Index

abandonment, 2, 55, 65, 67, 68, 71, 80, 141, 169, 184, 185, 196; organized, 4, 69, 107, 164; redlining and, 69; toxic, 112
Abyssinian Baptist Church, 176
accountability, 15, 26, 145, 191, 194, 195, 222n34
ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union
activism, 73, 130, 141; antiracist, 148; economic, 10; grassroots, 21; labor, 132; Quaker, 73; radical, 132, 138; social, 12
African Methodist Episcopalian (AME) Church, 72, 221n17
African migrant community, 12, 141
agriculture, 6, 230n20; Black, 73, 109; community-supported, 86, 187; Latinx, 75; racial discrimination in, 234n14; racialized history of, 102
Agyeman, Julian, 113
Allen, Richard, 72, 221n17
Amalgamated Housing Cooperative, 61
AME Church. See African Methodist Episcopalian (AME) Church
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 85, 231n5
American Revolutionary War, 221n19
anticapitalism, 27, 40, 73
antieviction campaign, 9
antiexploitation struggle, 25
antioppression frameworks/practices, 147
Anti-oppression Resource and Training Alliance (AORTA), 89, 147, 241n61, 247n11
antiracism, 148
antislavery insurrections, 72
Anzaldúa, Gloria, 122
AORTA. See Anti-oppression Resource and Training Alliance
Asbury Park, 33, 34, 36, 37
Asian population of, 63
A-Space, 132, 140, 141
assets, 147, 174, 176, 177, 190, 191, 222n34, 241n2, 246n65; cooperative, 175, 178; mapping, 18

Baker, Ella, 119
Baldwin, James, 244n39
Baltimore Avenue, 131; percentage Black population on, Map 20
banking, 72, 173, 197; for-profit, 179; racist, 175; resources, 32
banking deserts, 150, 176
Barker, Amanda, 234n19
barter networks, defined, 211
BBWC. See Black and Brown Workers Cooperative
Beba (Huntt), 236n36
Bekken, Jon, 141
Bell, Myrtle P., 158
Bengali Harlem, 237n3
Benjamin, Ruha, 15, 21, 222n40
Berry, Daphne, 158
Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, 72
Bhattacharyya, Gargi, 122
Bhutanese refugees, 235n25
bias, 97; racial, 143, 233n2
Big Backyard cooperative, 134, 239n34
Bindlestiff Books, 135, 141, 146
biodiversity, 59
BIPOC, 90, 92, 103, 105, 109, 110
Black and Brown Workers Cooperative (BBWC), 126, 240n56
Black churches, 72, 180, 196; cooperation and, 176; credit unions and, 177, 178, 186; solidarity economic formations and, 72; solidarity finance and, 175
Black communities, 68, 72, 84, 85, 108, 146; bulwarking by, 151; community gardening in, 109; credit unions and, 191; housing in, 173; redlining and, 186; solidarity economy and, 176
Black Conference (play), 119, 120, 146, 241n60
Black farmers, 103; community gardening and, 236n34
Black life, 232n14; disposability of, 152
Black Lives Matter, 85, 232n14, 245n54
Black neighborhoods, 24, 71, 96, 106, 109, 126, 176, 178; credit unions in, 72; gardens in, 3, 235n34
Black population, 11, 63, 64, 129, 132, 156; percentage, Map 24
Black Socialists, 40
Black Yard Farm Collective, 103
blockbusting, 74
Boggs, Carl, 230n22
border zones, 117, 237n7
Borowiak, Craig, 3, 37, 39, 223n42, 226n16
Brazilian Forum of Solidarity Economy (Forum Brasileiro de Economia Solidaria) (FBES), 38
Brightly cleaning cooperative, 156
Bronx, 165, 166, 169, 176, 177; HDFCs in, Map 23
Brooklyn, 69, 72, 165, 166, 169, 172, 176
Brooklyn Packers, 191, 200
Brown, Adrienne Maree, 248n19
Brown, Michael, 223n42
Brown neighborhoods, 96, 109; gardens in, 3
budgeting, 168; participatory, 53, 216, 227n34
bulwarks, 28, 64, 164, 183; community, 77, 186; cooperatives as, 193; credit unions as, 173–80; financial, 177; HDFCs as, 168–71; housing as, 163–65; need for, 151–54; pattern of, 149–50, 152, 169, 184, 186; “resist and build” process and, 188; types of, 152, 153, 153 (figure); worker cooperatives as, 154–63
Bureau of Labor, 157
Burmese refugees, 235n25
Burncoat neighborhood, 74
businesses; cooperative, 47, 71, 162; craft-based, 138

