: Bédier and, 21, 158–60, 170; at the Expositions, 71; its loss, xxviii, 1, 4–8, 13, 16–18; its recovery, xxviii, 5, 16–18, 47, 78, 144, 153, 159, 243n39; Réunion and, 4–5, 6, 13. See also Lorraine; provinces; revanche
ancestors: ethnic history and, 18–19; French identity and, 35, 85, 122, 154, 159, 168–71, 203; nos ancêtres les Gaulois, 19, 97, 225. See also métissage; nation; terre majur
Anderson, Benedict, 120–21
Angkor Wat, 53, 55–56, 63
Anglo-Norman dialect: of Chanson de Roland, 12, 142, 150, 152–53, 167–68; of Marie de France, 283n73; of Thomas’s Tristan, 133. See also French, medieval; French language; translation
Anglo-Saxon, 133. See also Germanic culture
Antilles. See Caribbean
anti-Semitism, 76, 80–81, 86, 226, 266n69
Arabia, 127, 180, 185
Arabic language, 171, 179, 184–85
Arabs: as colonial subjects, 16, 57; in Fabliaux, 127, 128, 129; as French citizens, 172; in the Middle Ages, 171, 175–76, 190–92, 297n107
archeology, 19, 56, 63
architecture: at the Expositions, xxix, 26–27, 29–36, 38, 41, 50–54, 56, 61–64, 71–72; medieval, 257n115; of Paris, 112, 206; on Réunion, 51, 66, 100, 154, 204. See also art; museums; verandah
Arconati-Visconti, la marquise, 80–82, 119, 124, 148, 150, 153, 262n31
aristocracy: authorship and, 23, 142–43, 145, 162–63, 167–68; Bédier and, 87–89, 94, 98–99, 111, 147; chivalry and, 94–95, 227; colonialism and, xviii–xix, 25, 30, 50–51, 77, 83, 87, 100, 145, 213, 227; medieval, 37, 100. See also chivalry; France, “ancient”
Armorica. See Brittany
art: Bédier and, 105; exhibitions, 36, 38, 62, 73–74, 290n187; the nation and, xxii, 95, 123, 143, 211–21, 227–30; postcolonial, 215–20, 226. See also architecture; modernism; museums; sculpture
artisan, 41, 42, 62, 63, 66–71, 175, 176. See also handcrafts
Artus, Louis, 47, 81, 140, 248n134, 299n31
Aryan, xxi, 18, 35, 97, 130, 227
Asia, xvii, 1, 5, 7, 30, 63, 67–68, 207, 213
assimilation, xvi, xxvii, 10, 46, 48, 67, 78, 118, 228, 236n11. See also “otherness” “saming”
association, 48, 61
Aude, 92, 179, 185–86, 191
Australia, 5, 104, 127, 128
Auvergne, 42, 71
Avenue Suffren, 32, 42, 46

Baligant, 175, 181–82, 184, 296n85, 297n106
barbarism: colonialism and, 2–3, 220, 226; Germany and, 3, 8, 10, 241n7; the Middle Ages and, xii, xxviii, 24, 85, 214; pedagogy and, 119, 144; politics and, 82. See also “otherness”
Barquisseau, Raphaël, 88–89, 90–91, 97, 109, 268n87, 279n228
Barre, Raymond, xxvi
Barrès, Maurice: Bédier and, xxix, 83–86, 140, 239n63, 266n59; Blum and, 82, 87; Dreyfus Affair and, 80, 81; Leconte de Lisle and, xxi, 238n49; nationalism and, 4, 77, 83–86, 113, 159, 170, 250n147, 277n215; Renan and, 280n6, 292n35
Barthou, Louis, 85, 111, 144
Basque, 127, 128
Bastille, 32, 42
Baudelaire, Charles, xvii, xxi, 99, 239n63, 304n1
Becker, Philip, 143, 144, 286n120, 290n192
Bédier, Adolphe, xix, 60, 77, 79, 99, 100, 274n168, 283n70; his book, 87–88, 91–92, 93, 96, 100, 136–38, 146–49
Bédier, Adrien, 96–97, 115
Bédier, Édouard, 91, 94, 101, 103, 107, 138, 253n48, 268n88
Bédier, Joseph: in Alsace, 158–60; anti-Germanism, 8, 21–25, 81, 82–83, 142–45, 149; arriving in Paris in 1881, xi, 112; arriving on Réunion in 1870, xix, 77–78, 100; blond hair and, 91–92, 98–100, 111, 133, 158–59; as Breton aristocracy, 87–88, 98–99, 111, 147; centennial of birth, xxv, 155, 201–4; chivalry and, 22, 85, 87–100, 110–11, 125, 135–36, 155, 203; creole identity and, xx–xxvii, xxix, xxxi, 27–28, 37, 53–55, 61, 74, 80, 92–93, 101, 108, 157, 195, 196–210, 213; Creole language and, 109, 114, 115, 154, 157, 160, 196, 197–98, 199; desk from Bourbon, 109, 140, 141, 290n188, 300n35; editor of Revue de France, xxiv, 158; the eleventh century and, 59, 93, 109, 116, 121–22, 143–44, 149, 161, 169, 171, 213, 223; at the Expositions, 26–29, 30, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 46–48, 53–55, 57, 59–61, 65, 73–75; family history, xix, xxi, 60, 94, 76–81, 96–97, 201; funeral, 79; on genius of individual authors, 23, 74, 122, 124–25, 132, 142–43, 145, 149, 162–63, 167–68; German language and, xx, 104, 107; German literature and, 123, 132, 134, 204–5, 286n122; German philology and, 117–18, 122, 126, 133, 151–53; German romanticism and, 123–24; German war crimes and, xx, 22, 135; in Germany, 21, 28, 104–7; his father’s book, 87–88, 91–93, 96, 100, 136–38, 145–49; his school essays from Saint-Denis, 54, 89–90, 211, 213; homesickness, 100, 103–9, 113–16, 150, 153–55, 161, 163, 223; housing project name, 206, 221; indigenous tribes and, 16, 126; name of schools, 206–7, 221; name of streets, 200–201, 204–6, 221; name on monuments, 201–2, 208–10, 232–33; as playwright, 22, 46–47, 122, 140, 142, 249n139, 283n68, 288n155; as poet, xx–xxvii, 93, 139–40, 196, 198–99, 204, 213; slavery and, xix, 89, 99–100; on style, 21, 23, 105, 134–35, 152–53, 167–70; on sympathy in criticism, 122–25, 134–36, 138, 161–62; on telepathy, 109–10, 112, 134, 148; translation and, xx, xxiv, xxx, 23, 61, 73, 74, 89, 113–14, 132–41, 142, 151, 166–71, 182, 198–99; trip to Réunion in 1887, xix, 28, 102–5, 113, 127–32; in the United States, 21, 261n10, 263n31, 279n229; as war hero, xx, 24, 140. See also Chanson de Roland and Bédier; Fabliaux; Légendes épiques; philology; Tristan et Iseut
Bédier, Philippe-Achille, xix, 6, 77
bee, symbol of imperialism, 59, 109
Belloc, Hilaire, 133
Bénard, Léonus, 49, 67
Bénard, Miss, 67–68
Beowulf, 11. See also epic genre
Bernardin de Saint-Pierre. See Paul et Virginie
Bernhardt, Sarah, 47
Béroul, author of a Tristan romance, 134
Bertin, Antoine, 48, 59
Bible, 119, 198
Bismarck, 3
Bissette, Cyrille, 96
Bizarelli, Eugénie, 81, 101, 113, 170, 206, 249n137, 261n10
Bizarelli, Louis, 81, 207, 264n41
blanchitude, xvii
blond hair: Bédier’s, 91–92, 98–100, 111, 133, 158–59; Charlemagne’s, 36; Saracens’, 173
Blum, Léon, xxix, 73, 74, 82, 86
Boeckh, August, 117–18
Bois de Vincennes, 47, 253n49
Boissonade, Prosper, 171
Bourbon dynasty, xiv–xv, 88, 153–54, 208, 213, 231. See also Louis XIV
Bourgin, Hubert, 86, 261n4
Bouvet, Pierre, 48
Bouvier, Bernard, 274n163, 274n176
Bramimonde, 168, 185, 186, 191
Brasillach, Robert, 86, 144
Breton: Bédier and, 87–88, 98–99, 111, 147; Celticism and, 73, 97; ethnicity, 5, 132; language, 97, 199; Réunion and, 49, 97, 111. See also Brittany; Celticism
Britain, xxi, 7, 124, 127, 128; indenture and, xvi, 126, 219, 232; Indian Ocean and, xv, 29, 90, 129, 207, 277n208, 284n96; the Middle Ages and, 11, 18, 59, 133, 152, 231, 250n148
Brittany: Bédier and, 87, 111, 113; colonialism and, 71, 132–33; Fabliaux and, 126, 129; national identity and, 121, 159–60; Réunion and, 67, 97, 111, 227, 271n137. See also Breton; Celticism; provinces
Brunet, Auguste, 79, 139, 270n119;
Bédier and, 79, 157, 158, 274n160, 289n184; at the Expositions, 65, 259n141; Leblonds and, 239n60
Brunet, Louis, 6, 65
Brunetière, Ferdinand, 81, 124, 131, 139, 251n153, 273n156

