Notes

1. Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World (New York: Norton, 2008), 1, 20, 26; Niall Ferguson, The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West (New York: Penguin, 2006), xli.

2. For a succinct account of this thesis, see Abbas Hamdani, “Columbus and the Recovery of Jerusalem,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 99, no. 1 (1979): 39–48.

3. See Denis Guénoun, Hypothèses sur l’Europe: Un essai de philosophie (Belfort, France: Circé, 2000), 63–65, 287–89.

4. See David Levering Lewis, God’s Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570– 1215 (New York: Norton, 2008), xxiii, 123, 172–73.

5. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 207.

6. Emily C. Bartels, Speaking of the Moor: From “Alcazar” to “Othello” (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), 5.

7. L. P. Harvey, “The Political, Social, and Cultural History of the Moriscos,” in The Legacy of Muslim Spain, ed. Salma Khadra Jayyusi (Leiden, Neth.: Brill, 1992), 212.

8. See Huntington, Clash of Civilizations, 39.

9. See Daniel Martin Varisco, Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2007).

10. Huntington, Clash of Civilizations, 89, 51, 186–92, 198–206.

11. Henry Kamen, The Disinherited: Exile and the Making of Spanish Culture, 1492– 1975 (New York: Harper, 2007), 59.

12. Francisco López de Gómara, Historia general de las indias (1552), quoted in Barbara Fuchs, Mimesis and Empire: The New World, Islam, and European Identities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 7.

13. Tomás Ortiz, quoted in Tzvetan Todorov, The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other, trans. Richard Howard (1984; repr., Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), 151.

14. See Robert Dannin, Black Pilgrimage to Islam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 6, 4, 12, 16.

15. Malcolm X, quoted in Richard Brent Turner, Islam in the African-American Experience (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), 221.

16. Simon Wolf, quoted in Michael B. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present (New York: Norton, 2007), 265.

17. See Joseph Pérez, History of a Tragedy: The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain, trans. Lysa Hochroth (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007), 36.

18. See Gil Anidjar, Semites: Race, Religion, Literature (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2008), 6, 31–32, 114–15n37.

19. Obviously, Zionism is nowadays so closely associated with the West in its conflict with Muslims and Arabs that their historical cultural kinship, like the once paradigmatic concepts of Semites and Aryans, has vanished from view. See ibid., 33.

20. See Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Selected Letters: The Personal Correspondence, 1844–1877, ed. Fritz J. Raddatz, trans. Ewald Osers (Boston: Little, Brown, 1981), 2.

21. See Rafael A. Guevara Bazán, “Muslim Immigration to Spanish America,” Muslim World 56, no. 3 (1966): 175; and Matti Bunzl, ed., Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Hatreds Old and New in Europe (Chicago: Prickly Paradigm, 2007), 11–24.

22. Matt Carr, “You Are Now Entering Eurabia,” Race & Class 48, no. 1 (July 2006): 17.

23. Oriana Fallaci, The Rage and the Pride (New York: Rizzoli, 2002), 41. Fallaci was adamant about translating her own book into English so as not to dilute the tone and style of her message; but does such insistence on originality of voice allow for misspellings like “mistery” (71) or “fellony” (99)?

24. Ibid., 40–41, 30–32, 47–48, 84, 93–94, 126.

25. Ibid., 114, 127, 173–81, 182, 87.

26. Mark Steyn, America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 2006), 177–78. For an interesting article on President George W. Bush’s preference for right-wing authors, including Steyn, see Jim Lobe, “Bush’s Book List Gets More Islamophobic,” March 16, 2007, CommonDreams.org, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines07/0316-01.htm.

27. Fallaci, Rage and the Pride, 45. See also Margaret Talbot, “The Agitator,” New Yorker, June 5, 2006.

28. Bernard-Henri Lévy, “Oriana Fallaci: L’Inacceptable provocation,” Le Point (Paris), May 30, 2002, quoted in Vincent Geisser, La Nouvelle islamophobie (Paris: La Découverte, 2003), 46; Oriana Fallaci, The Force of Reason (La Forza della ragione) (New York: Rizzoli, 2006), 276.

29. See Tunku Varadarajan’s interview with Fallaci, “Prophet of Decline,” Wall Street Journal, June 23, 2005.

30. Fallaci, Force of Reason, 305, 273, 280, 285, 307, 283, 294, 304.

31. Steyn, America Alone, 123.

32. Fallaci, Force of Reason, 185, 34, 38, 51–52, 138, 144, 67, 81, 83–84, 93–96, 111–18, 135–36.

33. Ibid., 160, 44, 40, 41.

34. Ibid., 103, 197–98.

35. Patrick J. Buchanan, State of Emergency: The Third World Invasion and Conquest of America (New York: Dunne, 2006), 200.

36. Ira Stoll, “The Faith of an Atheist,” review of The Force of Reason, by Oriana Fallaci, New York Sun, March 15, 2006.

37. Ana Maria Manzanas Calvo, “Contested Passages: Migrants and Borders in the Río Grande and the Mediterranean Sea,” South Atlantic Quarterly 105, no. 4 (Fall 2006): 813, 808.

38. Elaine Sciolino, “Immigration, Black Sheep, and Swiss Rage,” New York Times, October 8, 2007.

39. Dan Bilefsky, “Bickering Belgians Find a Point of Unity in Toughening Borders,” New York Times, October 10, 2007.

40. George W. Bush, quoted in Elisabeth Bumiller, “In Immigration Remarks, Bush Hints He Favors Senate Plan,” New York Times, April 25, 2006.

41. President Bush repeated: “Some in this country argue that the solution is to deport every illegal immigrant and that any proposal short of this amounts to amnesty. I disagree. It is neither wise nor realistic to round up millions of people, many with deep roots in the United States, and send them across the border.” The full transcript of the speech was published by the Washington Post on May 15, 2006.

Estimates of the number of illegal immigrants in the United States vary, but 12 million is often cited as a plausible figure. See Wendy Koch, “Outcry Grows over House-Passed Immigration Bill,” USA Today, March 9, 2006. “Nearly 12 million now live in the USA,” Koch wrote, “with 500,000 entering each year since 2000, says a new study by the Pew Hispanic Center.” For a discussion of the exact number of illegal aliens in the United States, see Brad Knickerbocker, “Illegal Immigrants in the US: How Many Are There?” Christian Science Monitor, May 16, 2006.

