Index

Page references in italics refer to illustrations

Abraham, Nicolas, 259n68

acquisition, pursuit in, 58–59

Adams, Carol J., 211n31

Adams, Henry, 162

Agamben, Giorgio, 21, 223n82; on anthropogenesis, 142, 148; on anthropological machine, 265n13, 272n68; use of Benjamin, 149, 244n58, 245n65; biopolitical discourse of, 148; on capture, 77, 218n66; on carnival, 146; on the chase, 272n68; on concentration camps, 84; on disappearance of Man, 150; on gesture, 183; on human/animal relations, 148, 258n58; on hybridity, 148; on images, 182; on logic of exception, 247n86; messianic banquet image of, 146, 148; The Open, 137, 146, 148, 272n68

agrarianism, Jeffersonian, 210n29

Agre, Philip E.: “Surveillance and Capture,” 164

agrocapitalism, confinement under, 206n15. See also farming, factory

Ahrens, Ellen Wetherald: analysis of horses in motion, 171

Alberti, Leon Battista: perspective studies by, 172

Allewaert, Monique, 204n9

Altschuler, Sari, 216n58

American Africanism, Poe’s importance for, 93

anatomy: diagnostic technique and, 267n37; influence on Western art, 140, 270n55; largeness in, 131–32; versus physiology, 216n58; powers of inference, 267n34

anatomy, comparative, 265n12; Cuvier’s, 124, 125, 132; Foucault on, 242n39; time in, 128; of whales, 263n3

animal, the: biopolitical modernity of, 21; black Atlantic and, 224n85; capitalism and, 24, 177, 179, 212n36, 214n45; Cartesian, 99; cinema in invention of, 178; co-construction with Man, 272n68; generic, 220n70; homogenizing concept of, 44; immunity from, 93; incorporation into reason, 219n68; invention of the visible, 70–71; in Man, 142–44; modern emergence of, 33–34; move from animals, 29; nonpresence of, 22; as philosopheme, 148; process of becoming, 189; as pure energy, 178; radical strangeness of, 33; secret history of, 108; subjectivity of, 189; sublation to human subjectivity, 108; as trope of modernity, 178

animal condition, new, 3; in age of capture, 190; capitalist logics of, 214n45; capture as, 4; colonialist logics of, 214n45; genres of, 120; medical sense of, 20; shaping of, 6; white settler colonialism and, 29

animal death: automation of, 5; bourgeois sentiment concerning, 208n25. See also extinction; killing; slaughter, mass

animality: automaticity and, 261n86; of blackness, 102, 225n89; criminality and, 97, 101, 107, 262n95; Foucault on, 19–20; the human and, 103, 107–8, 220n71; in “The Man of the Crowd,” 261n86; in The Marble Faun, 126–27; positive image of, 152; racist ideology of, 255n43, 272n69; species and, 218n63; as stocking technology, 279n38; as technology of biopower, 22–27; temporalized maps of, 272n69; weaponized, 87

animalization: biopolitics of, 26, 148; gendered, 224n88; humanization and, 219n66, 225n90; production of human types, 257n56; racist, 25, 45, 224n88; in slavery, 26; of the undesirable, 119

animal life: commodification of, 242n47; fetishistic currency of, 177; mechanization of, 6; technological subjugation of, 163

animal locomotion, 5, 157, 159, 162–63; controversies, 158–59. See also images, sequential; Muybridge, Eadweard

animal representation: authenticity of, 175; biopolitics of, 2; capture in, 29; ethics of, 2; human image in, 55; modern, 22; in nineteenth-century American canon, 27; ontology of, 1–2; role in exploitation, 6; self-representation in, 190; technological reproducibility of, 175–81. See also photography, animal; representation

animals: absence of, 81, 108; alive/dead, 109, 111; anthropomorphic, 42, 47, 109; under biocapitalism, 2, 29, 178; captivation by environment, 149; in chains of causality, 188; close/distant, 109; the colonized as, 236n14; commodification of, 8, 283n73; conceptualization of, 220n69; decriminalization of, 262n95; decryption of, 112–13; disappearance of, 12, 21, 110, 167, 175, 176, 195, 214n43, 214n45, 258n58; disarmament of, 33; disassembly of, 176; elusiveness of, 1, 2; as enclosed subject, 195; encryption of, 107–8; endless reproduction of, 207n21, 214n45, 221n74; environmental captivation of, 219n66; evanescence of, 4–5; experience of time, 185; expressionist conception of, 247n80; figural apprehension of, 211n31; fugitivity of, 144, 211n33; in human form, 142; humans as, 95, 103; immediate contact with, 28; incarceration of, 109; incomprehensibility of, 108–9; individual versus representative, 7–8, 43, 209n26; in industrial capitalism, 11, 212n36; interior/exterior of, 189; invisibility of, 70, 169, 211n31; killing for cameras, 175–76; knowability/unknowability of, 27, 119, 125, 126; “livingness” of, 164; loss of aura, 13, 179–80; marginalization of, 282n70; mass reproduction of, 29, 179; material apprehension of, 211n31; mechanizing of, 242n47; mediated, 12–18, 28; in modernity, 12, 21, 108, 109, 214n45; move to the animal, 29; mute mystery of, 126; naming of, 109; in nineteenth-century American canon, 6; non-Western subjects and, 119; nostalgia for, 213n41; organizational ability of, 185; perception of, 1–2, 10, 71; persistence of, 108; phenomenology of, 71, 219n69; philosophy’s war against, 220n69; power of, 20; power to escape, 189; protocols for, 6, 20; reappearing, 110; relations with Umwelt, 187, 189, 190; reproducibility of, 9, 175–81, 283n83; as semiotic subjects, 188; sensorial disinhibitors of, 220n69; spatial comprehension of, 17; standing reserve of, 180; substitutability of, 8; suffering of, 217n61; technological framing of, 6, 22–27, 279n38; unintelligibility of, 98; unsublatable, 109; visibility of, 212n37; visual truth of, 1. See also biopolitics, animal; exploitation of animals; photography, animal

animals, wild: as property, 58. See also hunting

animation: of galloping skeletons, 182; life as principle of, 71. See also chronophotography; cinema; images, sequential

Annie G. (mare), Muybridge’s image of, 153

Anthropocene (age of Man), 23; Man’s animality in, 222n75; transition to, 213n38

anthropocentrism, of history, 148–49

anthropogenesis, 44, 142–44, 148; extinction in, 191; interminability in, 272n68

anthropology, criminal, 143, 271n63

anthropomorphism, 47, 109; of Audubon’s Golden Eagle, 42

Apess, William, 25, 224n86; on colonial conquest, 78–79, 236n10

Ariadne, 260n81

Aristotle, on hunting, 226n3

Armstrong, Philip, 209n27

Army, U.S.: support for bison extermination, 76, 244n57

Arsić, Branka, 40, 53, 274n86

art: aura of, 179; contingency in, 152; influence of anatomy on, 140, 270n55; mimetic pretensions of, 172; Muybridge’s influence on, 170, 173; nature and, 188; technologically reproducible, 176, 179