Cairo, 32, 42
Cameroon, 27
Camus, Albert, 205, 268n87
Canada, 13, 126
Capetians, 88, 169, 213, 231. See also; Louis IX, saint
Cap Gardafui, 127, 128
Caribbean, xvii, xx, 96, 98, 159, 166, 200, 259n141, 271n137. See also Guade loupe; Guyane; Martinique; “old colonies”
Carolingian, 109, 169, 176, 231
Catholicism, 3, 20, 55, 76, 139, 143, 203, 218. See also Bible; religion
Célestin, Frédérick, 199
Celticism: Bédier and, 111; creole identity and, 97–98, 133, 155, 156, 283n70; ethnicity and, 18; medieval French literature and, xxx, 73, 129, 132–33, 246n94, 247n108; Vercingétorix and, 94. See also Breton; Brittany
Centre des Métiers, 63, 68, 70
Centre Régional, 63, 71
Centre Rural, 63, 70
Césaire, Aimé, xxiv, xxvi
Champdemerle, Paul, xxv, 276n207
Champion, Pierre, 144
Chanson de Roland, xxx–xxxi, 12–25, 47, 57, 92, 108, 161–62, 164–93, 202, 217, 218, 229; Anglo-Norman dialect of, 12, 142, 150, 152–53, 167–68; colonialism and, 13–16, 20, 24, 36, 85, 92, 146, 150–62, 164, 166–72; edited by Cesare Segre, 161, 162; edited by Francisque Michel, 12, 15, 152, 244n52; edited by Ian Short, 161, 162, 292n33, 296n85, 296n102; edited by Joseph Duggan, 162; edited by Léon Gautier, 12, 20, 92, 150–51, 158; ethnicity and, 167, 168, 175, 177; German philology and, 12, 15, 17, 47, 153; pedagogy and, xxviii, xxxi, 19–25, 26, 36, 92, 141, 150, 151, 200, 231; translations of, xxiv, xxx, 20, 23, 73, 142, 150–51, 162, 166–71, 182, 189, 231. See also Digby 23; epic genre; Légendes épiques; Roland
Chanson de Roland and Bédier, xxx, 84–85, 105, 108, 132, 133, 141, 149, 166–72; dedication to Bourbon, xxx, 153–61, 168, 169; edition, xxx, 23, 57, 73, 92, 110, 124–25, 142, 150–62, 166–68, 201, 207; nationalism and, 21–25, 153, 159–61, 164, 166, 193; read under a mango tree, xii, 20, 25, 36, 108, 150, 201–2; received as school prize, 92, 150–52, 157–58, 162, 167; translation, xxiv, xxx, 23, 73, 142, 151, 166–71, 182
Charlemagne: Bédier’s assessment of, 146, 159; as blond, 36; in Chanson de Roland, xxx, 36, 164, 167, 168, 174–76, 178–93, 292n27; at the Expositions, 35, 42; nationalism and, 14, 15, 18, 19, 120, 121; post-colonial theater and, 226
Charles-Roux, Jules, 41, 46, 47, 255n83
Chateaubriand, xxiv, 111
Château Morange, 51, 52, 293n44
Chaudron, Le, 204–5, 206
Chaudron, Villa du, 51, 52
Chavannes, Édouard, 142–43, 280n10
Cheval, François, 215–16, 218, 219
China, 89, 127, 128, 131, 232
chivalry: Bédier and, 22, 85, 87–100, 110–11, 125, 135–36, 155, 203; colonialism and, xxix, 10, 30, 77, 85, 86, 87–100, 102, 125, 140, 158, 203, 211, 213, 220–21; Leblonds and, 94–95; in medieval literature, xxx, 135–36, 140, 164, 181; nationalism and, 24, 85; racism and, 90–92, 100, 110–11, 125, 155, 227. See also aristocracy; France, “ancient”
Christianity: art and, 40, 213–15, 227
Chanson de Roland and, xxx–xxxi, 155, 164, 165–66, 168, 172–80, 182–85, 190–93, 297n107; Fabliaux and, 130; pedagogy and, 89, 93; slavery and, 99. See also religion
Cilaos, 108
Cité Nationale d’Histoire de l’Immigration, 228–29, 230, 232. See also Palais de la Porte; Dorée
class relations: anti-bourgeois attitudes, 77, 88, 282n53; colonialism and, 48, 91, 96; republicanism and, 80, 88. See also communists; socialism
Clovis, 213
Cochinchina, 146
Cohen, Gustave: Bédier and, 98, 158–59, 160, 276n205, 290n190; medieval theater and, 249n139; politics and, 267n74, 270n115
Collège de France: Bédier as administrator, 77, 157, 196, 249n136; Bédier as professor, xx, 22, 76, 142, 158, 205, 265n50; four hundredth anniversary of, 54, 112; Gaston Paris as professor, 12, 263n31
colonial literature, xx–xxv, 24, 155, 157, 206
Commune (1871), 3, 80
communists, xxvi, xxvii, 195–96, 220, 231–32, 240n77. See also class relations
Compagnie des Indes, xiv, 207
Congo, 5, 7, 8
Constantinople, 175, 294n57
conversion, xxx, 14, 173, 185–86, 190, 191, 226. See also religion
Corneille, Pierre, 21, 122
Cornu, Henri, xxvi, 202–3, 299n21, 300n44
Corsica, 127, 128, 199
courtly love, 94, 134–36, 140, 150, 198–99, 225, 294n53
creole, definitions of, xii–xiii, xvii–xix, 164–66, 173, 180, 181, 224–25
Creole languages, xxxi, 97, 99, 128, 166, 202, 205, 215, 220; case créole, 51, 64, 66, 154, 157–58, 198; promotion of, 195–200, 201; translations into, xxvi–xxvii, 114, 115, 198–99; used by Bédier, 101–2, 109, 114, 115, 154, 157, 160, 196, 197–98, 199
créolie, xvii, xxv, 196, 203
Crusades: colonialism and, 10, 60, 133, 229; epic genre and, 15, 23–24, 36, 42, 55, 57, 84, 143, 145, 171, 191–92, 250n144; exoticism and, xxiv; at the Expositions, 36, 42, 55–60, 229, 257n113; fabliau genre and, 126, 129; as French creation, 14, 17, 23, 36, 55–60, 83, 93, 95; modern politics and, 24, 83–84, 231, 250n144, 305n19; Réunion and, xii, 298n9. See also eleventh century; religion
Curtius, Ernst Robert, 226