42. Nick Costantino, letter to the editor, New York Times, May 18, 2006.

43. See, for instance, Jonathan Weisman, “House Votes to Toughen Laws on Immigration,” Washington Post, December 17, 2005. For a summary of the bill’s provisions, see the Library of Congress, http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:HR04437: @@@D&summ2=1&.

44. See “Interfaith Statement in Support of Comprehensive Immigration Reform,” National Immigration Forum, http://www.immigrationforum.org/documents/Press Room/InterfaithCIRStatement.pdf. The statement was issued on October 14, 2005, and updated on February 1, 2006.

45. Roger Mahony, “Called by God to Help,” New York Times, March 22, 2006; Jill Serjeant, “Cardinal Leads Fast for Humane Immigration,” Washington Post, April 5, 2006.

46. See, for instance, the New York Times editorial “The Gospel vs. H.R. 4437,” New York Times, March 3, 2006.

47. Teresa Watanabe and Hector Becerra, “500,000 Pack Streets to Protest Immigration Bills,” Los Angeles Times, March 26, 2006; Michelle Keller and Anna Gorman, “High School Students Leave School to Protest Immigration Legislation,” Los Angeles Times, March 25, 2006.

48. Sonya Geis and Michael Powell, “Hundreds of Thousands Rally in Cities Large and Small,” Washington Post, April 11, 2006.

49. Andrew S. Grove, “Keep America, America,” Wall Street Journal, January 26, 2006.

50. Nina Bernstein, “After a Fight to Survive, One to Succeed,” New York Times, March 9, 2008; N. C. Aizenman, “Immigration Debate Wakes ‘Sleeping Latino Giant,’” Washington Post, April 6, 2006.

51. Nicholas Riccardi, “Anti-Illegal Immigration Forces Share a Wide Tent,” Los Angeles Times, March 4, 2006.

52. Gustavo Arellano, “O.C. Can You Say . . . ‘Anti-Mexican’?” Los Angeles Times, May 8, 2006; Mireya Navarro, “The Mexican Will See You Now,” New York Times, June 24, 2007.

53. See Marc Shell, “Babel in America; or, The Politics of Language Diversity in the United States,” Critical Inquiry 20, no. 1 (Summer 1993): 117, 125.

54. Martin Miller, “‘Nuestro Himno’ Foes Say U.S. Song Should Be in English,” Los Angeles Times, April 29, 2006. To hear and read the full text of the national anthem in Spanish, see “A Spanish Version of ‘The Star-Spangled Banner,’” aired on Day to Day, April 28, 2006, National Public Radio, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5369145.

55. “The German National Anthem in Turkish?” Der Spiegel, May 2, 2006. Part of the problem for Germany’s 2.6 million Turks might be verses such as “German women, German loyalty, German wine and German song”!

56. See Rachel L. Swarns, “Children of Hispanic Immigrants Continue to Favor English, Study of Census Finds,” New York Times, December 8, 2004; “Press One for English,” New York Times, May 20, 2006. On the day following the latter article, the Times reported that fewer than half the world’s nations have an official language but that Canada has two, English and French. See Henry Fountain, “In Language Bill, the Language Counts,” New York Times, May 21, 2006.

57. Paul Harris, “The Hispanic Panic,” Guardian, April 27, 2006.

58. “‘If It Ain’t Dutch, It Ain’t Much,’” Der Spiegel, January 24, 2006.

59. Marlse Simons, “Muslim’s Loss of Dutch Citizenship Stirs Storm,” New York Times, May 18, 2006. (The newspaper later clarified that Ali was a “former Muslim,” not a Muslim.) For a sympathetic account of Ali’s sudden fall from grace, see Melanie Phillips, “The Scapegoat,” Los Angeles Times, May 20, 2006; for a more skeptical account of her rise to stardom, see Haroon Siddiqui, “Why the Jig Is Up for Hirsi Ali in Holland,” Toronto Star, May 21, 2006.

60. Shell, “Babel in America,” 110–11.

61. Rupert Cornwell, “At Last, America Has an Official Language (and Yes, It’s English),” Independent, May 20, 2006.

62. Benjamin Franklin, “Observations concerning the Increase of Mankind” (1751), quoted in Roger Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door: American Immigration Policy and Immigrants since 1882 (New York: Hill & Wang, 2004), 8. Franklin’s failed newspaper venture is mentioned in Shell, “Babel in America,” 109.

63. Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door, 8–9.

64. Richard Cohen, “My History of English-Only,” Washington Post, May 30, 2006.

65. Lawrence Mead, “Why Anglos Lead,” National Interest, Winter 2005–2006.

66. Robert Pear, “Proposals from Both Sides Fail in Immigration Debate,” New York Times, June 28, 2007; Jeff Zeleny, “Immigration Bill Prompts Some Menacing Responses,” New York Times, June 28, 2007; Robert Pear and Carl Hulse, “Immigrant Bill Dies in Senate: Defeat for Bush,” New York Times, June 29, 2007; Julia Preston, “Defeat Worries Employers Who Rely on Immigrants,” New York Times, June 29, 2007; Robert Pear, “Little-Known Group Claims a Win on Immigration,” New York Times, July 15, 2007. Representative Tom Tancredo is quoted in Kirk Johnson, “Anxiety in the Land of Anti-Immigration Crusader,” New York Times, June 24, 2007.

67. See “Rising Tide,” American Israel Public Affairs Committee, http://www.aipac.org/documents/risinger060903.xhtml; David Sharrock and Adam LeBor, “Jews Welcome the Support of Muslims,” Times (London), May 19, 2003; François Musseau, “‘Nous, les Juifs marocains, n’allons pas capituler,” Libération (Paris), May 21, 2003; Serge Berdugo, “Morocco: A Model of Muslim-Jewish Ties,” Christian Science Monitor, January 9, 2007.

68. “Maguy Kakon, femme, citoyenne, et juive,” Le Matin du Sahara et du Maghreb (Casablanca, Morocco), August 31, 2007. For a good sketch of the shrinking but still dynamic and proud Moroccan Jewish community, see Marc Perelman, “From Royal Advisers to Far-Left Militants, Moroccan Jews Embody Coexistence,” Jewish Daily Forward, October 10, 2007, http://www.forward.com/articles/11792.

69. “In Morocco, a Festival Where Tolerance Is Traditional and Jews Pray Together with Muslims,” International Herald Tribune, July 8, 2008; Etgar Lefkovits, “Yad Vashem to Showcase Muslims Who Saved Jews from Nazis,” Jerusalem Post, October 29, 2007; “Muslims Save Baghdad’s Jewish Community Centre from Looters,” Sydney Morning Herald, April 14, 2003.