Artedi, Peter, 137

atavism: Darwin on, 141; in The Marble Faun, 150

Audubon, John James, plate 1; allegiance to democracy, 41; archetypal specimens of, 168; as artist-scientist, 35; attitude toward death, 36, 47–48; as autodidact, 53; aversion to abstraction, 229n26; bird census of, 49; celebration of the observer, 52; collaboration with Nuttall, 52–53; depiction of passenger pigeon, 74, 191, 210n30, 243n54; destructive methods of, 40–41; early life of, 35, 47; eidetic paintings of, 40; epistemological orientation of, 52; European scientists and, 50; execution of subject, 44–55; experiments in vision, 28; extraction of animals, 36; financial problems of, 232n48; flight from France, 35, 38–39; grid use by, 168; as hunter, 35–36, 227n7; as hunter-naturalist, 38, 50, 168; hunting-painting relationship of, 35–36; on invisibility, 169; journals of, 227n10; killing of parrot anecdote, 47–48; knowledge of overhunting, 45–46, 231n43; knowledge of taxonomy, 233n71; mortification of nature, 40; name change of, 39, 232n51, 277n18; “near-indexical” method, 53; observing subject of, 46; promotional writing, 231n42; and question of life, 50; racial identity of, 45, 47, 230n40, 231n43, 231n48; reference to self, 48–49, 50; representational aporia of, 44; revisionist tendencies of, 42; seeing and knowing in, 28; self-mythology of, 42; still lifes of, 5; travels of, 37; “truth” of species in, 168; truth-to-nature drawings, 53; view of killing, 41, 42, 47–50; violence/conservation contradiction in, 46

—Birds of America, The, 16–17; classical episteme of, 52–53; dead subjects of, 40–43, 45, 48, 229n28; demography in, 49–50; enlarged heads of, 230n31; epistemic change in, 34; human–animal rivalry in, 42, 230n32; indexicality of, 229n27; knowability of images, 17; life-sized images of, 52, 229n27; materiality of, 229n27; naturalists and, 52, 227n9, 233n65, 240n32; observer and observed in, 55; Octavo edition of, 234n78; promotional text for, 41; publication of, 228n13; relationship to modernity, 233n74; self-erasure from, 55; violence in, 229n24

—Golden Eagle, 37–43, 44, 54, plate 2; allegorical dimension of, 37; anthropomorphism of, 42; autobiographical impulse in, 44, 48; conquest of New Continent in, 38; dualism of, 43; emblematic reading of, 39–40; Havell’s alteration to, 55; hunter in, 38, 42; hunter’s erasure from, 55, 57; killing of model, 41, 42, 234n78; lack of realism, 40; omniscient perspective of, 43; self-defense in, 50; source for, 37–38; whiteness in, 37

—Mississippi River Journal, The, 232n48

— “Myself,” 38, 47

—Ornithological Biography, 41, 43, 233n71, 234n78; confessional impulse in, 44

Audubon, Maria, 227n10

Baartman, Sara “Saartjie,” 131–32

Bailey, Ben, 166, 167

Bailly, Christophe, 10

Baker, Steve, 264n10; The Postmodern Animal, 213n39

Balzac, Honoré de: on Cuvier, 133, 150; The Human Comedy, 132; The Wild Ass’s Skin, 133

Bancroft, George, 77

Barbé-Marbois, François, 68

Barbey d’Aurevilly, Jules: Le Chevalier des Touches, 267n28

Barnum, P. T., 137

Barrett, Lindon: on Poe’s crime fiction, 93–94, 118–19

Bartram, John, 34, 205n9

Basilosaurus (cryptid), 123–24, 263n2

Baudelaire, Charles, 114; “The Painter of Modern Life,” 152

belles lettres, representational model of, 136

Bellour, Raymond, 285n91

Bender, Bert, 265n10

Benjamin, Walter, 13, 250n12, 254n29; on aura, 180; on capture, 14, 95, 149; on cinema, 183, 184–85; on cultural reproduction, 176–77; on decryption, 97, 99; on the flaneur, 98; on homogeneous time, 275n8; on the hunt, 93, 215n47; on mimesis, 178; on optical unconscious, 157, 183, 276n16; on photographic capture, 95; on Poe, 99; on technological reproducibility, 176, 179; Uexküll’s influence on, 276n16; on Umwelt, 183; on unwritten signs, 250n16; on urban registrations, 94

Bentham, Jeremy: Introduction to the Principles of Moral and Legislation, 216n61

Berger, John, 11–12, 18, 175; on marginalization of animals, 282n70; utopianism of, 213n41; “Why Look at Animals,” 213n39; on zoos, 214n43

Bergh, Henry, 288n5

Bertillon, Alphonse, 250n12; mug shot technology, 165

Best, Stephen, 106, 253n26

Biddle, Nicholas, 64

biocapitalism: animals under, 2, 29, 178; capture in, 7; chronophotography and, 164; grammar of, 164, 165; protocinema and, 29; violence produced by, 8

biocentrism, racist logic of, 144–45

biogenesis, 263n5

biology: natural history and, 20, 22, 216n58, 234n80, 241n39; nonrepresentational paradigm of, 269n42; recording technology of, 275n7; subject in, 276n15; transition to diversity, 213n38. See also natural sciences

biopolitics: action on bodies, 217n61; Agambenian, 148, 218n66, 244n58, 245n65; of American imperialism, 77; as analytic of power, 217n63; of animalization, 26, 148; antiquity of, 149; of capitalism, 217n61; chrono-, 245n65; decryption in, 97–98; in discourse of capture, 218n66; docile bodies under, 226n95; European, 21; Foucauldian, 180; framing mechanisms of, 21; genocidal, 84; of governance, 180, 219n66; of humanity, 49, 148; in management of race, 24, 129, 222n79; of Manifest Destiny, 86; of modernity, 23, 142, 149; of Native Americans, 77, 83–84; of nineteenth-century imaginary, 205n9; of populations, 248n1; racialization of, 223n82; representational grammar of, 181; sentimental culture of, 248n2; of settler colonialism, 5, 83–84; of slavery, 223n82; Uexküll’s importance for, 195; of vision, 15, 49; white European theorists of, 223n82

biopolitics, animal in, 214n45, 217nn61–63, 220n70; capture in, 9; of conservation, 284n85; management in, 2; modernity of, 21; of representation, 2. See also animals

biopower: animality as technology of, 22–27; biological continuum of, 222n79; birth of, 219n68; control of animal in man, 142; dispositifs of, 21; enframing, 180; figural economy of, 178; Foucault on, 3, 248n1, 251n19; nineteenth-century, 3–4, 28; racial aspects of, 24; relations of, 248n1; reproduction of, 177; right to kill under, 247n85; self-justification of, 204n8; technology of, 24; transition from sovereign power, 273n72

biosemiotics, cinema and, 160. See also semiotics

Biotechnology Innovation Organization, 279n38

Bird, Robert Montgomery, 216n58

birds: elusive motion of, 204n5; trapping of, trap of, 80–82, 82, 165; U.S. census of, 37, 49. See also Audubon, John James

bison: medals for killing, 244n57; Native American dependence on, 76; near-extinction of, 76, 219n30, 244n57, 284n88; in The Prairie, 74–75; slaughter of, 81; transubstantiation of, 284n88