Capital City (Stein), 245n52
capital flight, 173
capital investment, 69, 77
capitalism, 7, 17, 25, 35, 48, 73, 80, 174, 181, 187, 223n47; development of, 223n49; dominance of, 5, 15; functioning of, 122; global, 151, 180; influence of, 47; solidarity-based alternatives to, 6; variation of, 23. See also racial capitalism
capitalist city, solidarity city and, 187
capitalist enterprises, solidarity economy initiatives and, 44
capitalist firms, 154, 159, 160, 161
capitalocentrism, 15–18, 25
care work, 30, 53, 152, 156, 161, 186, 189
cartography, 38, 54; Black, 225n6; colonial, 35; Western, 35
Carving Out the Commons (Huron), 232n8
casitas, 75–76
Catholic Worker Movement, 84
Cedar Park neighborhood, 131, 135
Center City, 125, 127–28, 238n27, 241n60
Center for Puerto Rican Studies (CENTRO), 231n25
César Andreu Iglesias Community Garden, 1–2
Chantier de l’économie sociale, 198
charity, solidarity and, 21, 199
CHCA. See Cooperative Home Care Associates
Chelsea CSA, 102
childcare, 156, 158, 162, 239n37
Childspace Daycare Centers, 126, 134, 135, 239n37, 241n60
Chromeleon Graphics, 231n5
city councils, 162, 243n29; funding from, 154, 155
City of Worcester, CORI and, 89
City University of New York, 167–68
civil rights, 73, 74, 75, 119
Clark University, 81, 87
class, 17, 83; exclusion, 55; fault lines of, 175; geography of, 228n37; race and, 23; struggles, 16, 23
Clientele Membership Clubs, 103
climate change, 6, 32, 185, 198, 200
Clinton, Hillary, 85
clustering, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 71, 77, 106, 130
cohousing, defined, 211
Coles, Romand, 248n19
collaboration, viii, 1, 5, 26, 39, 41, 46, 82, 191; fostering, 197
Collective Courage (Hembhard), 237n4
collectives, 73, 183; art, 137; volunteer, 125, 218
collectives of self-employed, defined, 211–12
collective welfare, 26
colonialism, 223n49, 225n2, 225n7
common bonds, 178, 179
Common Ground, 84
commoning, solidarity and, 82
commons, 81, 82; community of commoners and, 232n8; defined, 212
Commons 2.0, 91; Stone Soup as, 85–88
Commons 3.0, rebirth of, 88–91
communism, 25, 231n28
communities: building, 75, 141; centering of, 141, 142; common-bond, 174; connecting to, 175; cultural, 108; defending, 149; edge-space, 134; ethnic, 108; immigrant, 108; Indigenous, 25; international, 216; low-income, 116, 196; mobilized, 151; protecting, 149, 199; racialized, 64; segregated, 121
communities of color, 116, 178, 186, 187, 193, 196; contributions of, 199; cooperative development in, 120; hot spots and, 64; low-income, 184; poverty and, 63–64, 68, 103
community benefit agreement (CBA), 87
Community Chef Training, 113
community development credit unions (CDCUs), defined, 212
community economy development, term, 19
community fridge, 144, 145
community gardens, 17, 31, 37, 47, 51, 52, 70, 74, 76, 96, 114, 116, 173, 181, 182, 183, 187, 197, 200; Black-led, 73, 236n41; Brown-led, 236n41; concentration of, 107, 109–10; CSAs and, 98–99; database, 105; defined, 212–13; fault lines and, 104–12; food from, 61, 105–6; growth of, 105–6; impact of, 70, 108; lower-income neighborhoods and, 97–98, 106; mission of, 105; racial/socioeconomic status and, 112; spatial distributions of, 107
Community Land Act, 190
Community Management Program, 168
community-supported agriculture (CSAs), 22, 31, 47, 51, 52, 113, 117, 121, 183, 186, 191, 200; Black liberation and, 103; community gardens and, 98–99; defined, 213; economics of, 101; fault lines of, 98–104; food from, 61; function of, 97; historic origins of, 103; household income and, 99; location of, 116; middle-income families and, 99–100, 106; model, 101, 103; race/socioeconomic status and, 104, 112; spatial distributions of, 97, 99, 106, 116; urban/rural communities and, 102; whiteness and, 103, 104
community survival, 52, 57
complementary currencies, defined, 213–14
“Composting for Community Map,” 247n7
Concord Baptist, 176
connections, 122, 198–99; forming, 142
consumer cooperatives, 42, 125, 214; solidarity finance and, 53
Co-op Academy, 86, 88, 92
Co-op Cincy, 224n64
Co-op City, 166, 167, 173, 188, 245n44; studying, 6–7
cooperation, 15, 26, 58, 80, 85, 92, 97, 119, 150–51, 181; collective, 25; diverse forms of, 154; economic, 4, 5, 20, 149; ethics of, 47; powers/protections of, 173, 188; spaces of, 156, 157; voluntary, 222n34
Cooperation Austin, 224n64
Cooperation Humboldt, 224n64
Cooperation Jackson, 29, 152, 198, 224n64; economic/racial justice and, 27
Cooperation Richmond, 224n64
Cooperative Economic Alliance, 226n18
cooperative economy, 70, 120, 180; building, 189; exploring, 149
Cooperative Home Care Associates (CHCA), 53, 155, 158, 162, 189
cooperative movements, 20, 71, 73, 126, 147, 148, 238n23; public faces of, 143
cooperative principles, 31, 126, 145, 240n56
cooperatives, 28, 70, 73, 74, 81, 124, 127, 132, 133, 138, 142, 145, 146, 150, 162, 172; affordable housing, 190, Map 2; analysis of, 31; artist, 125, 183; Black-led, 238n27, 240n56; cooperation among, 179, 190; economic contributions of, 158; edge-zone, 134, 143, 147; exposure to, 126; financial,173, 174; gender patterns of, 155–56; gentrification and, 128; heating oil, 239n36; influence of, 142, 161; locations of, 125, 129; producer, 216; regional economy and, 159; self-managed, 27; sister, 156–57; social significance of, 124–25; transformational role of, 125, 144; types of, 180, 184; understanding, 162; as white fixation, 127. See also consumer cooperatives; food cooperatives; housing cooperatives,; worker cooperatives
cooperativism, 11, 72, 131, 241n61
Cornerstone Baptist Church, 176
Cotyledon Vegetable Farm, 234n19
counter-mapping, 3, 29–30, 47, 77, 188, 189, 225n6, 247n7; described, 18; for economic alternatives, 35–41; importance of, 54; strategy of, 36, 185; using, 192
Covid–19 pandemic, 44, 79, 87, 88, 92, 105, 144, 163, 185, 187, 220n14
Credit Union National Association, 39
credit unions, 7, 29, 31, 32, 39, 42, 45, 51, 53, 150, 182, 183, 186, 196, 239n36, 241n7, Map 24; analysis of, 125; associational, 175; banking with, 72; Black church-based, 157–78, 186; Black communities and, 191; as bulwarks, 173–80; community development, 190; cooperation among, 179; defined, 214; employment-related, 175, 246n65; faith-based, 71–72, 157–78, 179, 186, 190; financial inclusion and, 179; formation of, 72, 178; history of, 174; importance of, 70; landscape of, 175; wealth/poverty and, 178
Crime Bill (1994), 85
crime rates, 4, 138
criminal offense record information (CORI), 89
CSAs. See community-supported agriculture
cultural divisions, 31, 124
culture, 28, 61, 73, 75, 191; Black, 71; cooperative, 131, 135, 136; Latinx, 75; Muslim, 76; shift in, 92
CUNY Graduate Center, 226n17
cusp zones, 139