70. Chris Lowney, A Vanished World: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Medieval Spain (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 129–43.

71. “Marruecos: El hermano infiel,” El Mundo (Madrid), July 2002; Giles Tremlett, Ghosts of Spain: Travels through Spain and Its Silent Past (New York: Walker, 2006), 228, 235.

72. Joaquín Costa, quoted in Kamen, Disinherited, 88.

73. Juan Goytisolo, “Moros en la costa,” El Pais (Madrid), July 21, 2002.

1. Pierre Chaunu, “Minorités et conjuncture: L’Expulsion des Moresques en 1609,” Revue Historique 225 (1961): 94; Henry Kamen, “The Mediterranean and the Expulsion of Spanish Jews in 1492,” Past and Present 119 (May 1988): 44.

2. See James Reston Jr., Dogs of God: Columbus, the Inquisition, and the Defeat of the Moors (New York: Doubleday, 2005), 50–52, 261, 264, 268–69.

3. Henry Charles Lea, The Moriscos of Spain: Their Conversion and Expulsion (1901; repr., New York: Greenwood, 1968), 20–21.

4. Reston, Dogs of God, 174.

5. Peter Martyr, quoted in J. N. Hillgarth, The Spanish Kingdoms, 1250–1516, vol. 2, 1410–1516: Castilian Hegemony (Oxford: Clarendon, 1978), 392.

6. See Hillgarth, Spanish Kingdoms, 1250–1516, 482, 605, 393; Reston, Dogs of God, 240–44, 294.

7. Lea, Moriscos of Spain, 29–30, 32, 38, 43.

8. Ibid., 29, 57, 82–83.

9. Ibid., 129–33, 137–55, 190–99, 266.

10. Ibid., 270, 292–93, 294.

11. L. P. Harvey, “The Political, Social, and Cultural History of the Moriscos,” in The Legacy of Muslim Spain, ed. Salma Khadra Jayyusi (Leiden, Neth.: Brill, 1992), 209.

12. Ibid., 204–12, 106. For the full text of the Oran Fatwa of 1504, addressed to Muslim al-guraba (strangers) in Spain, see Lea, Moriscos of Spain, 61–63. Also see Roger Boase, “The Muslim Expulsion from Spain,” History Today, April 2002, 22.

13. Yunes Benegas’s story was collected by the Young Man of Arévalo and is quoted in Harvey, “Political, Social, and Cultural History,” 219. Another example of the despair felt by Muslims after the first Alpujarras uprising was expressed in a poem-letter addressed to the Ottoman sultan Bayazid II: “Peace be with you in the name of the slaves who remain / in al-Andalus, in the West, the land of exile, / who are bordered by the shimmering Mediterranean / and the bottomless, deep, and tenebrous Ocean.” Quoted in Henry Kamen, The Disinherited: Exile and the Making of Spanish Culture, 1492–1975 (New York: Harper, 2007), 56.

14. Harvey, “Political, Social, and Cultural History,” 219.

15. Rodrigo de Zayas, Les Morisques et le racisme d’état (Paris: La Différence, 1992), 238–39.

16. L. P. Harvey, Muslims in Spain, 1500–1614 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 113–15, 204; Raphaël Carrasco, L’Espagne classique, 1474–1814 (Paris: Hachette, 1999), 65.

17. John of Austria, quoted in Kamen, Disinherited, 58.

18. The letter is from Luis de Marmol y Carvajal, Historia del rebellion y castigo de los moriscos del reyno de Granada, quoted in Zayas, Les Morisques et le racisme d’état, 234.

19. Mateo López Bravo and Fadrique Furió Ceriol, Concejo y consejeros del principe (1559), cited in Henry Méchoulan, Le Sang de l’autre; ou, L’Honneur de Dieu: Indiens, juifs, morisques dans l’Espagne du siècle d’or (Paris: Fayard, 1979), 230, 235–37.

20. Mary Elizabeth Perry, The Handless Maiden: Moriscos and the Politics of Religion in Early Modern Spain (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005), 145–46.

21. Méchoulan, Le Sang de l’autre, 257.

22. Benjamin Ehlers, Between Christians and Moriscos: Juan de Ribera and Religious Reform in Valencia, 1568–1614 (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 6–7, 80, 105.

23. Viaje de Turqía, quoted in Joseph Pérez, History of a Tragedy: The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain, trans. Lysa Hochroth (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007), 108.

24. Quoted in Ehlers, Between Christians and Moriscos, 91.

25. Quotations in this paragraph are from Ehlers, Between Christians and Moriscos, 103–5, 134, 140–41. On Bleda and Ribera’s approach to the Moriscos, also see James B. Tueller, Good and Faithful Christians: Moriscos and Catholicism in Early Modern Spain (New Orleans: University Press of the South, 2002), 117, 199, 122, 123.

26. Ehlers, Between Christians and Moriscos, 127 (my emphasis).

27. Ibid., 151–53, 155.

28. Lea, Moriscos of Spain, 296, 297–98, 299, 300–301, 304–5, 307–8, 313, 308, 312–13.

29. Harvey, “Political, Social, and Cultural History,” 226, 227, 230; Lea, Moriscos of Spain, 315.

30. Chaunu, “Minorités et conjuncture,” 94.

31. Ibid., 96–97.

32. Kamen, Disinherited, 59.

33. Boase, “Muslim Expulsion from Spain,” 24–26; see also Zayas, Les Morisques et le racisme d’état, 243–62.

34. Lea, Moriscos of Spain, 303.

35. Ibid., 325, 329, 363, 394. Rodrigo de Zayas’s estimate, in Les Morisques et le racisme d’état, is 600,000, but in a later article based on the book, he gives the number as 500,000. See Rodrigo de Zayas, “L’Expulsion des morisques d’Espagne,” Le Monde diplomatique, March 1997, 14. L. P. Harvey’s guess for the number of Moriscos expelled is 300,000–330,000. See Harvey, Muslims in Spain, 12. Most recent figures stay in the 300,000 range.

36. Harvey, Muslims in Spain, 331.

37. Philip III, quoted in Tueller, Good and Faithful Christians, 199.

38. Harvey, “Political, Social, and Cultural History,” 230.

39. Henry Charles Lea, quoted in Richard Hitchcock, “Cervantes, Ricote, and the Expulsion of the Moriscos,” Bulletin of Spanish Studies 81, no. 2 (2004): 177.