Black Codes, nineteenth-century, 252nn23–24

blackness: as human animality, 102, 225n89; sacrifice in, 45

blindness, 71, 116; concerning law, 64; scientific, 69

Blum, Ann Shelby, 227n9; on Audubon, 52, 230n31; on reproducible observation, 281n58

bodies: anatomo-politics of, 248n1; commensurability of, 167; dynamics of behavior, 188; geometrized, 170; link to recording instruments, 281n57

Bodmer, Karl, 10

Boggs, Colleen, 220n70

Boisseron, Bénédicte, 25, 224n85

Bonaparte, Marie, 260n73; on “The Black Cat,” 111–12, 260n73

Bonaparte, Napoléon: registration under, 94; urban modernizations of, 250n17

Borges, Jorge Luis: on sirens, 269n47

Bousé, Derek, 175

Braun, Marta, 166, 277n24; on grids, 281n56

Brooks, Daphne, 131

Brower, Matthew, 213n41, 284n89

Brown, Lee Rust, 135

Browne, Simone, 252n24

Budick, Emily Miller, 266n20

buffalo. See bison

Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, count: continuism of, 138; in degeneracy debate, 67–69, 240n34; Histoire naturelle, 34, 67–68; on Native Americans, 240n34; shortsightedness of, 241n37

Burgat, Florence, 206n15; Une autre existence, 219n69

Burt, Jonathan, 246n78; Animals in Film, 213n39; on hunting, 169; on livingness, 279n41

Butterworth, Hezekiah, 228n18

Byrd, Jodi, 26, 247n86

Cameron, Sharon, 288n7

Camper, Dr. (zoologist), 137

Canetti, Elias, 205n11

Canguilhem, Georges: on milieu, 156–57, 275n12

capital: in primitive accumulation, 248n91; production/reproduction of, 176–77; technological mechanisms of, 283n73

capitalism: the animal and, 24, 177, 179, 212n36, 214n45; biopolitical, 217n61; capture in, 11; colonialist, 214n45; deterritorialization of land, 82, 184, 278n30; exchangeability in, 84; exploitation under, 195; extermination under, 195; landscapes of, 62; measurement of time, 155; mechanical scansion in, 155; mechanization of life in, 163; mimesis in, 178; “preaccomplished,” 85; relations of production, 80; semiotic power of, 282n73; time in, 275n8

captivity, volitional subjects of, 253n24

captivity narratives, civilization in, 76

capture: aesthetic dimension of, 181; as animal condition, 4; animal–human relations in, 21; in animal representation, 29; animals’ experience of, 17; apparatuses of, 80–82, 82, 84, 93, 154, 164, 165, 190; asynchronous, 12–13; in biocapitalism, 7; in biopolitics, 9, 27, 218n66; as biopolitics of vision, 215n51; cause and effect in, 14; cognitive structures of, 27; counternarratives of, 27; dislocation in, 10–11, 14; elision of hand from, 190; enclosure in, 12, 195; endless, 98; by environment, 149; epistemology of, 2, 128, 181; ethics of, 2, 29, 193, 217n61; fugitivity in, 17–18; genealogy of, 21; grammar of, 164, 165; as hunt for likeness, 18; within hunting, 27; in industrial capitalism, 11; intransitivity of, 15; by language, 77; literary form and, 124–25; logistic of, 92; loss of aura in, 14; magic, 61, 237n15; master narrative of, 26; material conditions of, 181; mechanic act of, 14, 204n6, 242n47; minoritarian accounts of, 26–27; modalities of, 12; of moving images, 153–54; in nineteenth-century American canon, 5; nonpresence in, 10; ontology of, 14, 164–65; passage in, 17; penal apparatus for, 248n95; performative, 12; phenomenality of appearance in, 15; phenomenology of, 70–72; photographic, 95; in Poe, 87; by police, 87; power of, 3; presence/absence in, 81; producing death, 285n91; relationship to natural world, 14; relationship to objects of, 10; reproducibility in, 13, 14; residual motivation in, 182; resistance to, 27, 229n27; right of, 235n7; rule of, 9, 57, 211n33; scientific objectivity in, 2, 16; semantic repurposing of, 18; in settler colonialism, 26, 195; sign and referent in, 165; standardizing work of, 164; sublimation of the hunt, 4, 8–9; technologies of, 12, 33, 175; telic, 13; temporality of, 13–14, 17, 144; visibility in, 10–11, 15, 29; as way of knowing, 86; as way of seeing, 61, 86. See also enclosure; hunting; trapping

capture regimes: biopolitical, 9; cinematic, 183–84; furtive, 252n24; shift from hunting regimes, 2, 8–12, 13, 36, 73, 117, 203n3, 225n95, 246n78, 253n26, 284n84

Cartmill, Matt, 207n21, 244n59

Casarino, Cesare, 208n26

Castronovo, Russ, 59, 235n6

Catlin, George, 10, 210n30

causality: animals in chains of, 188; Cartesian, 286n107; Merleau-Ponty on, 71; Spinoza on, 286n107

cells, organic: encoding of film into, 153, 155, 274n1

Chamayou, Grégoire, 86; on biopower, 251n19; on the hunt, 93; on manhunting, 252n24; on the police, 248n95

Chen, Mel Y., 272n69

Cheyfitz, Eric, 58, 235n8

Chomel, Noël: bird trap of, 80–82, 82, 165; Dictionnaire oeconomique, 11, 80–81, 82

Chow, Rey, 14, 215n53; on capture, 17–18

chronophotography: biocapitalism and, 164; everydayness in, 168; indexical potential, 190; intermittency in, 281n57; Marey’s, 160–61; Muybridge’s, 155; Uexküll’s, 185, 186, 276n16. See also images, sequential; photography

cinema: animal reproducibility in, 175–81; biosemiotics and, 160; capitalist culture of, 164; capture regimes of, 183–84; effect on subjectivity, 156; encryption of likenesses, 177–78; environment in, 183; ethology and, 160; fragmented gestures in, 182–83; genetic editing and, 154, 274n1, 275n7; grammar of, 155; as index of modernity, 190; invention of, 154; in invention of the animal, 178; lifelikeness in, 182; livingness in, 280n41; montages of, 154, 274n6; naturalness in, 183; optical unconscious of, 157; origin stories of, 285n91; representation-as-reproduction in, 177; representation of Umwelt in, 184; self-presentation in, 184; stilling of life, 285n91. See also animation; time, cinematic

cinematography, animal exploitation and, 175

cities, modern: apparatuses of capture, 93; biometric technologies of, 94–95; reading of individuals in, 98–99; standardization in, 94; surveillance networks of, 95–96; topology of, 91; webs of registration, 94, 95

Civil War, U.S.: gun culture following, 209n28

classification: of cryptids, 137–38; imposition of order in, 66; invisible principle in, 241n39; predetermined, 138

Clift, William, 137

coding: established patterns in, 278n30; of Louisiana Territory, 62; as system of representation, 237n17; territorialization in, 81, 238n17; unbreakable, 260n75