Dahomey, 8, 46
Damas, Léon, xxiv
Daudet, Léon, 83, 144, 271n135, 286n122
Dauphiné, 113, 160, 170–71
Debré, Jean-Louis, 301n46
Debré, Michel, 203–4, 207–8, 240n82
deco style, 51. See also Palais de la Porte Dorée
Deloncle, Pierre, 57, 59
De Mahy, François-Césaire: Bédier and, 29, 76–78, 101, 204; colonialism and, 6–7, 109, 259n149; Dreyfus Affair and, 80, 81, 85; at the Expositions, 54, 65; founding of Third Republic and, xxviii, 3–4, 159; Jeanne d’Arc and, 265n52; Réunionnais politics and, 76, 78–80, 86, 104, 139, 203, 238n43, 261n6, 268n85
Demaison, André, 48–50, 254n74, 255n95
Denis, saint, 92
départementalisation, xv–xvi, xxxi, 195, 202, 204, 214–15; legal effects, 199–200, 205, 207; Third Republic and, 6, 63, 78
Déroulède, Paul, 8
Derrida, Jacques, 225–26
D’Esme, Jean, xxiv, 65, 157–58, 239n63, 290n187
diaspora: Bédier and Réunionnais in Paris, xx, 76–87, 95–101, 154–59, 211, 213, 221, 223, 232; melancholy and, 103, 105–7, 114; Réunionnais at the Expositions, 29, 39, 47, 74–75; swarming bees and, 59, 109; telepathy and, 109–10, 112, 134, 148. See also diversity; exile; homesickness
Diefenbacher, Alfred, 203–4, 208, 220, 299n21, 301n46
Diefenbacher, Michel, 301n46
Dierx, Léon: Bédier and, 212, 213, 227; as creole poet, xx–xxiii, xxv, 135, 139, 196, 198, 203; at the Expositions, 48, 54, 65
Digby 23 (Bodleian Library): Anglo-Norman language of, 12, 23, 167, 174; dating of, 171, 174, 296n91; editing of, 151–53, 161–62, 164, 167–68, 231, 239n62, 288n160, 296n102; moving it to France, 15. See also Chanson de Roland
diversity: Chanson de Roland and, xxxi, 164–67, 169, 172, 231; national identity and, 23, 61–63, 67, 82–83, 84, 159–60, 194, 224; of Réunion, xvii, 194, 220–21, 231–32. See also diaspora; genealogy; métissage
Dodu, Juliette, 48, 54
douce France, 24, 84, 108, 169, 179, 292n30
Dreyfus, Alfred, 76, 80–81, 261n3
Du Bellay, Joachim, 114, 116
Durendal, 92, 173, 180–81, 182, 183, 192, 293n49
Dürer, Albrecht, 105–7
Du Tertre Le Cocq, Denis-Godefroy: as Bédier’s stepfather, xix, 77, 94, 131, 274n169; dedicatee of Tristan et Iseut, xxx, 138–39; as politician, xxii, 10, 76, 78–79, 104, 139, 213, 262n14
Du Tertre Le Cocq, Marie-Céline, xix, 77, 78, 94, 100, 131, 139, 262n15, 274n159, 274n169
Du Tertre Le Cocq, Maurice, 79, 139

École Normale Supérieure, 21, 28, 38, 76, 283n68
education. See pedagogy
Egypt, 27, 32, 42
Eiffel Tower, 32, 35, 206, 257n123
eleventh century: 175, 176, 179, 184, 229; Crusades and, 36, 55, 59, 93, 94, 109, 121; origin of France, 59, 93, 94, 109, 116, 121–22, 143–44, 149, 161, 169, 213, 223
England. See Britain
English language, 102, 128, 133, 140, 189, 283n73
epic genre, xx, xxx, 2, 26, 125, 130, 141–49, 150–62, 164–93, 225, 226, 230–31, 251n153, 281n32; at the Expositions, 41, 42, 55, 57, 73; nationalism and, 11–25, 83–84, 89, 92, 95, 122, 203; orality and, 12, 142, 145–49, 162, 165. See also Aeneid; Beowulf; Chanson de Roland; Iliad; Légendes épiques; Nibelungenlied; orality
Esplanade des Invalides, 29–32, 33
esprit gaulois, 46, 130. See also fabliau genre
ethnicity: Bédier and, 98, 161; Chanson de Roland and, 167, 168, 175, 177; colonialism and, 39–40, 49–50; Germany and, 21–22; nations and, 1, 11–12, 70, 120, 223. See also genealogy; métissage; purity
ethnography: colonialism and, 29, 57, 61; museums and, 5, 36, 59; nationalism and, 130, 230; on Réunion, xvii, 40, 66–68. See also genealogy; métissage
etymology, 168–71, 179, 184–85
exile: Bédier and, xxix, 100–116, 117, 125, 136, 147, 163; Bédier family and, xix, 87; poetry and, xxi–xxii, 114, 116, 165, 274n168; politics and, xxvi, 4, 6, 89, 204, 256n98, 293n44, 300n38. See also diaspora; homesickness
exoticism, xxiv, 111, 124, 182; at the Expositions, 26–29, 75; at the 1889 Exposition, 31, 32; at the 1900 Exposition, 38, 39, 41, 43, 46; at the 1931 Exposition, 49, 53, 56, 60; at the 1937 Exposition, 71
Exposition Coloniale, Marseille (1922), xxiii, 54
Exposition Coloniale, Paris (1931), 26, 47–60, 126, 157, 290n187; Bédier exhibit and, xxiii, 48, 53–55; compared to Musée du Quai Branly, 304n12; compared to 1900 Exposition, 254n74; compared to 1937 Exposition, 63, 64, 65, 73, 74, 258n125, 258n138, 259n145; Germany and, 5, 27; Leblonds and, xxiv, 196, 197, 206. See also Musée des Colonies
Exposition Internationale, Paris (1937), xxiii, 26, 27, 60–74, 258n127
Exposition Réunionnaise, Saint-Denis (1925), xxiii, 54
Expositions Universelles, xxiii, xxiv, xxix, 5, 26–75; art and, 36, 38, 62, 73–74, 290n187; Bédier and, 26–29, 30, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 46–48, 53–55, 57, 59–61, 65, 73–75; Germany and, 27, 47; medieval exhibits, 26–28, 29–32, 35, 36, 37, 41–42, 43, 44, 46, 55–60, 68, 71–73, 260n161; military exhibits, 29–30, 37, 38, 42, 45; oliphants, 36, 37, 41, 42, 56–57, 73; Paris city seal, 36–38, 42, 61, 62, 68; regionalism, 4, 61–74; Réunion and, 27–28, 29–30, 38–41, 48–55, 56, 57, 59–60, 61, 63–69, 126, 157
Exposition Universelle (1889), 26, 28–37, 38, 41, 42, 60, 61, 68, 73, 246n94, 254n74
Exposition Universelle (1900), 26, 27, 37–47, 48, 62, 66, 73, 90, 258n125, 258n127