40. Lea, Moriscos of Spain, 367, 368–77, 384, 395, 399, 397.

41. Ibid., 22.

42. Harvey, Muslims in Spain, 13.

43. Voltaire is quoted in ibid., 308; and Richelieu in Lea, Moriscos of Spain, 365.

44. M. Dánvila y Collado, La Expulsión de los moriscos españoles (1889), quoted in Anwar G. Chejne, Islam and the West: The Moriscos, a Cultural and Social History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983), 15.

45. Raymond Carr, ch01duction to Spain: A History, ed. Raymond Carr (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 8–9.

46. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. and ed. Robert M. Adams (New York: Norton, 1977), 63 (my emphasis).

47. Giovanni Botero, Practical Politics [Della ragion di stato], trans. and ed. George Albert Moore (Chevy Chase, Md.: Country Dollar Press, 1949), 116–18.

48. José Antonio Maravall, “The Origins of the Modern State,” Journal of World History 6 (1961): 798, 800, 802, 797.

49. Charles Tilly, “States and Nationalism in Europe,” Theory and Society 23, no. 1 (February 1994): 135.

50. Pérez, History of a Tragedy, 100, 107.

51. Heather Rae, State Identities and the Homogenisation of Peoples (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 3–4.

52. Aristide Zolberg, quoted in ibid., 7.

53. Max Weber’s view is mentioned in Talal Asad, On Suicide Bombing (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 14.

54. Anthony W. Marx, Faith in Nation: Exclusionary Origins of Nationalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 109, 3, 113, 115.

55. Ibid., 200.

56. Ibid., 199–200.

57. Joseph Pérez, The Spanish Inquisition: A History, trans. Janet Lloyd (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2005), 1.

58. Carrasco, L’Espagne classique, 101.

59. Ibid., 62.

60. On the Inquisition and witchcraft, see Pérez, Spanish Inquisition, 79–85.

61. Carrasco, L’Espagne classique, 3, 19.

62. See Malek Chebel, Dictionnaire amoureux de l’islam (Paris: Plon, 2004), 334. Chebel states that 250,000 Muslims were forced into exile after the fall of Granada, a far greater number than that of the Jews.

63. Carrasco gives two different dates in L’Espagne classique; see pp. 18 and 120.

64. Ibid., 20, 18–19, 120–21.

65. The letter is quoted in Hillgarth, Spanish Kingdoms, 622.

66. Fadique Furió Ceriol and Luis de Granada are both quoted in Henry Kamen, “Toleration and Dissent in Sixteenth-Century Spain: The Alternative Tradition,” Sixteenth Century Journal 19, no. 1 (Spring 1988): 17, 20–21, 23.

67. See Zayas, Les Morisques et le racisme d’état, 45.

68. Francisco Márquez Villanueva, quoted in Harvey, Muslims in Spain, 199.

69. Vicente Espinel, Vida del escuedro Marcos de Obregón (1618), translated and quoted in Harvey, Muslims in Spain, 200.

70. Raymond Carr, ch01duction, 6–7.

71. Eva Borreguero, “The Moors Are Coming, the Moors Are Coming! Encounters with Muslims in Contemporary Spain,” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 17, no. 4 (October 2006): 420.

72. Pérez, History of a Tragedy, 8–9.

73. Richard Ford, Handbook for Travellers in Spain, and Gerald Brennan, The Spanish Labyrinth, are both quoted in Carr, ch01duction, 6.

74. Carr, ch01duction, 7; Felipe Fernández-Armesto, “The Improbable Empire,” in Carr, Spain, 146.

75. Fernández-Armesto, “Improbable Empire,” 177, 133; Carr, ch01duction, 8–9.

76. Borreguero, “Moors Are Coming,” 422.

77. Olivares is quoted in Carr, ch01duction, 6.

78. Chaunu, “Minorités et conjuncture,” 82. For foreign views of Spanish Christianity and violence, see Kamen, “Toleration and Dissent,” 4n5.

79. Zayas, Les Morisques et le racisme d’état, 120, 123, 124, 672n174, 130; see also Pérez, Spanish Inquisition, 21.

80. Zayas, Les Morisques et le racisme d’état, 265, 268, 273–74, 278, 281.

81. Ibid., 194–95; Zayas, “L’Expulsion des morisques,” 14.

82. See Harvey, Muslims in Spain, 7n4.

83. Carrasco, L’Espagne classique, 105; Vox is quoted on p. 6. Harvey, Muslims in Spain, 7n4, 8, 9.

84. Georges Bensoussan, Europe, une passion génocidaire: Essai d’histoire culturelle (Paris: Mille et une nuits, 2006), 19, 20, 102, 106–7.

85. Aimé Césaire, Discourse on Colonialism, trans. Joan Pinkham (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000), 36.

86. Bensoussan, Europe, une passion génocidaire, 28. Despite striking similarities, Hitler’s Nuremberg laws of 1935 were worse than the Inquisition, because they made conversion impossible. See Raymond P. Scheindlin, A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood (New York: Macmillan, 1998), 204.

87. Bensoussan, Europe, une passion génocidaire, 422; also see 389–434.

88. Ibid., 449, 451, 456.

89. See, for instance, Youssef Elidrissi, “Les Racines de l’exclusion,” Maroc Hebdo International, July 26–August 1, 2002, 30.

90. Méchoulan, Le Sang de l’autre, 204, 206–7, 199, 215, 207, 216–17, 205, 217, 213–14.

91. Joseph Pérez, quoted in ibid., 196.

92. Henry Méchoulan, “Communauté de destin,” Los Muestros, April 10, 1993, http://www.sefarad.org/publication/lm/010/mechoula.html.

93. Matti Bunzl, ed., Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Hatreds Old and New in Europe (Chicago: Prickly Paradigm, 2007), 45.

94. See Brian Klug’s response to Bunzl, “A Contradiction in ‘the New Europe,’” in Bunzl, Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia, 57.

95. Joseph Banister, England under the Jews (1901), quoted in Klug, ibid., 60.

1. Simon Romero, “Hispanics Uncovering Roots as Inquisition’s ‘Hidden’ Jews,” New York Times, October 29, 2005. One possible sign of a Hispanic’s Jewish heritage is the painful presence of autoimmune diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (PV), common among certain Jews. For a full study of crypto-Judaism in New Mexico, see Stanley M. Hordes, To the End of the Earth: A History of the Crypto-Jews of New Mexico (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005). The pejorative origins of the term Marrano, as well as the presence of PV among Hispanics, is discussed on pp. 5–7, 271–73, and 281.