Coetzee, J. M.: Elizabeth Costello, 226n3

cohabitation, epistemology of, 195

Cokinos, Christopher: Hope Is the Thing with Feathers, 287n1

colonialism, settler: Aboriginal cultures in, 212n34; and animal condition, 29; biopolitics of, 5, 83; in Birds of America, 34; capitalist, 64, 214n45; capture in, 26, 195; democratic phase of, 80; ecosystem reorganization in, 10; empiricism of, 205n9; fossil Others in, 273n72; genocide in, 83, 241n34; globalization and, 84; hunting and, 7, 59, 75, 232n54; ideologies of vision, 239n21; manhunting in, 252n21; nonhuman animals in, 84; paleontology and, 246n70; partitioning of space in, 5; primary motive of, 80; pseudo-Darwinian discourse of, 272n69; racial taxonomies of, 24; resource extraction in, 210n31; role in extinction, 287n3; romance of, 60; surveillance in, 239n26; transition to land management, 59; violence in, 61, 78–79

concentration camps, 84

conquest, technologies of, 79, 84

conservation, 180, 204n7; biodiversity laws for, 192; twentieth-century rhetoric of, 196

containment: in animal refuges, 206n15; mastery through, 5; in U.S. hegemony, 4. See also enclosure

continuity, perception of, 71

Cooper, James Fenimore: land expropriation in, 82; manifest manners in, 76; Native pacification in, 77–78; Paris residence of, 63; stadialist model of history, 236n10; technologies of conquest in, 84; on trapping, 243n50

—Deerslayer, The, 73, 80

—Last of The Mohicans, The, 61

—Leatherstocking Tales, The, 61; hunter figure of, 63, 72, 244n59; privileging of senses, 250n16; Twain on, 250n16; “virgin” continent in, 239n21; vision in, 63

—Pathfinder, The, 80

—Pioneers, The, 59, 61; huntsman of, 57, 77; overhunting in, 288n5; passenger pigeons in, 81, 192, 287n3, 288n5; wilderness in, 237n15

—Prairie, The, 53; animality in, 70; bison herd of, 74–75; civilization in, 245n64; colonial agenda of, 236n10; colonizing discourse in, 62; composition of, 63; deictic distance in, 242n46; disappearance of hunter in, 76; domestication in, 73; epistemological survey of, 65; grid in, 167; gun/pen division in, 65; hunter figure of, 59, 79–80; hybridity in, 125; imaginary specimens in, 65–70; knowledge production in, 65; landscape of, 61–62; Louisiana Purchase in, 59, 238n21; the monstrous in, 65–66; naturalist figure of, 59, 60, 65–67, 69–73, 239n28, 240n30, 242n47; oversight in, 66; passive voice in, 238n21; preface to, 62; property in, 57, 59; reminiscence in, 73; as romance, 60, 62, 70, 235n6, 236n10; speculation in, 28, 59, 63; sublimation in, 73; taxonomy in, 28, 64, 66–67, 70; trapper figure of, 72–80; vision in, 60, 63–64; westward expansion in, 62

Coulthard, Glen Sean, 80, 247n81

Crary, Jonathan, 215n50; on Muybridge, 160–61, 278n30; on technologization of observer, 285n96

Creek Indians, surrender of land, 224n86

criminality: animality and, 97, 101, 107, 262n95; application of evolution to, 143; biometric capture of, 143; instinct in, 102; subjecthood through, 102

criminalization: of marginalized humans, 143; of race, 252nn23–24

criminals, inscrutable, 254n32

criminology: Darwin’s influence on, 262n95; grid use in, 166

Cronon, William, 287n3

crypt: of “The Black Cat,” 111; metaphors of, 258n66; as nonplace, 110; topology of, 109; the unconscious in, 259n68. See also encryption

cryptozoology: Basilosaurus, 123–24, 263n2; contagion in, 270n47; extermination and, 269n47; sirens, 119, 120, 137–38, 269n47

Cuvier, Georges, 118, 120; on anatomical inference, 267n34; “Anatomical Research on Reptiles,” 137; anatomo-physiology of, 20, 22; classification system, 34, 35; comparative anatomy of, 124, 125, 132; conjecture in, 129; Darwin and, 138–39, 140, 268n40; in detective fiction, 133; diagnostic method of, 133, 134–35; dissection of Baartman, 131; effect on fiction, 132–45; eulogy for Lamarck, 267n37, 268n39; epistemology of, 152, 205n9; on extinction, 2, 210n31; fiction after, 129; fixism of, 138–39, 268n40, 270n48; on fossils, 274n86; on idea of life, 268n39; Le règne animal, 101, 118; in The Marble Faun, 125, 126; in “The Murders in the Rue Morgue,” 125, 133, 261n90; orangutan of, 254n36; paleontology of, 274n87; racism of, 138; rationality of, 120–21; siren (amphibian) of, 137–38, 141; situation of certainty, 134; study of mastodon, 266n25; taxonomic hermeneutic of, 125; types of knowledge, 132, 136

Daguerre, Louis: language of captivity, 18, 216n55

daguerreotypes, processing time of, 182

Daintith, Terence, 211n33

Dakota warriors, execution of, 244n58

Darwin, Charles, 20, 83, 92; on atavism, 141; Beagle expedition, 34; influence on criminology, 262n95; The Descent of Man, 140, 141, 143; The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 141; on living fossils, 139, 193; on species and variety, 139; On the Origin of Species, 125, 139–40, 264n10; and Woolner, 141. See also evolution, Darwinian

Daston, Lorraine, 204n6; on Audubon, 52, 53; on blind sight, 71

data: capture of, 280n47; storage technology of, 153–54

David, Jacques-Louis: Bonaparte Crossing the Alps at Grand-Saint-Bernard, 37–38, plate 3

Davis, Angela, 252n23

Dayan, Colin, 102, 106, 208n24

decoding, 247n80; capitalist, 82; deterritorialization in, 238n17, 278n30; of Louisiana Territory, 62; as system of representation, 237n17

decryption, 114–18; of animals, 112–13; antihermeneutic of, 98; as biopolitical reading, 97–98; versus cryptography, 113; in “The Murders in the Rue Morgue,” 114–18

Dekker, George, 236n10

Deleuze, Gilles: on cinema, 276n17; on ethology, 286n106; on Man’s animality, 222n77; on the point, 189; on time-images, 275n7

Deleuze, Gilles, and Guattari, Félix: on the animal, 189; Anti-Oedipus, 237n17; apparatus of capture, 80–82, 82, 84; on capture, 61, 247n80, 247n89; on decoding, 278n30; on deterritorialization, 278n30; on invisibilization, 81; on land assemblages, 81–82; on Louisiana Territory, 62; on magic capture, 237n15; on the primitive, 85; representational systems of, 237n17; on state violence, 85–86; on territory, 247n80; A Thousand Plateaus, 75

democracy, racial dominance in, 79

Derrida, Jacques: on animals, 109, 216n61, 219n69; The Animal That Therefore I Am (Following), 44; bêtise of, 67; on calculation of subject, 44; cat of, 112, 260n74; on the crypt, 259nn67–68; on extinction, 221n74; Glas, 108; on human–animal demarcation, 258n63; on the hunt, 44; I am/I follow semantics of, 44; on mass slaughter, 23; on power, 216n61; on sacrifice, 45; self-animalization of, 230n36; on self-identity, 280n41; on speculative dialectics, 259n67