Dawn of Everything, The (Graeber and Wengrow), 26
daycare, 126, 134, 241n60
De Angelis, Massimo, 151
decision-making, 163, 167, 170; democratic, 43, 154
Declaration of Independence, 11
decolonization, 19, 22, 29
deindustrialization, 2, 11, 65, 104, 107, 126
democracy, 4, 43; economic, 6; participatory, 199
demographics, 61, 76, 97, 129, 131, 154, 155; Latinx, 125; neighborhood, 3; racial, vii
Design and Urban Ecologies Program, 170
development, 29, 141; capitalist, 23, 61, 78, 166, 197; community, 114; companies, 67; cooperative, 27, 83, 168; future, 183; personal, 74; social, 72; urban, 58
Diamondstone, Jeuji, 88
Diggers Cooperative, 232n5
discrimination, 64, 71; economic, 142; financial, 178; racial, 63, 139, 142; wage, 189
Disinvested City, 4, 133
disinvestment, 4, 14, 67, 69, 126, 173, 196; neighborhood, 76; opposing, 168–71; organized, 164; racialized, 68, 177
displacement, 112, 130, 131, 147, 186, 197; bulwarks against, 64; gentrification and, 150, 194; racial, 119, 120, 123; residential, 163; social, 152; urban renewal and, 69–70; war and, 200
dispossession, 18, 24, 95, 102, 238n21
Diverse Economies Iceberg (Community Economies Collective), Plate 1
diversity, 76–77, 171; conceptual, 19; economic, 16, 130, 138; ethnic, 130; genetic, 230n16; racial, 64, 130, 138; terminological, 19
Dominguez, Araceli, 156
Dominguez, Cirenia, 156
Douglass, Frederick, 92
Drivers Cooperative, 189
drop-off locations, 98, 99, 101, 102, 107
drug use, 88, 89, 133, 143, 233n21
drugs, 2, 3, 127, 133
D-Town Farm, 247n7
“Dual Power Map,” 40
Dubinsky, David, 165
Du Bois, W. E. B., 25, 72, 119, 176
Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative, 191

Earn-a-Bike, 85, 90, 92, 232n5, 233n27; described, 83
Eastern Conference for Workplace Democracy, 87
East Harlem, agriculture in, 75
East River Co-op, 165
ecological sustainability, 20, 73
economía social o solidaria, term, 19
economic activity, 38, 243n28, 246n6
economic alternatives, 8, 10, 15, 34, 40–41, 126
Economic Co-operation among Negro Americans (Du Bois), 72
economic difference, 23, 78
economic divides, 5, 31, 93, 98, 120, 124, 145
economic hardship, 17, 69
economic impact, 13, 32, 150, 159, 192
economic initiatives, solidarity, 79, 167
economic interdependence, 16, 159
economic practices: alternative, 18; traditional/Indigenous, 19–20
economic solidarity, 97, 149, 192, 196; abundance/scarcity of, 68, 77; building, 68, 127; coalitional identities around, 195; forms of, 200; history of, 71; urban, 73; visions of, 76–77
economy, 55, 155; counterhegemonic framing of, 42; initiatives, 60, 211; noncapitalist, 36, 49; solidarity-based, 53
ecosystems, 61, 70, 123, 127, 186, 237n7; activist, 12; cooperative, 133, 147; emergence of, 59; networking, 115; social, 128; solidarity, 7, 40, 121
ecotones, 15, 28, 121, 129, 141, 180, 183; context of, 145–48; cultural, 130, 132, 137, 139; edge and, 147; inhabiting, 124–28; patterns of, 184, 186
edge, 122; ecotone and, 147; gentrifying, 128–34; term, 31, 122
edgework, 128, 140, 142, 146, 149, 195; collective, 196; cooperatives and, 121; defining, 121–24
edge zones, 15, 31, 112, 125, 128, 129–31, 142, 183; analysis of, 123; contextualizing, 133–34; cooperatives and, 134, 143, 147; demographic, 186; as destination, 136–39; dynamics of, 121, 129, 134, 145; encounters in, 140; focusing on, 149; geographies of, 149, 186; life in, 121–24, 131; patterns of, 28, 153; as places of origin, 134–36; socioeconomic divides and, 145; solidarity work in, 146; as zones of encounter, 139
Edmonds, Kevin, 70
education, 51, 105, 156, 176; cooperative, 238n23; democratic, 26; disinvestment from, 222n40; limited, 126; services, 229n8
Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) cards, 236n43
El Jardin del Paraiso, 75
employment, 11, 154, 157, 158, 162, 189, 246n65; alternative, 91; context of, 145–48; edge-zone, 140; encounters, 142; formal, 142; maximizing, 160; micro, 140
environmental justice, 83, 91, 109, 200; advancing, 75; exploration of, 200
epistemology: blues, 71; mapping, 34, 35, 39, 41–46, 54
EPOCA. See Ex-prisoners and Prisoners Organizing for Community Advancement
equity, 104, 113, 136, 164, 194; social, 43, 168, 191
ethical commitments, 44, 139, 140
ethnic associations, 178, 246n59
ethnicity, 9, 28, 84, 120, 238n28, 247n9
exclusion, 8, 185; economic, 71, 130, 181; financial, 53; racialized, 176, 194
exploitation, 17, 24, 149, 193; bulwarks against, 154–63; economic, 181; gender-based, 161; racialized, 161, 180; secondary, 150
Ex-prisoners and Prisoners Organizing for Community Advancement (EPOCA), 85, 89, 90, 232n5
extraction, 18, 35, 174, 184; capitalist, 98

Fab City, 242n7
Fair Housing Act (1968), 67
fair trade networks, defined, 214–15
Falconworks Theater, 119
Farmer Jawn, 103
farmers’ markets, 114
farms/farming, 52, 230n20; Afro-Indigenous, 103, 109; Black-led, 73, 191, 234n14; cooperative, 52; urban, 114
fault lines, 53, 61, 178–79, 180, 247n9; community gardens and, 104–12; CSA, 98–104; economic, 140; income, 31; poverty, 103, 146, 182; racial, 31, 99, 103, 104, 122, 139, 140, 146, 182; repairing, 196; socioeconomic, 103, 122; term, 14; urban, 154
FBES. See Brazilian Forum of Solidarity Economy
FDIC, 241n2
Federal Housing Authority (FHA), 66, 229n5, 229n6
Federation of Protestant Welfare Agencies, 154
Federation of Worker Co-ops, 86
Feinstein, Matt, 82, 83
Feraud-King, Patricia, 89–90
Ferguson, Missouri, 85, 223n42
FHA. See Federal Housing Authority
Figure Focus Media Co-op, 85
finance, 150, 189; fair, 7, 30, 54; solidarity, 52, 53, 175, 178, 246n65; viable/affordable, 52
financial crisis (2008), 11, 81, 82, 91
financial deserts, 32
financial predation, 53, 190
financial resources, 32, 53
financial services, 72, 173
First Indian War, 221n19
Fischer, Steve, 113
fishing communities, 36, 37
fishing waters, 170, 232n8
Fishtown, 133
Floyd, George, 81, 90, 91
Folbre, Nancy, 156
food, 30, 51, 53, 54, 83, 93, 182, 189, 200, 231n28, 243n28; access to, 95; culture-affirming, 96, 102, 108–9; fight for, 112–17; growing, 105, 108; production, 97; scarcity, 72; solidarity forms of, 52; source, 105; supplementing, 75; viable/affordable, 52
food access, 145, 191
food apartheid, 95, 117
food cooperatives, 39, 51, 52, 96, 119; defined, 215
food deserts, 95
food economy, 95, 98, 112, 117; racial bias and, 233n2; transformative, 113
food initiatives, 97; progressive vision of, 95–96
food insecurity, 52, 117, 184
food justice, 2, 52, 105, 106, 109, 112, 114, 115; prioritization for, 96
food movement, alternative, 96, 103, 116
Food Not Bombs, 85, 232n5
food security, 52, 144, 191
food sovereignty, 52, 104, 109; local, 117; paradigm, 113
food systems, 117, 186; alternative, 102; commercial, 52; industrial, 191; transformational change in, 113
foreclosure crisis, 175
Franklin, Benjamin, 221n17
Free African Society, 221n17
freecycle networks, 215, 227n34
“Freedomland” (amusement park), 244n41
Future Focus Media Co-op, 86, 88, 92, 232n5