2. Trying to answer the question of how he got to have a “white” name, Brent Staples, the New York Times editorial observer, had his DNA tested and found out that one-quarter of his genes are European and one-fifth are Asian. Brent Staples, “Why Race Isn’t as ‘Black’ and ‘White’ as We Think,” New York Times, October 31, 2005. More interestingly, a geneticist at the University of Arizona has speculated, based on DNA testing, that the family lineage of Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, could be traced to Sephardic Jews in Morocco or the Middle East. Jefferson’s Y chromosome matched perfectly with that of a Moroccan Jew. See Nicholas Wade, “Study Raises Possibility of Jewish Tie for Jefferson,” New York Times, February 28, 2007.

3. When white people’s tests turn out negative for Native American DNA, they typically become quite angry. Meanwhile, a nursing home director raised as a Christian hired a lawyer to sue Israel for denying him citizenship without conversion. This man reported that a Los Angeles rabbi’s response to his claim was “DNA, schmeeNA.” See Amy Harmon, “Seeking Ancestry in DNA Ties Uncovered by Tests,” New York Times, April 12, 2006.

4. In a remarkable twist of fate, increasing numbers of people and even entire communities in Spain are recasting themselves as Jewish to capitalize on this new trend. See Renwick McLean, “With Jewish Roots Now Prized, Spain Starts Digging,” New York Times, November 5, 2006. This article features a photograph of a Moorish-style synagogue in Toledo but somehow omits the connections between the Jews’ golden age in Spain and the Islamic civilization that allowed it. This is one more instance of Muslims’ disappearing from history despite the overwhelming evidence (such as in architecture) of their vital presence. The case of Jews and Spain will be discussed more fully in chapter 3.

5. Jodi Wilgoren, “Islam Attracts Converts by the Thousand, Drawn before and after Attacks,” New York Times, October 22, 2001.

6. Daniel J. Wakin, “Growing Number of Latino-Americans Turn to Islam,” New York Times, January 2, 2002.

7. Fidel Castro, quoted in Hisham Aidi, “Let Us Be Moors: Islam, Race, and ‘Connected Histories,’” Middle East Report 229 (Winter 2003): 43.

8. Ibid., 43–46.

9. John V. Tolan, Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 282.

10. Emily C. Bartels, “Making More of the Moor: Aaron, Othello, and Renaissance Refashionings of Race,” Shakespeare Quarterly 41, no. 4 (Winter 1990): 433–54.

11. Michael Neill, “‘Mulattos,’ ‘Blacks,’ and ‘Indian Moors’: Othello and Early Modern Constructions of Human Difference,” Shakespeare Quarterly 49, no. 4 (Winter 1998): 364–65.

12. Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, & Discoveries of the English Nation (1589), quoted in Bartels, “Making More of the Moor,” 440.

13. Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, Discours of Voyages into ye Easte & West Indies (1598), quoted in Neill, “‘Mulattos,’ ‘Blacks,’ and ‘Indian Moors,’” 367.

14. Mansur Xu Xianiong, “From Moors to Moros: The North African Heritage of the Hui Chinese,” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 16, no. 1 (January 1996): 21–29.

15. Patricia Seed, Ceremonies of Possession in Europe’s Conquest of the New World, 1492–1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 186n15.

16. Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus; or, Purchas His Pilgrimes (1625), cited in Neill, “‘Mulattos,’ ‘Blacks,’ and ‘Indian Moors,’” 368–69.

17. See Mercedes García-Arenal, ch01duction to Al-Andalus allende el-Atlántico, ed. Mercedes García-Arenal (Paris: Ed. UNESCO, 1997), 29; and J. N. Hillgarth, The Spanish Kingdoms, 1250–1516, vol. 2, 1410–1516: Castilian Hegemony (Oxford: Clarendon, 1978), 386. On the foundation of Santa Fe, see Eladio Lapresa Molina, Santafé, historia de una ciudad del siglo XV (Granada, Spain: Universidad de Granada, 1979), 23–37; on the origins of the castrum, see George Kubler, Mexican Architecture of the Sixteenth Century (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1948), 94, 99.

18. Luis Weckmann, La Herencia medieval de México, quoted in Tomás Lozano, Cantemos al alba: Origins of Songs, Sounds, and Liturgical Drama of Hispanic New Mexico, ed. and trans. Rima Montaya (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2007), 316. Relying on the Diccionario de la lengua española, Lozano translates alfaqui as a sage or doctor, zaquizamíes as a “Syrian ceiling and the name given in Egypt to a coffered ceiling,” and alfarjes as “ceilings of carved wood, artistically interwoven” (321).

19. See Antonio Garrido Aranda, Moriscos e indios: Precedentes hispánicos de la evangelización en México (Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1980), 90, 70.

20. Ibid., 94–98, 100–104.

21. Antonio Domínguez Ortiz and Bernard Vincent, Historia de los moriscos: Vida y tragedia de una minoría (Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1978), 98.

22. Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá, Historia de la Nueva Mexico (1610), quoted in ibid., 163. Also see Lozano, Cantemos al alba, 316.

23. Rafael A. Guevara Bazán, “Muslim Immigration to Spanish America,” Muslim World 56, no. 3 (1966): 177.

24. Ibid., 175–81.

25. Quoted in ibid., 182.

26. Quoted in ibid., 185.

27. Ibid., 186–87.

28. Rafael A. Guevara Bazán, “Some Notes for a History of the Relations between Latin America, the Arabs, and Islam,” Muslim World 61, no. 4 (October 1971): 289.

29. Henry Kamen, “Toleration and Dissent in Sixteenth-Century Spain: The Alternative Tradition,” Sixteenth Century Journal 19, no. 1 (Spring 1988): 6.

30. Abdelhamid Lotfi, Muslims on the Block: Five Centuries of Islam in America (Ifrane, Morocco: Al Akhawayn University Press, 2002).

31. Abd El Hadi Ben Mansour, “Magreb–Península ibérica en los siglos XVI–XVII: Eslabón y confluencias transatlánticas,” in García-Arenal, Al-Andalus allende el-Atlántico, 116–17. Another Moroccan coastal town, Safi, was renowned in New Spain for its honey and wax, from which wax candles, much used in European churches, were made.