Descartes, René, 66; automaton of, 99; Metaphysical Meditations, 254n33

detective fiction, 91; the animal in, 97; anomalous crime in, 105; conjecture in, 133; evolution of criminals in, 102; the gothic in, 106; normalizing of crime, 257n51; probability in, 134; rise of mass media and, 257n50. See also fiction

detectives: furtive agency of, 96; as hunters, 93, 94, 96, 113–14, 117–19, 253n26; invention of, 94; predatory function of, 97; reading of urban clues, 95; super-vision of, 251n18; surveillance by, 251n18; venatic knowledge of, 95

deterritorialization, 92; capitalist, 82, 184, 278n30; in decoding, 238n17, 278n30; of land, 58, 82; urban, 94. See also territorialization

Dickinson, Emily: “I held it so tight that I lost it,” 193, 288n11

disappearance: of animals, 12, 21, 214n43, 214n45; of Native Americans, 77–78, 246n70; visual logic of, 92

discovery: Doctrine of, 235n8, 236n13; scientific vocabulary of, 234n75

Doane, Mary Ann, 281n57; on conception of time, 154; on representation of motion, 188

Douglass, Frederick, 162; on annihilation of space, 278n32; on slave hunting, 96; slave narrative of, 224n87

Drucker, Johanna, 280n47

Du Chaillu, Paul: Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa, 232n54

Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne, 79

eagles, as national symbol, 228nn17–18. See also Audubon, John James: Golden Eagle

Eakins, Thomas: analysis of horses in motion, 171; collaboration with Muybridge, 170; gridded horse of, 170, 173

ear forms: in anthropometric studies, 271n65; in Darwinian evolution, 140, 142, 271n58; in The Marble Faun, 125–26, 131, 150

Edison, Thomas Alva: Electrocuting an Elephant, 175–76; language of captivity, 18, 216n55

Edwards, George, 52

Eisenstein, Sergei: montages of, 274n6

Ellison, Ralph, 255n41

Emancipation: policing following, 247n82; racialized subjects following, 252n21, 252n24

Emerson, Ralph Waldo: Cuvier and, 135; on The Marble Faun, 129

emotion, variable susceptibility to, 101

enclosure: in capture, 12, 195; in modern governmentality, 5; operations of, 206n15; technologies of, 12. See also containment

encoding, 247n80; of film into cells, 153, 155, 274n1. See also coding

encryption: of animals, 107–8; of likenesses, 177–78; in modernity, 109

Encyclopédie (d’Alembert and Diderot), “Chasse” in, 226n3

enframing, 180; ontological economy of, 181

entanglement: in oppression, 25; processes of, 18, 215n53

epistemophilia, nineteenth-century, 34

escape: animals’ capacity for, 17; topologies of, 96–97

ethics: of animal representation, 2; of capture, 2, 29, 193, 217n61; of cohabitation, 195; distance in, 196; of ethology, 193, 286n106; Spinozan, 187, 286n106; of unseeing, 28

ethology: cinema and, 160; ethics of, 193, 286n106; purposefulness of, 189; Uexküll’s, 157, 195

evolution, Darwinian, 83; aberrant species in, 139–40, 272n71; aleatory process of, 141; application to criminality, 143; Cuvier and, 138–39, 140, 268n40; ear forms in, 140, 142, 271n58; heterogeneous temporality of, 144; Man in, 140–42; The Marble Faun and, 141; milieu in, 20, 156; by natural selection, 139, 157, 229n24; open system of, 140; prehuman stages of, 272n69. See also Darwin, Charles

existence: anatomo-physiological, 20; conditions of, 20. See also life

exploitation of animals, 4, 218n64; animal representation in, 6; biocapitalist, 2; under capitalism, 195; cinematography and, 175; qualitative thresholds of, 279n38

expropriation, sites of, 85

extinction, 22; acceptance of idea, 45; animal reproduction and, 9; economy-produced, 208n25; European discourses on, 210n31; nineteenth-century, 2, 4, 209n28; of passenger pigeons, 29, 191–92, 210n30, 287n1, 288nn5–7; of the primitivized, 83–84; railroad’s role in, 287n3; role of colonialism in, 287n3; role of transatlantic trade in, 210n31

Fabbri, Lorenzo, 218n66

Faller, Marion: Sixteen Studies from Vegetable Locomotion, 170

farming, factory, 175, 179, 180, 193, 242n47

fiction: Cuvier’s effect on, 132–45; realist, 132. See also detective fiction; romance

Fiedler, Leslie, 62, 238n19, 244n60

film, stock, 176

Final Solution, Nazi, 84

fingerprinting, in population control, 271n66

fishing, industrialization of, 208n25

flaneurs, losing of selves, 98

Flaubert, Gustave: Salammbô, 267n28

Ford, Henry: assembly lines of, 176, 208n25

Ford, Walton, 39; Delirium, 40–43, plate 4; Sensations of an Infant Heart, 46, 47

fossils, 211n31; and capitalist extraction, 222n75; figure of Man in, 222n75; living, 144, 193; as primitive prototypes, 273n71; secret of life in, 274n86; semblances of life in, 22

Foucault, Michel, 223n82; on aberrant life forms, 272n71; on anatomopolitcs, 226n95; on anatomy, 132, 242n39; on the animal, 19–20, 22, 217n61, 221n73; on animation, 71; on biopolitics, 180; on biopower, 3, 248n1, 251n19; on capitalism, 225n95; on classical discourse, 234n78; on concentration camps, 84; on concept of life, 22; on confinement, 219n68; on Cuvier, 139, 268n40; on detective fiction, 105; Eurocentrism of, 204n9; on evolution, 83, 270n48; history of governmentality, 248n95; history of human sciences, 21; on human evolution, 222n78; on hunt to capture shift, 225n95; on invention of Man, 23; on Kant, 286n117; on killing, 222n79; on milieu, 249n4, 257n52, 275n12; on modern Man, 55; on monsters, 272n71; on natural history, 241n39; on nonrepresentation, 269n42; on pastoral power, 4; on police state, 86; on power, 20, 234n75; on the press, 105; on punishment, 102; on race, 24, 223n81, 265n13; on racism, 247n85; on the seen, 50; on self-knowledge, 51; on sexuality, 220n71; on species, 51, 135, 180; study of Las Meninas, 50, 51; on theory of right, 49; on vision, 216n58

—Birth of Biopolitics, The, 97

—Discipline and Punish, 256n48

—History of Madness, 219n68

—History of Sexuality, The, 218n63, 223n81, 248n1

—Order of Things, The, 24, 34, 149–50, 219n68; animality in, 218n63; on animal powers, 20, 33; classical perspectivalism in, 50; field of vision in, 19; human species in, 51; shift to biology in, 83; sirens in, 269n47

—Society Must Be Defended, 265n13

framing, 21; types of, 218n64

Franklin, Benjamin: on eagle symbol, 228n17

Freud, Sigmund: Civilization and Its Discontents, 261n81; Wolf Man case, 259n68

frontier narratives, romance/realism in, 238n20

frontiersmen: disappearance of, 75, 76, 244n60; tragic, 244n60. See also hunters

Fugitive Slave Act (U.S., 1850), manhunting in, 24

fugitivity, 211n33; of animals, 144; in capture, 17–18; counterpolitics of, 26; as faculty of slaves, 97; modernist, 189; nostalgia for, 175; redefinition of person, 253n26; resistance in, 26; of resources, 9, 57, 211n33