fabliau genre, 130–31, 142, 163, 225; colonialism and, 125, 126, 127–28, 130, 132; at the Expositions, 41; orality and, 127–28, 131, 148–49. See also esprit gaulois; jongleur
Fabliaux (Bédier), xxx, 41, 125–32, 141, 143, 201, 286n117; colonial memory and, 127–32, 147, 148; critique of Indian origins, 125–26, 130, 132, 133; editing and, 288n160; nationalism and, 46, 125, 130–31, 142, 171
factory worker from Réunion, xi–xii, xxvii, 154, 194, 233
faldestoed, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181–82, 184, 296n85
fascism, 27, 86. See also Nazism
ferns, 29, 67, 105, 107, 108–9
Ferry, Jules, 5
feudal, 72, 173, 179, 182, 185–89, 295n77
Flaubert, Gustave, 3, 241n6
Foerster, Wendelin, 151–52
folk, 123–24, 142–43. See also orality; romanticism
folklore, 71, 73, 146, 273n151
foreign, xxxi, 19, 102, 163, 169; the Expositions and, 27, 29, 38, 39, 49, 74; Germany and, 10, 11–12, 107, 122; literature and, 124–25, 132, 142, 147, 152–53, 171, 175–77, 183; provinces and, 5. See also “otherness”; xenophobia
Fort-Dauphin, 146, 209
Foucque, Hippolyte, xxv, 93, 155, 157–58, 201, 204, 212, 255n89, 277n213
France: as father, 153–54, 169–70
“greater,” 161, 163, 169; as mother, 93, 107–10, 114, 208, 245n76; as “sweet,” 24, 84, 108, 169, 179, 292n30. See also Gaul; nation; patrie
France, “ancient”: colonialism and, 47, 55–60, 145; at the 1889 Exposition, 29–32, 35, 36, 37; at the 1900 Exposition, 41–42, 43, 44, 46; at the 1931 Exposition, 55–60; at the 1937 Exposition, 68, 71–73; at the Expositions, 26–28; nationalism and, xxiv, xxviii, 1–25, 86, 97, 143, 159–60, 164; preserved on Réunion, 39, 55, 89, 97, 110–11, 131, 139, 154, 162, 194, 196, 216. See also aristocracy; chivalry; Gaul; nation
Franco-Prussian war: Chanson de Roland and, 11–25, 153; colonialism and, 2–5, 9; medievalism and, 2–5, 8, 83, 121, 125, 200; siege of Paris, xxi, 3, 11, 12, 22, 100; Third Republic and, xxviii, 27, 109, 159, 170. See also Germany
Franks, xxx–xxxi, 12, 19, 47, 57, 155, 172, 173–93
French, medieval, 12, 23, 133, 151–53, 162, 166, 169, 177, 285n103; modernized, xx, 47, 73, 87, 133–36, 139–40, 166–72, 239n63, 250n144, 254n79, 260n161, 283n68. See also Anglo-Norman dialect; translation
French language: aristocratic style and, 23; Bédier and, xxiii, 20, 89–90, 109, 128, 135, 153, 167–68; colonialism and, xx, 78, 131; Creole and, xvii, 101–2, 109, 157, 196–200, 205; Deixonne law and, 199–200; dialects, 99, 120, 152–53; provincial accent, 99. See also Anglo-Norman dialect; Occitan; translation
Fribourg, 21, 28, 101, 274n159
fur, xxxi, 173–77, 191; marten, 191; sable, 175–76, 191
Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis, 16–19, 133, 145, 159, 170, 247n115

Gamaleya, Boris, xxvi–xxvii, 297n4
Gambetta, Léon, 3, 5, 6
Ganelon: his trial, 186–93; Marsile and, 175–77, 184, 294n53; as traitor, 171, 178, 180, 183; Valdabron and, 185
Garnier, Charles, 32–33, 35
Garros, Roland, 10, 48, 54, 89, 101
Garsault, A. G., 38–39, 66
Gasparin, Lucien, 79, 139, 213, 270n119
Gaul, 12, 19–20, 70, 97, 130, 144, 225, 296n93. See also ancestors; esprit gaulois; France; France, “ancient”
Gautier, Léon: on chivalry, 267n79; criticized by Bédier, 21, 150–53; his Chanson de Roland, 12, 20, 92, 150–53, 158, 249n140, 291n202, 292n25, 292n30, 296n85; nationalism and, 15–17,19, 21, 23, 24, 167, 247n115; pedagogy and, 20
Gauvin, Axel, xxvi–xxvii, 196–98, 199, 200, 232
Gauvin, Robert, xxvi–xxvii, 298n12
genealogy: Bédier and, 139, 145–47, 223; creole identity and, 50–51, 90–91, 94, 96–97, 108, 110–11, 147; literary, xxi, xxv, xxvii, xxx; national identity and, 16–20, 22, 70, 85, 154, 168–71, 213; philology and, 130, 140, 152. See also ancestors; ethnography; feudal; métissage; nation; purity
Germanic culture, xxx, 245n81; in England, 133; in the fifth century, 3, 10, 12–13, 15, 16–18, 19, 21, 121, 126, 142–45, 149, 170
German language, 104, 107, 124, 132
Germany, 18, 124, 126; Bédier living there, 21, 28, 104–7; colonialism and, 3, 5, 7–10, 27, 47, 172; ethnicity and, 21–22; at the Expositions, 27, 47; germanophilie, 8, 21, 123; patriotism and, 170–71; philology and, 1, 11–12, 13, 15, 17, 20–22, 117–18, 122, 126, 130, 133, 142–44, 151–53; rivalries with France, 1, 6–8, 27, 47, 170, 172; as uncivilized, xxviii, 2, 3, 8, 10, 13, 16, 18, 95. See also Alsace; Bédier, Joseph; Franco-Prussian war; Goethe; Lorraine; Nazism; revanche; Wagner, Richard; World War I; World War II
Glissant, Édouard, 165–66, 217, 226, 278n220
Goethe, 123, 198
Grand-Serre, Le, 113, 170–71, 206–7
Grappe, Georges, 111, 144
Greece, xxi, 33
Guadeloupe, xv, 159, 259n151, 301n46; at the Expositions, 38, 40, 49, 50, 53; as “old colony,” 3, 7, 40, 224
Guineman, 182, 183, 184, 185, 192
Guist’hau, Gabriel, 212–13, 276n205, 301n51
Guyane, xv, 49, 50, 260n152; as “old colony,” 3, 7, 40, 224
Guyau, Jean-Marie, 122–23

Haidu, Peter, 187, 192
Halle (Germany), 21, 105
handcrafts, 33, 41, 61–63, 66–67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 179. See also artisan
Hanotaux, Gabriel, 59, 81, 144, 243n37, 271n135
Hart, Robert Edward, 101, 135
Haussmann, Georges-Eugène (baron), 26–27, 37
Henry II, 231, 283n73
Heredia, José-Maria de, 81, 238n43
Herr, Lucien, 81, 249n138, 261n170
Hindu, 49, 232. See also India; orientalism
Histoire de l’Habitation Humaine, 32–33
historiography, 221–24; anti-Germanic, 16–20; of editing, 151; the nation and, 120–25, 132, 142, 170; republicanism and, 2–3, 83, 225; romantic, xxvii, 122–24, 130
Holy Land, 56. See also Crusades
homeland. See ancestors; France; Gaul; patrie; nation
homesickness: of Bédier, 100, 103–9, 113–16, 150, 153–55, 161, 163, 223; in Chanson de Roland, 192–93; of creoles, xxi–xxii, 39, 65. See also diaspora; exile; nostalgia
Horace, 113–15, 126
Hôtel des Invalides, 29, 32
Houat, Louis, 270n123
Hugo, Victor, xxi, xxii, 241n6