32. See Frederick Webb Hodge, History of Hawikuh, New Mexico, One of the So-Called Cities of Cíbola (Los Angeles: Southwest Museum, 1937), 1–4; James Reston Jr., Dogs of God: Columbus, the Inquisition, and the Defeat of the Moors (New York: Doubleday, 2005), 302; and The Narrative of the Expedition of Coronado by [Pedro de] Castañeda, ed. Frederick W. Hodge, in Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States, 1528–1543 (New York: Scribner’s, 1907), 276, 285–87. Castañeda reported that Nuño de Guzmán also founded the present-day cities of Jalisco and Guadalajara during this early expedition (287).

33. Hodge, History of Hawikuh, 38.

34. Max Harris, Aztecs, Moors, and Christians: Festivals of Reconquest in Mexico and Spain (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000), 162.

35. Rayford W. Logan, “Estevancio: Negro Discoverer of the Southwest; A Critical Reexamination,” Phylon 1, no. 4 (1940): 306.

36. Michael A. Gomez, Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 6, 45, 43, 146. “The equating of the Mande with Satan,” says Gomez, “is, at one level, a reflection of the Iberian attitude toward Islam as well as the Spanish experience with African Muslims both in al-Andalus and the Americas.” The Mandingas and other Muslim Senegambians were too pervasive, though, in places such as Colombia and Peru. “Él que no tiene de Inga tiene de Mandinga” (He who is not descended from the Incas is a Mandinga), goes a popular Peruvian saying (26).

37. G. Aguirre Beltran, “Races in 17th Century Mexico,” Phylon 6, no. 3 (1945): 212–18.

38. Allan D. Austin, African Muslims in Antebellum America: Transatlantic Stories and Spiritual Struggles (New York: Routledge, 1997), 22. Such estimates may change as further research sheds more light on the subject.

39. See ibid., 5–6, 33, 50–62.

40. Thomas Tea, quoted in Gomez, Black Crescent, 170.

41. Richard Brent Turner, Islam in the African-American Experience (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), 40; Austin, African Muslims in Antebellum America, 129–56.

42. Richard Robert Madden, quoted in Gomez, Black Crescent, 57.

43. Austin, African Muslims in Antebellum America, 66–77.

44. Ibid.; Gomez, Black Crescent; Sylvanie A. Diouf, Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas (New York: New York University Press, 1998); Turner, Islam in the African-American Experience; Robert Dannin, Black Pilgrimage to Islam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Sherman A. Jackson, Islam and the Blackamerican: Looking toward the Third Resurrection (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).

45. Turner, Islam in the African-American Experience, 44–45.

46. Gomez, Black Crescent, 16–18.

47. Ibid., 131–47, 148–51.

48. Ibid., 173–82.

49. Gilberto Freyre, New World in the Tropics: The Culture of Modern Brazil (1959; repr., New York: Knopf, 1971), 56.

50. Ibid., 59, 72.

51. Gomez, Black Crescent, 80.

52. Turner, Islam in the African-American Experience, 45–46.

53. David Walker, Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America (1829), quoted in Jackson, Islam and the Blackamerican, 127.

54. John Henry Smyth, quoted in Turner, Islam in the African-American Experience, 60.

55. Edward Wilmot Blyden, Christianity, Islam, and the Negro Race (1888), quoted in Turner, Islam in the African-American Experience, 51–52.

56. Clifton E. Marsh, The Lost-Found Nation of Islam in America (Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow, 2000), 9; Alex Haley, “The Malcolm X Interview,” Playboy, May 1963, available online at http://www.unix-ag.uni-kl.de/~moritz/Archive/malcolmx/malcolmx.playboy.pdf. Haley’s interview was ranked by the Guardian as the ninth-greatest interview of the twentieth century. See “Great Interviews of the 20th Century,” Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/series/greatinterviews.

57. Turner, Islam in the African-American Experience, 47–67.

58. Ibid., 83, 88, 90.

59. Ibid., 96.

60. Quoted in Gomez, Black Crescent, 266.

61. Peter Lamborn Wilson, Sacred Drift: Essays on the Margins of Islam (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1993), 16.

62. Turner, Islam in the African-American Experience, 71–72.

63. Ibid., 101–7; also see Gomez, Black Crescent, 203–75. Both Turner and Gomez offer fascinating accounts of Noble Drew Ali’s movement.

64. See Turner, Islam in the African-American Experience, 109–46. Muhammad Sadiq is quoted on pp. 121 and 122.

65. Gomez, Black Crescent, 278, 282.

66. Walker, Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, quoted in ibid., 306.

67. W. E. B. Du Bois, The World and Africa: An Inquiry into the Part Which Africa Has Played in World History (New York: International Publishers, 1965), 23.

68. Aimé Césaire, Discourse on Colonialism, trans. Joan Pinkham (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000), 36.

69. Gomez, Black Crescent, 318–30.

70. Malcolm X, quoted in Turner, Islam in the African-American Experience, 193.

71. By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter by Malcolm X, ed. George Breitman, 12th ed. (New York: Pathfinder, 1987), 37–38, quoted in Gomez, Black Crescent, 354.

72. Haley, “Malcolm X Interview”; Gomez, Black Crescent, 352.

73. Gomez, Black Crescent, 337, 333.

74. Ibid., 365–70.

75. See Patrick Condon, “Minnesota Sends First Muslim to Congress,” Guardian, November 10, 2006; and Neil MacFarquhar, “Muslim’s Election Is Celebrated Here and in Mideast,” New York Times, November 10, 2006.

76. See the editorial “Fear and Bigotry in Congress,” New York Times, December 23, 2006.

77. Bazán, “Some Notes for a History,” 290. Also see Antonello Gerbi, “The Earliest Accounts on the New World,” in First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old, ed. Fredi Chiappelli (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976), 37–43.

1. Tom Reiss, The Orientalist: Solving the Mystery of a Strange and Dangerous Life (New York: Random House, 2006), xxiii, 7–8.

2. Quoted in ibid., 34.

3. Ibid., 37, 40–41, 5.

4. Ibid., 63, 66, 71.

5. Ibid., 80; Joseph Pérez, The Spanish Inquisition: A History, trans. Janet Lloyd (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2005), 222–25.