Galison, Peter, 52, 53, 204n6; on blind sight, 71

Galton, Francis: analytical photography of, 271n65; biometrics of, 143; Herschel and, 271n66

game laws, restrictive, 10, 288n5

Gast, John: American Progress, 229n23

gaze: on animal photography, 175; industrial, 163

Geier, Ted, 254n32

gelatin, animal: for film stock, 176; as paradigmatic commodity, 283n73; rendering of, 282n73

genetic editing: cinema and, 154, 274n1, 275n7; media coverage of, 153–54

genetics: biotechnology of, 279n38; Stanford’s interest in, 158

genocide, in U.S. politics, 79

genome, data stored in, 153–54

George (passenger pigeon), 288n6

Gerbi, Antonello, 69

Ginzburg, Carlo: on diagnostic method, 134; evidential paradigm of, 133; on hunters, 134, 267n33

Gissen, David, 80

Goldstein, Amanda Jo, 263n5

Gould, Stephen Jay, 230n31

governance: biopolitical, 180, 219n66; cynegetic power of, 251n19; enclosure in, 5; pastoral, 86; racial, 101–2

grammar: of capture, 164, 165; nonrepresentational paradigm of, 269n42

Greenberg, Joel, 287n1

Greenwood, Ethan Allen, 41

grids: anthropometric, 166–67, 280n49; Audubon’s, 39, 40, 168; colonization and, 239n26; criminologists’ use of, 166; epistemological purchase of, 173; geographic, 167–68; influence on scientific representation, 168; Jefferson’s, 64; modernist, 172, 173; in “The Murders in the Rue Morgue,” 106; Muybridge’s, 165–75; of nets, 67; in nineteenth-century U.S. culture, 206n14; ordinances for, 61; production of categories, 166; rationality of, 168; representation through, 173; reproducibility of, 173; speculation and, 239n26; urban, 5–6, 167

gun cameras: Kilburn’s, 1, 3, 204nn4–5, 209n28, 288n5; Marey’s, 168, 169, 281n57; temporality of, 12. See also photography

Gunning, Tom, 15, 215n49

guns: photography’s indebtedness to, 1; post–Civil War culture of, 209n28; technological improvements in, 75

Halleck, General, 167

Haraway, Donna: on conservation, 204n7; on hunting, 212n35; on taxidermy, 193; When Species Meet, 213n41

Harlan, Dr. (anatomist), 263n2

Hartman, Saidiya, 85, 247n82; on Emancipation, 252n24; on slavery, 96, 102

Havell, Robert, 228n13; alteration to Golden Eagle, 55

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 120–21; on annihilated space, 162; counter-taxonomic poetics of, 5; on Cuvier, 134; interest in human–animal relations, 264n10; the unknown in, 189

— “Extinct Animals,” 266n25

—House of Seven Gables, The, 132

—Marble Faun, The: affinity with readers, 145; as allegory, 128; ambiguity in, 131; anatomic knowledge in, 129, 136; animality in, 126–27, 129, 130, 143, 146; atavism in, 150; carnival in, 146, 274n87; cryptids in, 141, 146; Cuvier in, 125, 126, 147, 265n10; Darwin and, 141, 263n5; economy of meaning in, 150; English title of, 130; erotic subtext of, 131; evolution trope of, 145–46; faun’s ears in, 125–26, 131, 150; filiation in, 127; “fossilizing” in, 151; hybridity in, 125–28, 147; illegibility in, 151; inaccessible past of, 151; intercalary time of, 145; interstitiality of, 152; knowability in, 151; marble statue of, 125–26, 131, 150–52; moral of, 145–46; narration of, 129–30; omniscient voice of, 126–27; paleontology in, 274n87; permeability of species in, 274n87; point of view, 130; popularity of, 129–31; postscript to, 126–27, 147, 265n10; power of speech in, 146–47; preface of, 145; racial tropes of, 266n21, 273n72; reserve in, 150; resistance to capture in, 126; as romance, 127, 136, 145; species metaphor of, 135; taxonomy in, 128–29, 132; temporality of, 151; undecidability of, 130; unfinishedness of, 132; unknowability in, 126; the unreal in, 130–31; use as guidebook, 130; visibility in, 28–29

—Notebooks, 141

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: hermeneutics of, 108; Phenomenology of Spirit, 232n54; Philosophy of History, 108–9; on zoolatry, 108–9

Heidegger, Martin: anthropocentrism of, 218n66; captivated animal of, 236n14; definition of animal, 149; Gestell of, 218n64; humanism of, 258n63, 260n78; on human subjectivity, 258n63; study of apes, 260n78

herding, 27

herds, as superorganisms, 75

herdsmen, power of, 205n11

Herschel, Sir William, 271n66

Heuvelmans, Bernard, 269n45

history, anthropocentric, 148–49

horse: anatomy of, 158; galloping debate, 157–59; as meaningful being, 163; reconceptualization into sequences, 163; symbolic dismantling of, 162. See also Muybridge, Eadweard: galloping horse images

House, Kay Seymour, 58

human–animal relations, 21, 29; affinities in, 127, 255n43; alternative economies of, 129; biopolitics of, 148; in capture, 21; commonality in, 216n61; declension of, 150; Hawthorne’s interest in, 264n10; hybridity in, 125; networks of, 149; pet-owner, 213n41, 264n10; predatory, 44; reconciliation in, 148; rivalries in, 42, 230n31; separation in, 144, 149, 258n58, 258n63; transformation in, 264n10; unbridgeable distance in, 195, 285n89; unmediated, 213n39, 213n41; in zoos, 214n43

humanity: biopolitics of, 49, 148; competing with animality, 107–8; full, 51, 233n60; hand in, 71; impurity of, 146; less evolved, 143; ontological status of, 272n68; racial governance of, 25; Renaissance view of, 23–24; as species, 23; subjects excluded from, 26. See also Man

Humboldt, Alexander von, 205n9

hunters: in American mythology, 245n64; as “becoming bird,” 48; big-game, 6–7, 212n35; copresence with hunted, 10; detectives as, 93, 94, 96, 113–14, 117–19; diagnostic method of, 134; disappearance of, 59; divided loyalties of, 244n59; indigenization of, 39; in nineteenth-century American poetry, 63; in origin myths, 79–80; Orion, 116; power of, 205n11; right to kill, 50; stories of, 267n33; transformation into trappers, 72–73, 75. See also frontiersmen

hunting: acquisition of knowledge in, 33; agonistic dramaturgy of, 215n47; in American culture, 9–10, 28, 206n16, 210n29, 245n64; American imperialism and, 245n64; anthropological ontology of, 44; atelic, 13–14; blinds for, 11, 81; capture within, 27; continuation of, 33, 34; cultural artifacts of, 210n29; in Diderot, 226n3; disappearance in, 11; discontinuity between capture and, 81; effect of railroad on, 75, 81; epistemological finds in, 34; following industrialization, 9–10; by indigenous populations, 10, 212n34; intimacy with animals in, 36; versus land ownership, 57; logic of, 33; maritime charts for, 209n26; mass slaughter in, 192; and mediation, 1; as mode of acquisition, 57; in nineteenth-century American canon, 10; in nineteenth-century imaginary, 212n35; nobility of, 57; observation for, 36; as paradigm for transformation, 34; performative, 210n29; by police state, 86; primitivistic philosophy of, 212nn34–35; as pure slaughter, 76; relationship to objects of, 10; settler colonialism and, 7, 59, 75, 232n54; sovereignty of, 92; spatial distance in, 12; spoor in, 250n14; sublimation by capture, 4, 8–9; subsistence, 9–10, 244n59; sustainable, 208n24; symbolic transformation in, 284n84; as technology of regulation, 86; temporal logic of, 12–13; of so-called unproductive populations, 248n96; war and, 34, 226n3; in westward expansion, 210n29