Gailes, Arthur, 184
Gambhir, Samir, 184
Garden Data Collaborative, 226n16
gardeners, 108; African American, 110, 111; Black/Brown women, 191; white, 111
Garden Justice Legal Initiative, 114
gardens/gardening, 76, 115, 149; at-risk, 3; BIPOC-led, 110; concentration of, 106, 108; culturally appropriate foods and, 108–9; diversification of, 112; economic roles of, 107–8; food-producing, 116; identifying, 114–15; importance of, 106, 116; mapping, 114–15; names of, 75; as solidarity economy practice, 106; urban, 104, 114; victory, 104; white dominated, 110
Garner, Eric, 245n54
Gass, Rachel, 239n34
gender, 8, 22, 79, 83, 200, 219n1; difference, 78; heteronormativity and, 223n47; patterns, 155–56; solidarity economy and, 248n20
gentrification, 24, 31, 37, 69–70, 81, 89, 93, 96, 119, 120, 127, 130, 131, 133, 136, 137, 145, 147, 174, 185, 187, 196; bulwarks against, 64; cooperatives and, 128; definition of, 238n28; displacement and, 194; dynamics of, 186; green, 110; opposition to, 132, 168–71; pressure from, 5253, 171; profit-driven, 141; racialized, 123; resisting, 3
Gentrified City, 4, 133
geocoding, 45, 228n37
geographies, viii, 10, 35, 185; Black, 13, 23, 25; urban, 96
Germantown, 72, 121, 135, 239n35; Black population of, 129, Map 19; cooperatives in, Map 19; edge zone of, 129–31, 134
Ghanian community, 83, 107, 232n10
Gibson-Graham, J. K., 181, 246n1; capitalism and, 7; capitalocentrism and, 15; on class transformation, 16; on interdependence, 123
Gilmore, Ruth Wilson, 23, 78, 193
Giuliani, Rudy, 245n54
government: engaging, 196–98; putting demands on, 196–98
Graeber, David, 26, 183
grassroots organizations, 11, 27, 40, 54, 90, 188, 196
Great Migration, 176
Green Hill Park, 74, 75
green workers, 278
groundfish management plan, 36
Growing Home, 235n25
Grupo Motivos, 2

hackerspaces, 37
Hall, Suzanne M., 237n9
Harlem, 68, 120, 165, 176, 237n5; changes for, 171
Harlem Renaissance, 237n3
Harris, Benji, 136
Harvie, David, 151
HDFCs. See Housing Development Fund Corporation co-ops
healing, 1, 78, 90, 91, 92, 109; collective, 196
health care, 138, 156, 176; buying club, 239n36; disinvestment from, 222n40
Healy, Stephen, vii, 37, 84
heteronormativity, 200, 223n47
Hispanic, term, 219n1
Hispanic population, 156
Home Care Associates, 126, 241n60
homelessness, 88, 89, 168, 175
Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC), 66, 67, 68, 229n5, 229n6; solidarity economy hot spots and, Map 10
Hossein, Caroline Shenaz, 22, 70
hot spots, 60, 65, 183; biodiversity, 59; communities of color and, 64; concentration of, 64; HOLC and, Map 10; identifying, 60; low-income areas and, 65; poverty/race and, 61–62; solidarity city, 74, 75; solidarity economy, 61–62, 64, 68, 73, 75, 167
housing, 30, 53, 54, 133, 150, 151, 182, 200; affordable, 32, 52, 166, 167, 184, 190, 191, 192; Boricuan, 75; as bulwark, 162–65; centralized support of, 168; limited-equity, 52; long-term, 171–73; low-quality, 165–68; public, 110, 163; rent-burdened, 170; rent-stabilized, 163; single-family, 173; solidarity forms of, 52, 163, 190; taxes on, 164; viable/affordable, 52; voucher programs, 163
housing cooperatives, 7, 29, 32, 48, 51, 52, 70, 73, 125, 167, 172, 173, 180, 186, 189–90; affordable, 163, 164–65, 190, Map 22; analysis of, 31; benefits of, 171; defined, 215–16; history of, 168; interviews at, 169–70; limited-equity, 169, 197; low-income, 150; market-rate, 171
housing costs, lowering, 163, 169
Housing Development Fund Corporation co-ops (HDFCs), 164, 172; as bulwarks, 168–71
housing stock, 67, 83, 239n34; categories of, 66; devaluation of, 229n8
Hudson, Lauren Taylor, 47, 48, 223n43, 228n39
human rights, 242n7
Human Rights City, 242n7
human solidarity, 6, 7, 9, 30, 70, 183
Hunter College, 226n17, 231n25
Huntt, Rebecca, 236n36
Huron, Amanda, 169, 170, 232n8
HX Library, 232n5

identity, 194–95; coalitional, 195; community, 36; cooperative, 33; multiracial, 109, 221n22; neighborhood, 128, 148
Iglesia Casa de Oracion, 103
Iglesias, César, 1
Iglesias Garden, 2, 3–4, 14, 28, 36, 115, 181; antieviction campaign of, 9; ownership of, 3
ILO. See International Labour Organization
immigrant rights, 91
immigrants, 33; Black, 176; European, 64; percentage of, 12; status of, 161, 190, 247n9
IMPLAN, 157, 158, 159, 160
Inclusiv Black Communities, 191
income, 16, 160; characteristics, 55; differentiation, 25; divides, 84; increases in, 171; measuring, 62; median household, 62; poverty and, 62; racialized divisions in, 67
Indigenous knowledge systems, 35
Indigenous peoples, expropriation from, 236n41
Indigenous Peoples’ Network, 232n5
industrialization, 11, 12, 65, 83
industry sector, composition by, 13
inequality, 26, 65, 120, 194; economic, 32, 62; income, 61; racialized, 237n15; social, 73; wealth, 12
informal economies, 7, 45, 173, 222, 231n29; analyzing, 46; mapping, 46
initiatives, 5, 43, 59; collective, 36, 37; community-based, 90; economic, 6, 18, 47; food-based, 95; formal, 48; hybrid, 44; individual, 44–45; informal, 45, 46; solidarity, 186, 196; women-centered/women-powered, 138
Institute for Local Self-Reliance, 247n7
integration, racial, 130, 171
InterAct Theatre Company, 119
Intercontinental Network for the Promotion of Social Solidarity Economy (RIPESS), 19, 198, 227n32
International Cooperative Principles, 124
International Labour Organization (ILO), 19, 188, 221n34
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, 165
irrigation systems, 170, 232n8