6. Lev Nussimbaum, quoted in Reiss, Orientalist, 120–21.

7. Reiss, Orientalist, 124–25.

8. Ibid., 132, 177, 178, 185, 189.

9. Nussimbaum, quoted in ibid., 193.

10. Reiss, Orientalist, 193, 198–99, 201, 203, 212.

11. Ibid., 209–10, 265.

12. Ibid., 215, 256–60, 267, 339, 300–301.

13. Ibid., 331.

14. Gil Anidjar, “Postface: Réflexions sur la question,” in Juifs et musulmans: Une histoire partagée, un dialogue à construire, ed. Esther Benbassa and Jean-Christophe Attias (Paris: La Découverte, 2006), 130.

15. Inga Clendinnen, Reading the Holocaust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 35.

16. Elie Wiesel, “Stay Together, Always,” Newsweek, January 16, 1995, 58.

17. Primo Levi, Survival in Auschwitz: The Nazi Assault on Humanity, trans. Stuart Woolf (New York: Collier, 1993), 90.

18. Emil Fackenheim, quoted in Gil Anidjar, The Jew, the Arab: A History of the Enemy (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2003), 141.

19. Yehiel Feiner, quoted in Anidjar, The Jew, the Arab, 147–49.

20. Clendinnen, Reading the Holocaust, 35; Giorgio Agamben, Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness and the Archive, trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen (New York: Zone, 1999), 44–45, 52.

21. Quoted in Anidjar, The Jew, the Arab, 142.

22. Agamben, Remnants of Auschwitz, 45.

23. Anidjar, “Postface,” 115, 125, 127.

24. Ibid., 129.

25. A recent DNA study revealed that Jewish women accompanied Jewish men as they made their way into Europe, a fact that undercuts the belief that Jewish men migrated alone and married locally. See Nicholas Wade, “New Light on Origins of Ashkenazi in Europe,” New York Times, January 14, 2006.

26. Raymond P. Scheindlin, A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood (New York: Macmillan, 1998), 23.

27. Bernard Lewis, The Jews of Islam (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984), 76–77; Joseph Pérez, History of a Tragedy: The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain, trans. Lysa Hochroth (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007), 11, 21.

28. Scheindlin, Short History of the Jewish People, 81–82; Lucien Gubbay, Sunlight and Shadow: The Jewish Experience of Islam (New York: Other Press, 2000), 4.

29. Lewis, Jews of Islam, 81, 79–80, 85, 21, 84, 92, 87.

30. See the chapter “The Jews in the Islamic World: From the Rise of Islam to the End of the Middle Ages (632 to 1500),” in Scheindlin, Short History of the Jewish People, 71–95.

31. Ibn Khaldun, quoted in Bernard Lewis, Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice (New York: Norton, 1986), 130.

32. Scheindlin, Short History of the Jewish People, 210, 134; also see the chapter “The Jews in the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East (1453 to 1948),” 123–47.

33. Quoted in Lewis, Jews of Islam, 135–36.

34. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon, 1978). Said considered orientalism the “Islamic branch” of anti-Semitism and recognized that “Western anti-Semitism has always included both the Jews and Muslims. The latter have yet to be released from that ideological prison.” See Ivan Davidson Kalmar and Derek J. Penslar, “Orientalism and the Jews: An Ch01duction,” in Orientalism and the Jews, ed. Ivan Davidson Kalmar and Derek J. Penslar (Waltham, Mass.: Brandeis University Press / Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 2005), xv, xxxv.

35. Lewis, Jews of Islam, 72–73.

36. Pierre Lory, “Le Judaïsme et les juifs dans le Coran et la tradition musulmane,” in Benbassa and Attias, Juifs et musulmans, 16, 20–22, 18; Gubbay, Sunlight and Shadow, 17–18; Lewis, ibid., 10, 25, 28, 32.

37. Georges Bensoussan, Europe, une passion génocidaire: Essai d’histoire culturelle (Paris: Mille et une nuits, 2006).

38. Lory, “Le Judaïsme et les juifs,” 19; Lewis, Semites and Anti-Semites, 50, 55–57, 44.

39. Karen Armstrong, “We Cannot Afford to Maintain These Ancient Prejudices against Islam,” Guardian, September 18, 2006.

40. Allan Harris Cutler and Helen Elmquist Cutler, The Jew as Ally of the Muslim: Medieval Roots of Anti-Semitism (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986), 6.

41. Ibid., 7–8, 12, 121, 344n2, 13–14.

42. Ibid., 28, 22, 32, 65–66; Jeremy Cohen, “The Muslim Connection; or, On the Changing Role of the Jew in High Medieval Theology,” in From Witness to Witchcraft: Jews and Judaism in Medieval Christian Thought, ed. Jeremy Cohen (Wiesbaden, Ger.: Harrassowitz, 1997), 151–53; John V. Tolan, Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 148, 154–55, 275.

43. Tolan, Saracens, 117.

44. Cutler and Cutler, Jew as Ally of the Muslim, 389, 338n14, 92–94, 196, 96, 204; also see Tolan, ibid., 195–98.

45. Cohen, “Muslim Connection,” 143–44.

46. Ibid., 144.

47. Peter the Venerable, quoted in ibid., 155.

48. Cohen, “Muslim Connection,” 159; Norman F. Cantor, The Civilization of the Middle Ages (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 339.

49. Benjamin Braude, “‘Jew’ and Jesuit at the Origins of Arabism: William Gifford Palgrave,” in The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis, ed. Martin Kramer (Tel Aviv, Isr.: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University, 1999), 79.

50. Richard W. Southern, Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962), 3, quoted in ibid., 145.

51. Cohen, “Muslim Connection,” 147.

52. Cutler and Cutler, Jew as Ally of the Muslim, 183.

53. See Anidjar, The Jew, the Arab, 187–88n136.

54. Todros Abulafia, “There’s Nothing Wrong in Wanting a Woman,” in The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain, 950–1492, trans. and ed. Peter Cole (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007), 260.

55. Christopher Marlowe, The Jew of Malta (Manchester, Eng.: Manchester University Press, 1997), 58–59.

56. Heinrich Heine, Almansor, quoted in Martin Kramer, ch01duction to Kramer, Jewish Discovery of Islam, 5.

57. Friedrich Wolf, Mohammed, quoted in Kramer, ch01duction, 25.

58. John M. Efron, “Orientalism and the Jewish Historical Gaze,” in Kalmar and Penslar, Orientalism and the Jews, 82–84; also see Jacob Lassner, “Abraham Geiger: A Nineteenth-Century Jewish Reformer on the Origins of Islam,” in Kramer, Jewish Discovery of Islam, 105, 109. Although Geiger highlighted the similarities between Judaism and Islam, he was also aware of Islam’s anxiety to differentiate itself as a new faith (126–29).