Iliad, 13, 251n153. See also epic genre
indenture: on Réunion, xvi, 126, 219, 232; as threat from Germany, 8
India: Chanson de Roland and, 176; colonialism and, 16, 89, 146; creole poetry and, xxi, 282n52; Fabliaux and, xxx, 46, 125–32; Germany compared to, 8; Réunion and, xvi, 96, 232. See also Hindu; orientalism
Indian Ocean, xi, xiv, 136, 154, 159, 223, 232, 245n81; Bédier and, 89, 103, 125, 128–32; Creole and, 200; French culture and, 29, 48, 49, 211–13; poetry and, xxv
Indochina, 5, 63, 89, 126, 213
Islam: al-Andalus and, 293n51, 294n56, 297n107; Chanson de Roland and, 173, 175, 176, 179, 184, 192; colonialism and, 171–72, 258n129; ignorance of, 293n40; Réunion and, 232. See also religion
Italy, 3, 18, 59, 127, 128, 159, 200
ivory, xxxi, 173–74, 176–84. See also oliphant

Jaurès, Jean, xxix, 76, 81–82, 83, 87, 144. See also socialism
Jeanne d’Arc, xv, 32, 42, 83, 94, 97, 255n89, 266n59
jongleur, 143; from Mauritius, 127–32, 134, 147, 148
Judaism, 126
judicium dei, 92, 186–91

Kervéguen family, 39, 78, 227
Krak des Chevaliers, 56, 72

Labbé, Edmond, 61, 64, 66–67, 68, 72, 73, 74, 259n144
Lacaussade, Auguste, 48, 273n150
Lacaze, Lucien (amiral): at the Académie Française, 85, 109–10; Bédier and, 78, 203, 274n160, 277n211; at the Expositions, 48, 54; and the Villa du Chaudron, 256n98
Lachmann, Karl, 118
Lanson, Gustave, 81, 244n67, 249n138, 283n68
Lasserre, Pierre, 144, 248n130
Latin language: Bédier translating, 89, 114–15; creole identity and, 93, 102, 114–15, 153–54, 157; at the Expositions, 257n114; French and, 23, 168–69, 171, 184–85
Lavisse, Ernest, 11, 19, 81, 249n138, 263n39
Lebel, Roland, xxiv–xv
Leblond, Ary: art and, 214–15, 257n120, 260n160, 300n37; colonial literature and, 206; Paul et Virginie and, 34, 257n120
Leblond, Marius: Bédier and, 98, 126, 267n75, 267n77, 272n144, 275n172, 283n70, 298n6; colonial literature and, 239n56, 267n79, 282n52; creole identity and, 272n146, 273n151; the Expositions and, 67; portrait at the Musée Léon Dierx, 217
Leblond, Marius and Ary: art and, 107, 211–15, 216; Bédier and, xix, xxiii, 54, 155–58, 196–98, 201, 204, 212, 239n63, 280n6; on chivalry, 94–95; colonial literature and, xx, xxi, xxii–xxiv, xxvi, xxvii, 24, 136, 203, 232, 240n80, 264n39, 273n149, 275n183; on creole identity, xviii, xxii, 97–98, 109, 164, 195, 212, 253n51, 273n150, 274n160, 278n220, 290n187; the Expositions and, 54, 59–60, 65, 259n142; Germany and, 9–10, 243n49; the Middle Ages and, 60, 94, 211, 213–14, 280n23; Paul et Virginie and, 60, 136, 214; politics and, 79, 159, 244n57; racism and, 91, 95, 98; Réunion as “second France” and, 49, 211–12
Leconte de Lisle, Charles-Marie: compared to Bédier, xxv, 135, 139, 196, 203, 213, 266n70, 277n211, 282n52, 283n70; as creole poet, xx–xxiii, xxv, xxvi, 99, 111, 198, 203, 205, 232, 240n80, 241n6, 255n89, 264n39, 275n183; at the Expositions, 40–41, 48, 54, 59, 65, 259n142; métissage and, 96; promoted by the Leblonds, xviii, xxii; Réunionnais politics and, xxv–xxvii, 204, 215, 267n79
Légendes épiques (Bédier), xxx, 83, 84, 139, 141–49, 150, 201, 257n116, 263n31, 292n27; as anti-German, 21–22, 142, 145, 149; as anti-Romantic, 124, 149, 246n104, 281n27; nationalism and, 125, 141–42, 158, 169, 171; role of colonial memory, xxx, 145–49, 161. See also Chanson de Roland; Chanson de Roland and Bédier; epic genre
Légion d’Honneur, 157, 305n19
Le Goffic, Charles, 111
Lélé, Granmoun, 215, 220
Lemaître, Jules, 81, 238n49
Lenient, Charles, 12–17, 19, 21, 23, 130, 153, 246n95, 248n131
Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul, 7
lieu de mémoire, 195, 217. See also Nora, Pierre
Ligue de la Patrie Française, 80
Loire valley, 101, 114
Lorraine: its loss, xxviii, 1, 4–8, 13, 16–18; its recovery, xxviii, 47, 78, 153, 159, 243n39; national identity and, 4, 169, 170. See also Alsace; provinces; revanche
Lot, Ferdinand, 81, 292n30, 293n42
Loti, Pierre, xxiii–xxiv
Louis IX, saint, xi–xii, xiv, 56, 94, 208. See also Capetians
Louis XIV, xxiii, 5, 37, 88. See also; Bourbon dynasty
Lyautey, Hubert (maréchal), 10, 53, 59, 172, 257n112
Lycée de Saint-Denis: Bédier as alumnus, 92–93, 103, 107, 114, 157, 300n34; Bédier as student, 20, 89–90, 155, 158, 213; creole teachers and, xxii, 88–93, 103, 253n48; Madagascar and, 243n39. See also Barquissau, Raphaël; Bédier, Édouard; Foucque, Hippolyte; pedagogy
Lycée Louis-le-Grand, xx, 101, 112, 119, 120