Jones, Absalom, 72
Jones, Julius, 85
Juntos Avanzamos, 190
Just Food, 113
justice, 26: economic, 15, 22, 31, 62, 70, 74, 140, 146; land, 109; paradigms, 247n11; racial, 15, 22, 31, 74, 91, 109, 132, 140, 146, 196, 244n29; transformative, 195. See also environmental justice; food justice; social justice

Katz, Cindi, 35
Kawano, Emily, 39, 227n30
Kazan, Abraham E., 165
KCFC. See Kensington Community Food Co-op
Kelley, Robin D. G., 21, 79, 231n1
Kensington, 108, 121, 125, 137, 141, 143, 238n21, 239n40; cooperatives in, 195, Map 21; edge zone of, 132–34, 136, 144; hot spot in, 75; Latinx population of, 129, Map 21; transition for, 133xref>
Kensington Community Food Co-op (KCFC), 136, 143, 145, 240n59
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 119
King, Martin Luther, Sr., 119

labor, 132; capital rents, 154; caring, 54; employed/unemployed, 156; exploitative, 53; household, 42, 217–18; organized, 87
labor markets, 186, 194
labor unions, 165, 166, 173; bulwarking by, 151–52
land: acquisition, 102; decommodifying, 236n35; policy, 181; security, 2, 3, 117; situations, 114
land rights, 2, 236n35
land trusts, 52, 190, 213
languages, 161; coding, 227n32; homogeneity of, 170; spoken, 227n32
Las Parcelas, 75
Latinx, term, 219n1
Latinx barrio, 132, 137
Latinx communities, 12, 25, 68, 84, 108, 127; bulwarking by, 51; community gardening in, 109; solidarity economies and, 76
Latinx neighborhoods, 106, 125, 126; gardens and, 235n34
Latinx population, 63, 64, 129, 231n26
L’économie sociale et solidaire, 19
Le Corbusier, 244n42
Lefebvre, Henri, 228n1
Leontief, Wassily, 243n21
liberation, 24, 109, 199; Black, 103, 119
Life Center Association, 132, 140
limited-equity housing cooperatives (LECs), 164
Loh, Penn, 91, 113
Lower East Side, 68, 75
low-income communities, 62, 64, 77, 105, 238n28; cooperative movement and, 128; hot spots and, 65

Maine Coast Fishermen’s Association, 36
Main South neighborhood, 60, 64, 68, 74, 81, 82, 86, 88, 109
Malcolm X, 92
Manhattan, 69, 169, 177
mapping, 5, 29, 30, 41, 46, 47, 49, 54, 59, 115; analysis with, 34–35; community, 18; grassroots, 40; hegemonic, 34; initiatives, 37; power of, 39, 67; projects, 34, 37, 40; race and, 66; solidarity, 17, 34, 35, 37; solidarity city and, 48; techniques, 57; tools for, 45. See also counter-mapping
“Mapping the Solidarity Economy in the United States” (National Science Foundation), vii, 39
Marcuse, Peter, 128, 238n28
marginalization, 8, 22, 24, 30, 46, 106, 109, 120, 126, 185, 195, 199; economic, 23, 77; social, 77
Mariposa Food Co-op, 132, 143, 240n56
Marlborough, 179
maroon settlements, 71
Marshall, Buster, 119–20
Marshall, Thurgood, 119–20
Marx, Karl, 231n28, 243n21
Marxism, 25
Mascher Space, 137, 138, 140
Massachusetts Solidarity Economy Network, 93
Matthaei, Julie, 39
McKenna, Catherine, 225n6
Medina, Sha-Asia, 90
Menendian, Stephen, 184
Mercator, Gerardus, 225n2
Mercuris, Judith, 239n34
Michigan Urban Farming Initiative, 247n7
microgreens, 101
Midcoast Fishermen’s Association, 36
middle-income families, 239n34; CSAs and, 99–100
Mitchell-Lama housing co-op, 164, 169, 171, 245n42, Map 23; as bulwark, 165–68
mobilization, 11; community, 93, 187
Moore, Cecil B., 239n33
mortgage lending, 67, 68, 241n2
Moses, Robert, 165, 244n39
Mount Airy, 121, 239n34; Black population of, 129, Map 19; cooperatives in, Map 19; edge zone of, 129–31, 134, 143; liberal model of, 238–39n33; racial integration campaign in, 130
Movement for a New Society (MNS), 73, 74, 132, 230n21
Muhammad al-Idrīsī, 225n2
mushroom picking, described, 220n12
mutual aid, 88, 126, 220n10, 222n34; Black, 11, 126; cross-cultural traditions of, 6; defines, 216; networks, 44, 187; societies, 71, 72
mutual insurance companies, 71
mutuality, 4, 26, 92, 123