hunting narratives, 6–8; colonialist agenda of, 7; dual allegiance in, 207n21; identification with victims in, 207n21; waiting in, 12

hunting regimes: Audubon’s exemplification of, 36; shift to capture regimes, 2, 8–13, 36, 73, 117, 203n3, 225n95, 246n78, 253n26, 284n84

hybridity: Agamben on, 148; human, 223n82; human-orangutan, 264n8; in The Marble Faun, 125–28; in “The Murders in the Rue Morgue,” 125–26; in The Prairie, 125

Iannini, Christopher, 47, 205n9, 231n48

identification, modern objective of, 95

images: antinomic polarity of, 182; capitalist regime of, 163; dynamis of, 182; escaping of optics, 157; fabricated nature of, 215n50; movement-, 275n7, 276n17; original referents of, 230n28; of the other, 186–87; primal, 187; production of nonimages, 18; representational grammars of, 173; reproducible, 14–15, 18; time-, 275n7, 276n17. See also photography; representation

images, sequential: capture of, 153–54; encoding in cells, 153, 155; fragmenting of time, 161–62; of racing horses, 153–54, 155, 158, 159; reconceptualization of horse, 163; segmenting of space, 160. See also chronophotography; cinema; movement

imperialism, American: Audubon’s role in, 39; biopolitics of, 77; empiricism and, 63; hunting and, 245n64; mercantile, 245n64; natural history in, 70

Indian Removal Act, 78, 82

indigenous populations: “bare habitance” of, 77, 246n67; decimation of, 287n3; elimination of, 84, 273n72; enslavement of, 85; farmers in, 283n83; as homo nullius, 238n21; in hunting debates, 58; “naturalized” extermination of, 232n54; subjugation of, 60; survival narratives of, 26, 76–77. See also Native Americans

individuals: populations and, 7–8, 43, 209n26, 245n65; supra- and infra-, 268n40

industrialization: of fishing, 208n25; hunting culture following, 9–10. See also capitalism

Irmscher, Christoph, 48, 55, 228n13; on Audubon’s autobiography, 233n71; on overhunting, 231n43

Irving, Washington, 25; “Traits of Indian Character,” 224n86

Irwin, John T., 260n81

Jackson, Andrew, 79, 224n86; Indian Removal Act under, 78; massacre of Muskogee, 246n73

Jackson, Zakiyyah Iman, 26, 220n70, 224n89; on animalization, 45, 257n56; on antiblack violence, 225n90

Jacobs, Harriet, 25; Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, 96–97

James, Edwin: Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, 64

James, Henry: on Hawthorne, 129–31, 145

James, William, 63

Janssen, Jules, 281n57

Jardin des Plantes, 120, 135, 254n26, 256n48; organization of, 138

Jefferson, Thomas, 76, 226n5; in degeneracy debate, 67–69, 241n35; grid system of, 64; Notes on the State of Virginia, 68; survey system of, 239n26

John James Audubon: Drawn from Nature (2007), 39

Jones, Karen R., 210n29

Jordan, David Starr, 158

Kafka, Franz: aphorism of capture, 14; “A Report to an Academy,” 189, 286n117; rewriting of Odyssey, 120

Kant, Immanuel: Critique of Pure Reason, 276n15; on the Enlightenment, 286n117; Kantian revolution, 157, 276n17; mathematical sublime of, 74; on perception, 276n15; transcendental epistemology of, 157

Kearton, Richard and Cherry, 246n78

Kelly, William, 66

Kilburn, Benjamin W.: gun camera invention of, 1, 204n4, 209n28, 288n5

killing: Audubon’s view of, 41, 42, 47–50; in biopolitical modernity, 49; invisibilization of, 279n41; as representation, 50; right to, 230n36, 247n85; systematized, 45. See also extinction; hunting; slaughter, mass; violence

knowledge: allegory of pursuit, 120; authority for, 23; constructivist approach to, 280n47; Cuvier’s types of, 132, 136; equation with seeing, 28; as function of power, 234n75; mètis in, 262n93; observation for, 36; power embedded in, 23, 214n45; representation of, 43; taxonomic form of, 189; through capture, 86; vision and, 128, 216n58

Kolodny, Annette, 230n42

Krauss, Rosalind, 172

LaCapra, Dominick, 148, 149

Lacey Act (1900), on poaching, 288n5

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 249n2; arbitrary assumptions of, 268n37; Cuvier’s elegy for, 267n37, 268n39; milieu concept of, 92; transformism of, 138, 264n10

Lamprey, J. H., 166

land: capture as agriculture, 81; deterritorialization of, 58, 82; dispossession from, 82; enclosure of, 58, 59; geopolitics of, 77; individual relationships to, 235n8; as motive for colonialism, 80; representation of, 62; spatial coexistence in, 81; taming of, 60; versus territory, 81–83

Land Ordinance (U.S., 1785), 5, 61, 80, 239n26

land ownership, versus hunting, 57. See also property

landscapes, capitalist versus subsistence, 62

language: animal, 118; degeneracy of, 117

Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 104

Las Meninas (Diego Velázquez), 50, 234n80; composition of, 55; representational divide in, 51; vanishing point of, 241n39

law: blindness concerning, 64; frame of, 218n64

Lawrence, D. H., 7

Lawrence, Michael, 163, 279n41

Lawrie, Paul: use of grid, 166–67

Lepidosiren paradoxa, 139, 140, 270n50

Leutze, Emanuel: Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way, 229n23

Lévinas, Emmanuel, 258n63

Lewis, Andrew J., 227n9

Lewis and Clark Expedition, 64, 67

life: aberrant forms of, 139–40, 152, 272n71; adaptation to milieu in, 156; co-constituted organisms of, 280n41; defamiliarization of, 156; denaturalization of, 156; discretized elements of, 152; epistemic practices concerning, 221n73; impressions of, 71; invention of, 23, 139, 268n39; invisible, 19, 23, 135; movements of, 154; natural sciences’ perception of, 19–20; in political domain, 181; as principle of animation, 71; as representational object, 18; in theories of contract, 49; transience of, 152; tropical, 204n9. See also existence

Linnaeus, Carl: Systema Naturae, 137

Lippit, Akira Mizuta, 12, 256n48; on disappearance, 176, 214n45; Electric Animal, 213n39; on encryption, 107–8; on modernity, 258n58; on montages, 274n6; on Muybridge, 175; on reproduction, 177–78

literature, as writing, 135–36. See also detective fiction; fiction; romance

literature, nineteenth-century: animals in, 5; hunting narratives, 6–8

livestock: animal, 82; economy, 287n3; slaves as, 25, 224n87; transformation into film stock, 283n73. See also stock