Madagascar, xiv, xxv; Bédier family and, xix, 6, 77, 146; at the Expositions, 40, 56, 256n97; French colonialism and, xxi, 2, 10, 104, 172, 212, 229; Germany and, 9, 243n39; métissage and, 209, 259n149; post-colonial art and, 215–20; Réunionnais colonialism and, xv, xix, xxviii, 6–7, 40, 77, 98, 259n149, 300n38; slave trade and, 209, 300n38. See also Malagasy
Maison des Civilisations et de l’Unité Réunionnaise, 231–32
Malagasy, xvi, xxi, 49, 96, 207, 215–20. See also Madagascar
Mâle, Émile, 105, 249n138, 252n24, 257n115, 265n52, 275n184
maloya, xxvi, 215, 220, 232
mango tree, Bédier’s, xii, 20, 25, 36, 108, 150, 201–2
Maran, René, xxiii–xxiv, 239n58, 242n21
Maréorama, 43, 47
Mareschal de Bièvre, Georges, 99, 158, 160, 290n187
Marie de France, 111, 283n73
Marimoutou, Carpanin, 220, 232, 291n2, 303n70, 305n22
Marseille, xiv, xxiii, 43, 54, 56, 103, 128, 230–31
Marsile: Charlemagne and, 184, 189, 190–91, 297n108; Ganelon and, 174–77, 183, 184, 186; his faldestoed, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181–82, 184, 296n85. See also Saracens
Martigues, 127, 128
Martinique, xv, xxvi, 96, 242n13, 260n160; at the Expositions, 40, 53, 67; as “old colony,” 3, 7, 40, 224
Maugain, Gabriel, 159–60
Mauritanie, 158
Mauritius, xiv, 29, 101, 127–32, 136–38, 206, 207, 236n13
Maurras, Charles, xxix, 76, 81, 85–86, 239n63, 249n137
Mediterranean, 43, 47, 175, 179, 230, 268n87
Melanesia, 199
Ménéhouarne, 87, 111
Mérimée, Prosper, 27, 89–90
Merovingians, 16, 94, 109, 213
Mèt ansanm, 198, 199, 201
métissage, xii; Bédier and, 95–100; beauty contest of, 67–68, 69; Chanson de Roland and, 172; colonialism and, 67, 194, 229; creole definitions and, xvii, 164; Europe and, 17–18; intolerance for, 83, 98–99, 118, 125, 132, 168, 203, 207; in politics, 79, 139, 208, 272n140; Réunion and, xvi–xix, 90–92, 209, 211, 223, 232. See also diversity
Mexico, 33, 145, 229
Meyer, Paul, 11, 81, 286n117, 286n120
Michaëlsson, Karl, 144
Michel, Francisque, 12, 15, 152, 244n52
Michelet, Jules, 105, 106, 123
Mille, Pierre, xxiv, 239n58, 239n60, 239n63, 242n21, 259n149, 290n187
Ministry of War, xx, 5, 22, 29–31, 42, 85
mission civilisatrice, xxvii, 2, 14, 16, 19, 20, 28, 29, 55, 78, 180
modernism, xxix, 51, 53, 61–74, 119–25, 206
“Mohicans,” 8, 15
monarchy. See Bourbon dynasty; Capetian; Carolingian; Merovingian; royalism
Monod, Émile, 30
Monod, Gabriel, 11, 81, 263n39
Moors, 41, 176, 293n43. See also Saracens
Morand, Paul, 5, 251n7, 253n43, 266n69
Morocco, xxiv, 7–8, 10, 71, 172, 256n98, 287n133, 293n44. See also North Africa
Mosquée de Paris, 172
Müller, Lucian, 102
Müller, Theodor, 152, 153, 161, 296n102
Munjoie, 92, 183
Musée d’Art Moderne, 73
Musée de la France d’Outre-Mer, 300n37. See also Palais de la Porte Dorée
Musée de l’Homme, 72, 229
Musée de Rouen, 57
Musée des Arts d’Afrique et d’Océanie, 229. See also Palais de la Porte Dorée
Musée des Civilisations de l’Europe et de la Méditerrané, 230–31, 232
Musée des Colonies, 56–60, 73, 205, 228, 230. See also Palais de la Porte Dorée
Musée de Sculpture Comparée, 36, 72
Musée des Monuments Français, 72
Musée d’Ethnographie, 5, 36
Musée du Quai Branly, 34, 228–30, 305n18
Musée Leconte de Lisle, xxvi
Musée Léon Dierx, xxii, xxiii, 94, 195, 210–21, 227–28
Musée National des Arts et Traditions Populaires, 230
museums, 46, 70, 94, 217–18, 228–32; provincial, 73, 215; their architecture, 56, 72, 228, 229. See also art
Muslims. See Islam

Napoléon, xv, 5, 30, 89–90, 109
nation: definitions of, 120–23, 169–70, 183–84, 187–88, 192–93, 224; ethnicity and, 1, 11–12, 70, 120, 223; role of art, xxii, 95, 123, 143, 212–21, 227–30. See also ancestors; France; mission civilisatrice; patrie; Renan, Ernest; République une et indivisible, la
National Assembly: colonial policies and, 103–4, 203–4, 209–10; colonial representation and, xv, 3–6, 79, 81, 139, 203, 270n119
Native Americans, 5, 8, 10, 15–16, 33
Nazism, 22, 94, 95, 239n56, 266n69. See also fascism
négritude, xxiv
New Caledonia, 49, 50
Nibelungenlied, 11, 149. See also epic genre
Niger, 63
Nora, Pierre, 2. See also lieu de mémoire
Norman, 6, 67, 98, 160, 169, 169, 227
North Africa, 24, 43, 70, 133, 172, 293n43. See also Algeria; Morocco
North America, 15. See also Canada; United States
nostalgia: at Expositions, 38, 61, 71–72; for Réunion, xxi, xxii, 110–11, 223. See also homesickness
Notre-Dame de Paris, 56, 213, 247n115, 260n161

Occitan, 128, 199, 293n41. See also Provence
“old colonies,” 3, 7, 40, 224. See also; Caribbean; Guadeloupe; Guyane; Martinique; Réunion
oliphant, 179, 192; attributed to Roland, 36, 37, 42, 73, 179; in Chanson de Roland, 174, 177, 178–85, 186, 193; at the Expositions, 36, 37, 41, 42, 56–57, 73. See also ivory
Olivier, in Chanson de Roland: compared to Roland, 167, 178–80, 183, 185; his heart, 175, 186; replaced by Charlemagne, 182, 192
Olivier, Marcel, 49, 53, 56, 259n145
orality: epic genre and, 12, 142, 145–49, 162, 165; fabliau genre and, 127–28, 131, 148–49; memory and, 145–49, 178, 210, 221. See also folk; romanticism
orientalism, 36, 126, 256n96. See also; Hindu; India
“otherness,” 26, 48, 161, 169, 228, 229; in Chanson de Roland, 165, 173, 174, 183, 192; exoticism and, 46, 60; primitivism and, xxvii. See also barbarism; foreign
primitivism: “savages”; xenophobia