NAACP, 239n33
Nairn, Michael, 105, 107
National Credit Union Administration, 175, 246n63
National Federation of Community Development Credit Unions, 190
National Marine Fisheries Service, 36
National Science Foundation, vii, 39
Native Land Digital, Native Land Map of, 225–26n8
Neighborhood Gardens Trust, 114, 115, 116, 191
neighborhoods, 178; dynamics of, 97, 139; edge-zone, 121, 129, 134, 138, 141, 181; gentrified, 133; immigrant, 24; mixed-race, 141; racially concentrated, 128; racially homogenous, 134; segregated, 146; solidarity economies in, 59–61; transformation of, 112; transitional, 122; white, 64, 99
neighborhoods of color, 22, 80
Neighbor to Neighbor, 84
Nembhard, Jessica Gordon, 71, 237n4
neoliberal economic order, 11, 18, 165
new economy, term, 19
New Economy Coalition, 40
New York City: analysis of, 9; Black population of, Map 16, Map 22; community gardens in, Map 14, Map 16; core demographic statistics on, 10 (table); CSAs in, Map 12; founding/description of, 11–12; hot spots in, 60, Map 5, Map 8; housing market in, 163; initiatives in, 49; Latinx population of, Map 16, Map 22; median household income/poverty line levels in, Map 14; solidarity economies/median household incomes in, 100 (table); spatial footprint of, Map 1; three-dimensional visualization of/density in, Map 3; white population of, Map 12
New York City Network of Worker Cooperatives (NYC NOWC), 244n32
New York Times, 242n10
noncapitalist alternatives, 8, 36, 49, 73
nonprofit organizations, 43, 44
Norris Square Neighborhood, 1, 2, 28, 107, 108; agriculture in, 75; defined, 219n3
North American Industry Classification System, 228n41, 243n22
North Brooklyn, 68, 177; poverty in, 63
Northeast Bronx, 166
Northeast Philadelphia, 69, 108
Northern Liberties, 133, 137, 238n21
North Manhattan, 68; poverty in, 63
North Philadelphia, 1, 28, 68, 125, 127; Black population of, 132; gardens in, 4
Northwest Philadelphia, 125
Norwood CSA, 61
Nuestro Huerto, 103, 234n19

Occupy Wall Street, 11
older adult care, 156, 162
110th International Labour Conference, 221n34
opioid crisis, 137
Ostroff, Harold, 245n44
Ostrom, Elinor, 232n8
Othering and Belonging Institute, 184

Parsons School of Design, 170
patterns: gender, 155–56; recognizing, 184, 194; social, 13, 153; spatial, 14, 28, 96, 152
Pennsylvania Department of Revenue, 219n4
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 114
people of color, 141; discrimination against, 139; leadership by, 189; population of, 63, 65; social problems and, 66
people’s economy, term, 19
People’s Paper Co-op, 138
Philadelphia: analysis of, 9; Black population of, Map 15, Map 18; collective gardens in, Map 14, Map 15; cooperatives in, Map 18; core demographic statistics on, 10 (table); CSAs in, Map 12; economic decline of, 11; edge-zone neighborhoods of, 181; founding/description of, 11; hot spots in, 60, Map 4, Map 7; initiatives in, 49; Latinx population of, Map 15, Map 18; median household income/poverty line levels in, Map 14; segregation in, 139; solidarity economies/median household incomes in, 100 (table); solidarity economy initiatives/density of, Map 2; spatial footprint of, Map 1; three-dimensional visualization of/density in, Map 3; white population of, Map 12, Map 18
Philadelphia Area Cooperative Alliance, 126, 147, 191
Philadelphia City Council, 4
Philadelphia Garden Data Collaborative, 114, 115
Philadelphia Home Care Associates, 53
Philadelphia Housing Authority, 3
Philadelphia School District, 219n4
Philadelphia Tattoo Collective, 136–37
Philadelphia Vacant Lots Cultivation Association, 221n17
place: connecting to, 175; solidarity economy and, 51, 58, 192
Point Breeze, 119, 237n5
policing, 2, 3, 120
politics, 60; anticapitalist, 152; carceral, 196; postcapitalist, 18, 152, 246n1; prefigurative, 74, 230n22; progressive, 162; racial, 8, 74, 75, 164; solidarity, 80, 81, 183–85; transformational, 25; visionary, 162; white flight, 172
Poor People’s Campaign, 24
Port Clyde, 234n13
Porto Alegre, 192
postcapitalism, 17, 29, 34, 149, 152, 192, 220n12; creating, 54; mapping, 37
poverty, 4, 8, 21–26, 28, 70, 98, 104, 107, 126, 147, 169, 174, 178, 180, 181, 182, 194; communities of color and, 63–64, 68, 103; concentration of, 12, 63; data on, 99; dynamics, 10; experiencing, 69, 233n9; fault lines of, 121; geographic patterns of, 65; hot spots and, 61–62; income values and, 62; racialized, 24, 58, 61, 67, 150, 177; segregation and, 11; solidarity economy and, 25, 62, 63; threshold, 62, 106, 228–29n2, 233n9; urban core, 63
poverty line, 12, 25, 68, 81, 105, 106; determining, 62; mapping, 62
power: collective, 162; economic, 161; geometries, 182; hegemonic, 35; ontological, 34, 57, 67; social, 149
predatory lending, 53, 176, 184, 228n42
professional services, 52, 53, 228n43
Public Interest Law Center, 114
public land banks, 190
Puerto Rican barrio, 2, 108, 125
Puerto Ricans, 108, 125, 231n26, 237n3, 238n21, 239n40, 240n59; gardening by, 74, 75

Quakers, 72, 73
Quebec model, 198
Quesnay, François, 243n21

race, 8, 10, 21–26, 28, 79, 83, 96, 111, 142, 147, 161, 194; class and, 23; CSAs and, 104; economics and, 22; fault lines of, 31, 99, 103, 104, 121, 122, 175, 182; homogeneity of, 170; hot spots and, 61–62; mapping and, 66; poverty and, 150; status, 98
racial capitalism, 5, 9, 13, 24, 26–29, 30, 34, 68, 70, 79, 80, 95, 110, 112, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 163, 182, 184, 185, 191, 192, 193, 194, 200; concept of, 23; dynamics of, 55, 180; forces of, 58; geographies of, 175; harms done by, 196; legacies of, 96; patterns of, 61, 116; resisting, 32, 178; solidarity economies and, 77; spatial dynamics of, 65–66; theories of, 98
racial composition, 106, 171
racial difference, 9, 23, 78
racial divides, 5, 14, 31, 84, 93, 97, 98, 120, 124, 145, 154, 195
racialization, 24, 62, 65, 107; awareness of, 26; forms of, 224n55
racial status, 95, 101, 110, 111
racism, 23, 57, 66, 89, 141, 181; anti-Asian, 88; anti-Black, vii, 21, 109; rampant, 176; redlining and, 65; victimization by, 77
Randolph, A. Philip, 119
real estate, 67, 137
REC. See Regional Economic Council; Regional Environmental Council
Red Intercontinental de Promoción para la Economía Social y Solidaria (RIPESS), 19, 198
redlining, 24, 30, 57, 75, 77, 107, 112, 150, 174–75, 184, 185; abandonment of, 68; Black communities and, 186; bulwarks against, 175–78; federal housing policy and, 65; history/geography of, 68; impact of, 66, 68; maps for, 68, 69; middle-/working-class, 67–68; racism and, 65, 70; solidarity economy and, 65–71; starting of, 72; urban abandonment and, 69
Red Nation, 231n28
Reese, Ashanté M., 96
Regional Economic Council (REC), 105, 109, 113, 114, 115, 116, 191
Regional Environmental Council (REC), 74, 83, 106, 109, 113, 114, 115, 116, 200
rent gap, 69
rent strikes, 167
Réseau Intercontinental de Promotion de l’Économie Sociale et Solidaire, 19, 198
resistance, 29, 112–17; collective, 25, 185; radical, 123
Rincón Criollo, 75
RIPESS. See Intercontinental Network for the Promotion of Social Solidarity Economy
Robinson, Cedric J., 23, 25
Rochdale Principles, 124
Rochdale Village, 166, 244n41
Rock Steady Farm, 103
Roger II, King, 225n2
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 165
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 66
rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs), 42, 216–17
Rustin, Bayard, 119