Lockard, Joe, 235n3

Locke, John: equitable economy of, 235n7; on the hunt, 58–59, 60, 235n8; on primal individuality, 236n8; on property, 58

Lombroso, Cesare: criminal anthropology of, 143, 271n63; L’Uomo Delinquente, 143

Louisiana Purchase, 38, 238n21; brokering of, 68; creoles following, 232n48; in The Pioneers, 59

Louisiana Territory: coding of, 62; as empty empire, 62; survey of, 239n26

Luciano, Dana, 77, 245n65; on policing of bodies, 248n2

Luck, Chad, 234n1

Lukács, Georg, 244n60

Lundblad, Michael, 220n71

Lyell, Charles, 210n31

MacGillivray, William, 233n71, 241n35, 242n39

Man: abstraction from world, 51; affinity with nature, 147; the animal in, 142–44; animality of, 95, 222n75, 222n77; biocentrism concerning, 145; as bioeconomic subject, 273n72; in biopolitical modernity, 23; co-construction with the animal, 272n68; contiguity with machine, 285n96; in Darwinian evolution, 140–42; disappearance of, 150; dominance of, 33; epistemic creation of, 21; exceptionalism of, 45; Foucault on, 21–22; New, 62; the nonhuman within, 142; versus nonwhite others, 51; normative conception of, 224n89; as object of knowledge, 234n78; ontological difference with animals, 44; as rational political subject, 273n72; reading of, 98–99; self-classification by, 140; self-presentation by, 52; shaping by animal pursuit, 44; as species, 49; as stabilizing dispositif, 23; taxonomic reinvention of, 145; Wynter on, 23–24, 51–52, 273n72. See also humanity

manhunts: in American colonies, 252n21; legitimization of, 251n19; for slaves, 24, 96, 251n19

Manifest Destiny, U.S., 37; in art, 229n23; biopolitics of, 86; dispossession in, 61; Doctrine of Discovery and, 236n13; invisible hand in, 71

Marey, Étienne-Jules, 204n4; artistic influence of, 170; chronophotography of, 160–61, 171; diagram of the right leg of horse walking, 171; on galloping horse images, 278n28; “Geometric chronophotography,” 172; grid use, 170; “homme squelette” of, 172, 182; invisible animals of, 169; La machine animale, 159, 169; mechanism of, 169; Muybridge and, 160; photographic gun of, 168, 169, 281n57; production of animal data, 280n47; protocols of, 281n56; on time, 185; transverse flight of pelican, 169; vitalism of, 169

Martha (passenger pigeon), 29, 194, 288n6; celebrity of, 193; death of, 192; last photograph of, 193

Marx, Karl: on conditions of reproduction, 283n74; on expropriation, 85; gelatin analogy of, 282n73; on primitive accumulation, 80, 84; on time/space, 162, 275n8

Mason, Jennifer, 266n25, 274n87; Civilized Creatures, 264n10

Mbembe, Achille, 232n54; on colonialism, 61, 236n14; on necropower, 49

McHugh, Susan: Animal Stories, 219n67

McKinley, William, 288n5

McLaughlin, Kevin, 99, 254n33

Meades, Captain: mermaid of, 137

medicine, anatomy versus physiology in, 216n58

Megill, Allan, 204n6

Meissonier, Jean-Louis-Ernest, 170

Melville, Herman. See Moby Dick

Menely, Tobias, 178–79

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice: on animal life, 70–71; on causality, 71; on sensorial imperfection, 242n45; on Uexküll, 188

mermaids (cryptids), 137

mètis (cunning), 118–19; as modality of knowledge, 262n93

Michelet, Jules: The Sea, 269n47

Michotte, Albert: La perception de la causalité, 71

Middle Passage: conversion to chattel in, 106; human cargo of, 249n8

milieu: adaptation of life to, 156; aleatory aspects of, 92; biological aspect of, 249n4; circulation problem of, 92–93; Darwinian, 156; human byproducts of, 97; interaction in, 257n52; Lamarckian, 156, 157; security within, 92–93; spaces of, 92; subjects’ configuration of, 195; of time, 185; transition from territory, 92; Uexküll on, 156, 157; Umwelt as, 156; in understanding of life, 275n12

Miller, D. A., 251n18

Mirzoeff, Nicholas, 47–48, 232n51

mobility, nonproductive, 83

Moby-Dick (Herman Melville): animal as species in, 7, 8; appropriation of resources in, 211n33; attitude toward whales, 209n27; auratic animal in, 208n26; capture in, 6–8; “The Fossil Whale,” 123; harvest in, 8, 208n25; individual versus representative in, 7–8, 209n26; naming in, 7, 207n22; overhunting in, 8, 207n24; paleontology in, 123–24; title of, 7, 207n18, 207n20; waiting in, 12; whale species in, 124, 263n3

modernity: animal as trope of, 178; animal/human separation in, 258n58; animals in, 12, 21, 108, 109, 214n45; biopolitics of, 23, 142, 149, 181; cinema as index of, 190; fugitivity in, 189; grid in, 172; invisibilization in, 51; passenger pigeons’ symbolizing, 191; urban economies of, 93

monarchy, transition to capitalist democracy, 225n95

Monfort, Bruno, 260n78; “Sans les mains,” 113

Morgensen, Scott Lauria, 83–84, 232n54; on settler–Plains Indians conflict, 244n58

Morrison, Toni, 93

movement: decomposition/reunification in, 161–62; discrete gestures of, 155; mathematical representability of, 188; subjective experience of, 277n17. See also images, sequential

mug shots, technology of, 165

Murphy, Benjamin, 128, 265n13

Muskogee Nation, massacre of, 246n73

Muybridge, Eadweard, 117; Animal Locomotion, 16, 166, 174, 175; apparatuses of capture, 165, 190; artistic influence of, 170, 173; capitalist images of, 163; chronophotography of, 155–56; collaboration with Eakins, 170; critical literature on, 155; ecological consciousness and, 280n43; “Electro-Photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements,” 167; on emblem and reality, 284n87; encoding of motion, 154; exposures of, 159; fragmented gestures in, 182–83; on freedom of movement, 281n58, 282n70; galloping horse images, 153–54, 155, 158, 159, 278n28, 284n87; General View of the Experimental Track, 161; grids of, 165–75, 280n49, 280n55, 281n56; human-machine-horse configuration of, 189–90; hunting technique of, 169; influence on perception, 282n66; “Instantaneous Photographs of Sallie Gardner,” 166; intent to capture, 17; invisible animals of, 169; landscapes of, 167; locomotion studies of, 5, 157, 159, 162–63; Marey and, 160; modern gaze of, 175; name changes of, 277n18; nature/machine in, 162–63; photographic “fictions” of, 281n56; production of animal data, 280n47; pugilist images of, 166, 167; skepticism concerning, 163; “Some Phases in the Gallop of a Horse,” 183; Stanford and, 157–58; stop-motion experiments, 16, 24, 154, 158–60, 163, 165–66, 181, 276n17; synchronization problems, 278n28; taxidermied animal subjects, 182; trapping motif of, 165–66; trip wire mechanism, 155, 159, 160, 165, 190, 277n17, 278n28; University of Pennsylvania research, 159, 165; unseeing in, 29; zoetrope use, 159; zoopraxiscope of, 182