pagans. See Saracens
Palais Bourbon, 227
Palais de Chaillot, 72
Palais de la Porte Dorée, 57, 58, 228–29. See also Cité Nationale d’Histoire de l’Immigration; Musée de la France d’Outre-Mer; Musée des Colonies
Palais des Colonies, 29–31, 33, 252n28
Panorama Transatlantique, 43, 47
Panthéon, 56, 172, 206, 227
Parc d’Attractions, 71–72
Paris, xxi, 5, 79, 211, 225, 227, 230;
Bédier and, xi, xix–xx, 10, 24, 48, 78, 95, 98–99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 111–13, 154, 161, 195, 205–6, 223; Chinatown, 229; city seal of, 36–38, 42, 61, 62, 68; colonialism and, 26–27, 172; as exile, xxii, xxvi, 101, 113, 114; the Expositions and, xxiii, xxix, 26–75, 90, 105, 228; its government, 19, 206; museums and, 228–30; Notre-Dame de, 56, 213, 247n115, 260n161; pilgrimage and, 142; Réunion and, xv, xvi, xxv–xxvi, 7, 103, 105, 147, 157, 160, 220, 227; Saint-Denis and, xiv, 92; under siege, xxi, 3, 11, 12, 22, 100; Wagner’s Tristan und Isolde and, 134; Paris en 1400, 43–44, 46
Paris, Gaston: Bédier and, 105, 119, 135, 148; Chanson de Roland and, 12, 13–17, 152; colonialism and, 245n81; Dreyfus Affair and, 81; fabliau genre and, 126; nationalism and, 11, 19, 23, 24, 153; Tristan et Iseut and, 134, 136, 139–40
Parny, Évariste de: Bédier and, 111, 135, 139, 196, 275n184, 277n211; as creole poet, xx–xxiii, 241n83, 255n89, 273n150; at the Expositions, 48, 54, 59, 65; in postcolonial politics, xxv–xxvii, 203, 232; translated into Creole, 198–99
parti colonial, 5, 6
patrie: grande, 4, 16, 56, 79, 85, 105, 107–8, 112–14, 129–30, 143, 154, 169–70, 203, 208; morale, 13–19, 24–25, 169–70, 187, 193; petite, 4, 89, 105, 107–8, 112–14, 143, 154, 159–60, 170–71, 208, 212. See also ancestors; France; nation
patriotism: Bédier’s, xx, 54, 81–87, 126, 130, 144–46, 159–60, 170–71, 203; chivalry and, 95; colonialism and, 5, 10; epic genre and, 2, 11–17, 36, 57, 73–74, 133, 203; pedagogy and, 20–23; republicanism and, xxvi, xxviii; Réunion and, 79, 88–93, 108, 125, 199, 204, 208 See also France; nation
Paul et Virginie, 29–30, 34, 60, 136–38, 198, 206, 214, 227, 230
pedagogy: colonialism and, xvi, 19, 20, 77, 88–93, 98, 103, 140–41, 194, 202, 209–10, 220; Creole and, 196–200, 202; national identity and, xxviii, 11–25, 26, 28, 46, 92, 99, 119, 209–10; postcolonial, xxxi, 131, 140, 149, 162, 164–66, 285n110; secular, 78
Perreau-Pradier, Jean, 220
Perse, Saint-John, 205
Pétain, Philippe (maréchal), 95, 249n137, 250n148, 270n119
Petit Palais, 37, 38, 254n72, 255n81
philology, xxix–xxxii, 81, 222, 225, 231; “best manuscript” editing and, 118, 133, 150–53, 161–63, 167, 225; colonialism and, 117–63, 166–72; Creole and, 102, 164–66; “critical method” and, 118, 124, 133, 135, 150–53, 161–63; German, 1, 11–12, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 102, 117–18, 122, 126, 130, 133, 142–44, 151–53; nationalism and, 11–25, 117, 119–25, 132, 144, 150–53, 161, 166–68, 171; as weapon, 13, 15, 17, 21, 117–18. See also etymology
phrenology, xxvii, 33, 36, 241n86, 305n15
pilgrimage, 103, 184, 192; epic genre and, 73, 83, 142–43, 149, 171, 203, 263n31; migration and, 145. See also religion
Pinabel, 189–90
Plantagenêts, 231, 283n73
Poincaré, Raymond, xxiii, 239n63, 261n3, 262n22
Poitier, Lionel, 98, 155
Pont d’Alexandre, 37
Popular Front, 73
Porte d’Ivry, 205, 300n33
Port-Louis, 127
Portugal, 59, 89
Prévost, Marcel, 22, 85, 120, 239n61, 249n139
primitivism: colonialism and, 10, 15–16, 20, 24, 33, 72, 214; Germany and, 2, 8, 95; history and, xxvii, 36, 70, 94; philology and, 118, 134; Réunion and, xxix, 28, 39. See also “otherness” “savages”
Prix Goncourt, xxiii–xxiv, 278n220
protestantism, 6
Provence, 127, 128, 132, 169, 283n68. See also Occitan
provinces: Bédier and, 107, 113, 143, 198; colonialism and, xxviii, xxix, 4–5, 205, 206; at the Expositions, 61–63, 66–67, 72, 73; languages and, 49, 99, 198; national identity and, 48, 113, 114, 143, 159–60, 169, 229; Réunion and, 6, 74, 99, 214–15, 227. See also Alsace; Brittany; Dauphiné; Lorraine
purity: language and, 23, 117–18, 133, 149, 152, 162, 168; moral, 176, 179, 182, 185, 212; nationalism and, xxx, 13, 18, 21, 82, 125, 130, 144, 166, 167, 169, 208; philology and, 152, 161, 162, 171; racial, xviii–xxix, 18, 67–68, 90–92, 94–100, 111, 117, 133, 145, 194, 203, 207. See also genealogy; métissage

Quinet, Edgar, 11–12, 123

Rabel, 182, 183, 184, 185, 192
Racine, Jean, 122, 133, 152, 277n211
Rashîd, Haroun al- (caliph), 175, 176, 179
reactionary, xxix, 78, 84–86, 144, 170. See also Action Française
“Redskins,” 5, 10, 15–16
relics, 32, 179, 181, 184–85, 186, 294n56; reliquary, 42, 180, 181, 184, 305n15
religion: epic genre and, 143, 165, 173, 175, 177, 182, 192; Réunionnnais identity and, xi, 157, 218, 220, 227; Réunionnais politics and, 78. See also anti-Semitism; Bible; Catholicism; Christianity; conversion; Crusades; Hindu; Islam; Judaism; pilgrimage; saint; Saracens
Renan, Ernest: Bédier and, 111, 119–22, 208, 239n63, 278n219, 287n131; nation and, 17–19, 146, 169, 241n6, 292n35; philology and, 119–21; romanticism and, 124
République une et indivisible, la, xiii, 122, 159–60, 250n144
Réunion: architecture of, 51, 66, 100, 154, 204; as “colonizing colony,” 6–7, 28, 77, 224; as Eden, 39; at the Expositions, 27–28, 29–30, 38–41, 48–55, 56, 57, 59–60, 61, 63–69, 126; ferns and, 29, 67, 105, 107, 108–9; German plan to colonize, 9–10; as “island of poets,” xx–xxvii, 40–41, 59, 65, 66, 135, 139–40, 146, 158, 196, 198–99, 227, 232; as model for nation, 39, 138, 204, 219; name changes, xiv–xvi, xxviii, 153–54; as “old colony,” 3, 7, 40, 224; as “old France,” 39, 55, 89, 97, 110–11, 131, 139, 154, 162, 194, 196, 216; politics of, xxv–xxvii, 2–10, 77–80, 104, 139, 194–210, 231–32; as a “second France,” xiv, 6, 10, 25, 29, 48–49, 61, 63, 77, 79, 87, 125, 201, 203, 208–9, 211–13, 224; settlement of, xvi–xvii, xix, xx, xxxi, 95, 202–3, 207–10, 231–32. See also départementalisation; métissage
Réunionnité, xviii, xxvi, 199, 205, 220, 231–32
revanche, xxviii, 4–8, 20, 21, 78, 88. See also Franco-Prussian war; Germany
Revolution, the: Bédier and, 82, 88, 90, 147; at the Expositions, 31, 32, 60, 63; Leblonds and, 79, 262n25; republicanism and, xxviii, 2–3, 80, 82, 86; Réunion and, xiv–xv, xxii, 99
Rhine river, 8, 47
Ricquebourg, Jean, 213
Rocher, Gabriel, 86
Roland, 173, 182, 183, 184, 186, 188, 190, 191, 192; argument with Olivier, 178–80; compared to the Cid, 21; his death, 180–81, 184, 185, 187, 188, 190; his glove, 173; his heart, 175, 186; his horn, 36, 37, 42, 73, 174, 177, 178–85, 186, 193; his sword, 92, 173, 180–81, 182, 183, 192, 293n49; honor and, 177–78, 182–83, 185, 186, 188, 190, 191, 193; as model for modern nation, 10, 12, 14, 16, 21–24, 36, 84, 92, 146, 155, 166, 167, 183, 231; pact against him, 175, 176, 187, 191; in postcolonial theater, 226; statue in Germany, 21. See also Chanson de Roland
romance: Arthurian, xxiv, 111; colonialism and, 87, 30, 227, 259n149, 270n123, 273n151; genre, xx, xxiv, 122, 125, 132–41, 142, 163, 176, 225; languages, 104, 118, 200. See also Tristan et Iseut
romanticism, xxi, xxii, xxvii, 105, 123–24, 143, 149, 212
Rome: epic genre and, 11, 23; exile and, 114; imperialism and, 16, 19, 97, 114, 129, 130, 154; modern nations and, 1, 18, 70
Roncevaux: battle location, xxviii, 36, 155, 174, 186, 187, 202; compared to modern war, 10, 14, 84, 145, 146; nation and, 25, 192–93
Roques, Mario, 205–6, 241n86, 263n39
royalism, xiv, xv, xxviii, 2–3, 76, 79, 80, 83, 86–88, 96, 109, 153, 213; in Chanson de Roland, 182, 189; at the Expositions, 36–37, 42–43, 56, 68. See also Bourbon dynasty; Capetian; Carolingian; Merovingian
Russia, 27, 89–90, 126, 175, 176, 241n83, 263n39