Saegert, Susan C., 164, 170
Saint Augustine Presbyterian, 176
Saint Mark’s, 176
Saint Martin’s Parish, 176
Saint Mary’s Credit Union, 179
Saint Mary’s Parish, 179
Saint Philip’s Parish, 176
Salt Pepper Ketchup, 119, 120, 128, 145
sanctuary cities, 27, 198
Section 213 co-op development, 172
seed banks, 230n16
segregation, 24, 28, 115, 123, 125, 139, 146, 149, 151, 185; fighting, 74; geographies of, 8; housing, 57, 194; income, 64; intentional, 67; neighborhood, 65; poverty and, 11, 12, 61, 184, 220–21n16; racial, 12, 61, 64, 68, 74, 101, 107, 125, 173, 176, 184; residential, 163; wealth and, 61, 184
self-management, 19, 43, 44, 168
Serenity Prayer, 246n1
Shear, Boone W., 91, 113
Shop (WorcShop), 85
slavery, 25, 35, 95, 223n49
slum clearance, 165
Smith, Jaune Quick-To-See, 225n7
Snyder, Rob, 226n13
Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE), 221–22n34
social divides, 8, 15, 31, 102, 115, 121, 185; cooperation across, 21, 93
social economy, 38, 222n34; Black, 22; growth of, 187, 188; term, 19
social justice, 32, 62, 81, 82, 87, 106, 113, 132, 136, 139, 176, 200; commitment to, 185
social networks, 33, 93, 116, 167
social problems, 43, 61–62, 80, 185, 187; people of color and, 66
social reproduction, 16, 17, 176
social services, 144, 168
social transformation, 21, 60, 80, 201; progressive, 54; service of, 98
Sociedad Cooperativa Trabajadores de Pascual, 230n24
Socioeco, 227n32
socioeconomic conditions, 9, 10, 104, 111
socioeconomic divides, 97, 145, 154, 195
socioeconomic status, 95, 96, 98, 99, 101, 110, 111, 115, 234n13; CSAs and, 104; dynamics of, 112
soil fertility, 83, 247n7
Soil Generation, 114, 126, 191
solidarity, 9, 14, 15, 26, 43, 58, 142, 180, 181, 182, 185, 195; bottom-up, 199; boundaries of, 32; charity and, 21, 199; common spaces and, 84–85; community-based, 175; cross-sectoral, 150; direct, 89; enacting, 143; ethics of, 47; exploring, 79–80; generating, 30–31, 147, 152, 184; possibility of, 121–24; real-life, 80; relations of, 63; sources/dees of, 71–78; visions of, 70. See also economic solidarity
Solidarity Cities, 55, 59, 87, 91, 92, 150, 151, 152; central feature of, 192; circumstances of, 78; conceiving, 4–8; concept of, 5, 193, 220n9; contentions about, 13–29; contours of, 60; defending, 41; development of, 79, 147; dynamics of, 81; economy of cooperation and, 5; footprints of, 47, 121; initiatives and, 183; potency of, 149; poverty and, 21–26; race and, 21–26; racial/economic justice and, 22; seeing, 182–83; spatial imaginary of, 5; vision for, 21, 27–28, 54
Solidarity City Berlin, 248n17
solidarity economy, 6, 7, 19, 30, 32, 38, 40, 45, 58, 59, 61, 80, 81, 91, 96, 103, 115, 116, 127, 148, 150; activists interested in, 34, 227n35; analysis of, 13, 41, 46; character of, 20, 22; clustering of, 57, 59, 71, 167; composition of, 22–23, 48, 49; contentions about, 13–29; defining, 19, 20, 44, 54; densities of, 59, 60, 68; development of, 18, 26, 27, 31, 38, 39, 55, 68, 182, 185, 187, 188, 193; distribution of, 41, 63, 196; food, 31, 52, 95, 103, 113, 115, 116, 121, 186; footprints of, 30, 54; forms of, 43, 49, 197; framework for, 45, 147; geographies of, 46, 57, 65, 124; hard work of, 146–47; identities/constituencies of, 194–95; impact of, 15, 23, 70; industrial sectors of, 51; institutions, 13–14, 55, 78, 79, 173; interest in, 82–83; landscapes of, 59, 70–71; locating, 41, 46–49, 51–55; organizations, 15, 39, 51, 58, 195, 197, 200; postcapitalist, 5, 182; researching, 29, 41; responses of, 51–52; role of, 184–85, 189; scientific inquiry into, 41; sectors of, 30, 80, 93, 187, 192; seeing, 15–18; solidarity city and, 194; spatial distribution of, 57, 58–61; spatial patterns of, 96; strategies/policies of, 27; supporting, 197; term, 18, 19, 45; typology for, 41–42, 42 (figure), 43, 44, 45, 155, 167; understanding of, 6, 34, 46; urban space and, 14, 60
solidarity economy initiatives, 8, 17, 29, 30, 31, 44, 48, 59, 80, 138, 173, 186, 188–89, 195, 198, 199; as bulwarks, 64, 152; by industrial sector, Plate 3; city inventories of, 50 (table); clustering of, 58, 71; communities of color and, 63; hot spots for, 60; motivation for, 70; poverty and, 63
solidarity economy movement, 5–6, 7, 8, 9, 22, 26, 38, 41, 44, 47, 60, 78, 83, 179, 184, 199; analysis of, 14; Covid–19 and, 88; criticism of, 90; described, 18–21; influence, 27; racial/economic difference and, 23; strengthening, 40
SolidarityNYC, 27, 38
Soul Fire Farm, 103
South Bronx, 68; agriculture in, 75; hot spots in, 61, 75; poverty in, 63
Southeast Asian Coalition, 88
South Philadelphia, 69, 110, 119, 127, 239n40
Southwark/Queen Village Community Garden, 110, 111
Southwest Bronx, 169
space: common, 84–85; community, 183; cooperative, 26; diverse, 149; edge-zone, 143; food, 96; green, 4, 74, 245n42; low-cost, 137; noncapitalist, 141; public performance, 187; racial heterogeneity of, 63; social, 106; solidarity, 48, 166; unoccupied, 137; white liberal, 131. See also urban space
Spanish Harlem, 237n3
spatial analysis, 32, 49, 57, 97
spatial distribution, 13, 55, 79, 97
Spring Garden, 238n21, 239n40
StandUp for Kids, 85, 232n5
Starrett City, 166, 244n41
State Names (Smith), 225n7
Staten Island, 69, 172, 245n54
Stein, Sam, 245n52
St. Martin, Kevin, 18, 36, 226n13
Stone Soup, 30, 80, 89, 93, 187, 196, Plate 4; city remake by, 86–87; as Commons 2.0, 85–88; economic development strategy by, 86; emergence of, 81–85; environmental justice and, 83; financial crisis and, 91; iterations of, 87–88; listening/learning and, 85; rebuilding/reopening, 81; solidarity and, 90; Southeast Asian Coalition and, 88; story of, 31; transformation of, 81, 91; Village and, 92; worker cooperatives and, 83, 92
Stone Soup Graphics Shop, 232n5
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), 236n43
Sustainable City, 241n7
Symbiosis, 40

Taino Indigenous people, 75
Táíwò, Olufẹ́mi O., 247n12
tattoo artists, 136–37
tax benefits, 164, 167, 248n16
Technocopia, 85
Tenant Interim Lease, 168
Tertulia Julia de Burgos, 232n5
Third Party Transfer, 168
time banks, 53, 217
Toxic Soil Busters, 83, 92, 232n5
transformations, 31, 93, 112–17, 139, 140, 142, 147, 148, 192, 193, 200; class, 16, 17, 130; economic, 91; postcapitalist, 182; subjective, 154; systemic, 20
trust, 127, 196; informal initiatives and, 46
Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt, 220n12
Tuskegee University, 103

UHAB. See Urban Homesteading Assistance Board
UMass Chan Medical School, 83
Underground Railroad, 72
United Housing Foundation, 165, 167, 245n44
United Nations, 19, 222n34, 246n5; resolutions, 187–88, 198
United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Social and Solidarity Economy, 188
University of Pennsylvania, 125, 131
urban agriculture, 2–3, 6, 11, 96–97, 109, 112–13, 114
urban commons, 30, 170
urban environments, 21, 74, 77, 154
Urban Homesteading Assistance Board (UHAB), 39, 168, 170
urbanization, 24, 61, 184
urban landscapes, 57, 115, 183
urban life, 51, 54, 77
urban renewal, 65, 165, 196, 244n39; displacement and, 69
urban scales, solidarity at, 8–10
urban solidarity, 9; conception of, 26–27
urban space, 22, 23, 51, 55, 62, 64, 167; capitalist, 47; dividing, 175; features of, 57; mapping, 18; noncapitalist, 71; polarized, 4, 58; segregated, 64; solidarity economy and, 14, 60; transforming, 4
U.S. Bank, 2, 3, 115, 219n4
U.S. Constitution, 11
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 39, 157
USFWC. See U.S. Federation of Worker Cooperatives
U.S. Federation of Worker Cooperatives (USFWC), 39, 147, 189, 241n61
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency, 244n29
U.S. Social Forum, 20
U.S. Solidarity Economy Mapping Project, Plate 2
U.S. Solidarity Economy Network (USSEN), 20, 38–39, 41–42, 46, 227n30, 227n35

Valentine, Gill, 84, 124
Van Cortlandt Cooperative Federal Credit Union, 61
Vietnamese community, 88
Village, 91, 93, 196; seasonal market spaces and, 90; Stone Soup and, 92
Village of Arts and Humanities, 138
violence, 3, 24, 62, 71; police, 4, 78, 184, 196; social, 152; state, 91, 120; structural, 78
Vitiello, Domenic, 105, 107
Voice of the Voiceless, 232n5

WalkBike Worcester, 92
Wall Street Journal, 241n2
Walras, Léon, 243n21
Washington Heights, 75, 171
wealth, 16, 98, 147, 178; accumulation of, 15; fault lines of, 121; racialized, 58, 61, 67, 177; surplus, 17
Weavers Way, 130, 134, 143
Wengrow, David, 26, 183
West African immigrants, 107
West Philadelphia, 68, 121, 125, 135; Black population of, 129; community mindedness of, 140–41; cooperatives in, 73, Map 20; edge zone of, 131–32, 136, 143; MNS and, 230n21; segregation in, 74
Whatley, Booker T., 103, 104
white flight, 11, 74, 130, 172
whiteness, 24, 96, 103, 104
white population, 63, 65, 68; distribution of, 99
white supremacy, 63, 71, 109
Wilder, Josh, 119
Williams, Elandria, 22
Womanist Working Collective, 126
Woods, Clyde, 24, 71, 230n18
Woolard, Caroline, 228n43
Worcester: analysis of, 9; Black population of, Map 17; community gardens in, Map 17; core demographic statistics on, 10 (table); CSAs in, Map 13; economic/historical significance of, 12; food solidarity economy and, 85–86; founding/description of, 12–13; hot spots in, 60, Map 6, Map 9; Latinx population of, Map 17; solidarity economies/median household incomes in, 100 (table); solidarity economy initiatives/density of, Map 2; spatial footprint of, Map 1; Stone Soup and, 81–85; three-dimensional visualization of/density in, Map 3; white population of, Map 13
working-class neighborhoods, 64, 68, 133; bulwarking by, 151
worldmaking, 58, 67, 70, 80; noncapitalist, 185; postcapitalist, 26–29
Wright-Austin, Sharon D., 70

YouthGROW, 232n5

Zitcer, Andrew, 142, 143
zone, term, 122
zones of encounter, 139–45
Worcester Immigrant Coalition, 85, 232n5
Worcester Roots, 82, 85, 89, 90, 92, 232n5; mission of, 81
Worcester State University, 83
Worcester Unemployment Action Group, 232n5
WorcShop, 85
worker cooperatives, 17, 32, 37, 52, 53, 125, 183, 186, 187, 189, 192, 220n14; as bulwarks, 154–63; city councils and, 243n29; defined, 218; economic output of/compared, 160, 160–61 (table); food-related, 51; racialized exploitation and, 180; starting, 33; Stone Soup and, 83, 92; studying, 6–7, 31; workers in/by race, Plate 5
worker-owners, 154; average size/distribution/gender of, 155 (table)
working class: endeavors of, 234n13; immigrant, 74; low-quality housing and, 165–68; migration of, 65

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