saint, xiv, xv, 55, 56, 92, 214, 215–18;
France as, 168, 170–71; Roland as, 84, 180. See also religion
Saint-André, 206
Saint-Barthélemy, 120, 121
Saint-Denis: Bédier’s home, xii, 20–25, 77–80, 90, 100–105, 107, 112, 135–39, 201–6, 208, 213, 223; as capital of Réunion, 126; its Exposition, xxiii, 54; medievalism and, xiv, 92, 150–51, 155–61, 164, 167
Sainte-Suzanne, xix
Saint-Louis, xiv
Saint-Paul, xxv, 207–10, 231–33
Saint-Pierre, 203
Saint Sernin, 184
Salazie, 140
“saming,” 48–50, 122–24, 131, 134–35. See also assimilation
São Tomé, 226
Saracens, xxx–xxxi, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172–84, 186, 190–92; with blond hair, 173; oliphant and, 57, 180–85. See also Arabs; Marsile; Moors; Islam
Saragossa, 14, 174, 175, 176, 191
Sarkis, 211, 215–21
“savages,” xi, xxvii, xxviii, 5, 6, 8–10, 99, 154, 194, 214. See also “otherness”; primitivism
Scandinavia, 33, 175
sculpture: of Charlemagne, 19; of François I, 42; of métissage, 209, 211; museums and, 36, 56, 72, 94, 211–21; of Paul and Virginie, 30, 34; of “Réunionnais inspiration,” 65; of Roland, 21. See also art
Scythes, 149
Second Empire, xv, 26, 77, 223, 255n89
Second Republic, xv, xxii
Segre, Cesare, 161, 162
Seine River, 36, 39, 41, 63, 103, 126
Sénégal, 8, 33
Sham’s (Chamsidinne Bénali), xxvi
Short, Ian, 161, 162, 292n33, 296n85, 296n102
silk, xxxi, 173–78, 181–82, 192
slavery, xvi, 91, 218, 219, 232; Bédier and, xix, 89, 99–100; creole poets and, xxi, xxvi; at the Expositions, 59; maloya and, 215, 220; métissage and, xviii, 96, 209–10. See also abolition
socialism, xxvi, xxix, 73, 76, 79, 81–83, 87, 196, 198, 220. See also class relations; Jaurès, Jean
Société des Anciens Textes Français, 153, 248n134
Somalia, 128
Somalis, 49, 50
Sorbonne, 12, 17, 120
South Africa, 126, 215
Spain: Chanson de Roland and, xxx, 171, 175, 176, 183, 185, 190, 192, 292n27, 297n107; French monarchy and, 237n22; medieval Judaism and, 226; as modern nation, 18
Spanish language, 196, 200, 296n93
Stengel, Edmund, 151, 153, 288n160
Suchier, Hermann, 139
Sudan, 131, 146
Sudre, Camille, 205
Suez Canal, xvi, 103
Syria, 56, 72–73, 182

Tahiti, 63, 199
Taine, Hippolyte, 120, 241n6, 283n68
terre majur, 159–60, 168–71. See also ancestors; nation
Texte, Joseph, 28, 101–5, 124–25, 252n24, 278n223
Tharaud, Jérôme, 111
Thierry, 188–91
Thomas, author of a Tristan romance, 133, 134, 135, 138
Togo, 27
Tonkin, 8, 145, 146
Toulouse, 36, 42, 73
Touraine, 29, 101
translation: Bédier and, xxiv, xxx, 23, 61, 73, 74, 89, 113–14, 132–41, 142, 151, 166–71, 182, 198–99; of Chanson de Roland, xxiv, xxx, 20, 23, 73, 142, 150–51, 162, 166–71, 182, 189, 231; into Creole, xxvi–xxvii, 113–14, 198–99; from Malagasy, xxi; of Tristan and Iseut, 132–41. See also French, medieval; French language
Tristan et Iseut (Bédier), 132–42, 161, 264n39, 292n17; adapted for the stage, 47, 140, 142, 249n139, 283n68; Anglo-Norman dialect of, 133; as colonial literature, xxv, 30, 60, 135–38, 139–40, 205, 216, 227, 283n70; dedicated to Bédier’s stepfather, xxx, 138–39; on desk given to Bédier, 109, 140, 290n188, 300n35; edition of, xxx, 124, 133, 135, 279n3; German literature and, 132, 133, 134; as modern novel, 46, 73, 133–35, 140, 281n34; nationalism and, 125, 132–33, 150, 171, 250n144; popularity of, xx, xxx, 46, 54, 140, 200, 201, 204, 207, 255n80, 298n17; as rival to Wagner’s opera, 204–5; translated into Creole, xxvii, 198–99. See also romance
Trocadéro, 36, 38, 72
Tunisia, 41, 43, 71, 258n129
Turpin, 180, 183

Ulysse, cafre (Leblond), xxiii, xxiv, 157, 298n12
Umayyads, 176
United States, xxiv, 5, 21, 140, 248n134, 261n10, 263n31, 279n229
University of Strasbourg, 16, 21, 158–59, 160

Valdabron, 184
Vaugeois, Henri, 80
verandah, 39, 54, 64–65, 214. See also architecture
Vercingétorix, 94, 97
Vergès, Françoise, 220, 276n195, 291n2, 303n83, 305n22
Vergès, Paul, 231–32, 305n22
Versailles, 51, 256n111
Vieux Paris, 41–42, 43, 46
Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène, 36
Viry, Firmin, 220, 304n85
Vollard, Ambroise, 214
Voltaire, 11–12, 103, 204, 245n69

Wagner, Richard, 95, 134, 204–5, 286n122
Waro, Danyèl, 220
Wilhelm II (kaiser), 7, 9
World Fairs. See Expositions Universelles
World War I: Alsace-Lorraine and, xxviii, 47, 153, 159; Bédier and, xx, 3, 21–24, 54, 144, 150, 263n31, 289n167; colonialism and, 7, 8–10, 27, 47; Islam and, 172; nationalism and, 2, 170. See also Germany
World War II, 9, 22, 94–95. See also Nazism
xenophobia, xxxi, 80, 124–25, 144, 266n69. See also foreign; “otherness”

Yarra, 127, 129, 130, 148
Yemen, 128

Zoulous, 126, 129, 246n94

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