59. Efron, “Orientalism and the Jewish Historical Gaze,” 85–87, 83.

60. See the interview with Albert Hourani in Nancy Elizabeth Gallagher, Approaches to the History of the Middle East: Interviews with Leading Middle East Historians (Reading, Eng.: Ithaca, 1994), 40, 42, quoted in ibid., 240–41n19.

61. Efron, “Orientalism and the Jewish Historical Gaze,” 89–90.

62. Ibid., 93, 92.

63. Ignaz Goldziher, quoted in ibid., 92; see also Lawrence I. Conrad, “Ignaz Goldziher on Ernest Renan: From Orientalist Philology to the Study of Islam,” in Kramer, Jewish Discovery of Islam, 137, 163, 143, 148, 147, 144, 167; and Kramer’s ch01duction, 14–16.

64. Ignaz Goldziher, quoted in Daniel Martin Varisco, Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2007), 183.

65. Minna Rozen, “Pedigree Remembered, Reconstructed, Invented: Benjamin Disraeli between East and West,” in Kramer, Jewish Discovery of Islam, 50. Russell Schweller, in “‘Mosaic Arabs’: Jews and Gentlemen in Disraeli’s Young England Trilogy,” Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 24, no. 2 (2006), writes that Disraeli “converted to Christianity at the age of twelve” (56).

66. Benjamin Disraeli, quoted in Kalmar and Penslar, “Orientalism and the Jews,” xxxi. Interestingly, Disraeli’s father had published an English version of the popular Arab love story Mejnooun and Leila, the Arabian Petrarch and Laura, in 1797 (xxx).

67. Schweller, “‘Mosaic Arabs,’” 58.

68. William Gladstone, quoted in Rozen, “Pedigree Remembered, Reconstructed, Invented,” 49.

69. Lord Cromer, cited in Kramer, ch01duction, 7.

70. Benjamin Disraeli, quoted in Kramer, ch01duction, 7.

71. Benjamin Disraeli, Coningsby; or, The New Generation, quoted in Rozen, “Pedigree Remembered, Reconstructed, Invented,” 60.

72. Benjamin Disraeli, Tancred; or, The New Crusade, quoted in Varisco, Reading Orientalism, 216.

73. Disraeli, Tancred, quoted in Kramer, ch01duction, 63–64.

74. Quoted in Varisco, Reading Orientalism, 210.

75. Russell Schweller, quoted in Kramer, ch01duction, 69.

76. See Braude, “‘Jew’ and Jesuit,” 77, 85.

77. Ivan Davidson Kalmar, “Moorish Style: Orientalism, the Jews, and Synagogue Architecture,” Jewish Social Studies: History, Culture, and Society 7, no. 3 (2001): 84–86, 69.

78. G. Gustalla, quoted in ibid., 77–78.

79. Ludwig Förster, quoted in Kalmar, “Moorish Style,” 78–79.

80. Accademia delle Arti del Disegno, quoted in Kalmar, “Moorish Style,” 86.

81. Paul de Lagarde, quoted in Kalmar, “Moorish Style,” 89.

82. Kalmar, “Moorish Style,” 89, 71.

83. Martin Buber, quoted in ibid., 90.

84. Kalmar, “Moorish Style,” 91–93.

85. Aladar Deutsch, quoted in ibid., 93.

86. Quoted in Reiss, Orientalist, 240.

87. Martin Buber, quoted in ibid., 241.

88. See Anidjar, The Jew, the Arab, 120, 130.

89. Judd Ne’eman and M. Z. Feierberg (from Whither?) are quoted in Ranen Omer-Sherman, “The Cultural and Historical Stabilities and Instabilities of Jewish Orientalism,” introduction to Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 24, no. 2 (2006): 2–3.

90. See Arthur Hertzberg, The Fate of Zionism: A Secular Future for Israel and Palestine (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2003), 169–70.

91. See, for instance, Michael Berkowitz, “Rejecting Zion, Embracing the Orient: The Life and Death of Jacob Israel de Haan,” in Kalmar and Penslar, Orientalism and the Jews, 109–24. For many European Zionists imbued with the same colonial and orientalist mind-set as Europe’s gentiles, the Haredim, or ultra-Orthodox Jews, were as much an obstacle as the Arabs, if not more so, before 1931. The Haredim, under the leadership of the Dutch-born homosexual writer and legal scholar Jacob Israel De Haan (1881–1924), the victim of the first political assassination in Jerusalem, at the age of forty-three, rejected any distinction not based on faith alone (110).

92. Amnon Raz-Krakotzkin, “The Zionist Return to the West and the Mizrahi Jewish Perspective,” in Kalmar and Penslar, Orientalism and the Jews, 167, 169.

93. Yehouda Shenhav, The Arab Jews: A Postcolonial Reading of Nationalism, Religion, and Ethnicity (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2006), 197, 26–27. (An earlier, Hebrew version of this book was published in Israel in 2003.)

94. Ibid., 89.

95. Ibid., 70–76, 104–5.

96. David Ben-Gurion, quoted in Raz-Krakotzkin, “Zionist Return to the West,” 171, 172, 173, 175.

97. Quoted in Shenhav, Arab Jews, 192.

98. Shenhav, Arab Jews, 193–96.

99. Raz-Krakotzkin, “Zionist Return to the West,” 176, 180.

100. David Shasha, quoted in Omer-Sherman, “Cultural and Historical Stabilities and Instabilities,” 7.

101. Martin Kramer, “The Road from Mecca: Muhammad Asad (Born Leopold Weiss),” in Kramer, Jewish Discovery of Islam, 228.

102. Muhammad Asad, The Road to Mecca (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954), 98.

103. Kramer, “Road from Mecca,” 230.

104. Ibid., 233, 232, 235, 239, 243.

105. Tudor Parfitt, “The Use of the Jew in Colonial Discourse,” in Kalmar and Penslar, Orientalism and the Jews, 62–63, 235–36n40, 67.

106. Kalmar and Penslar, “Orientalism and the Jews,” xxxii–xxxv.

107. Adolf Wahrmund, quoted in ibid., xxxv.

108. Lewis, Semites and Anti-Semites, 176. For an interesting review of recent literature on the little-known history of Zionism, see Geoffrey Wheatcroft, “Zion Story: Jabotinsky, Weizmann, and the Roots of the Most Contentious Communal Struggle on Earth Today,” Times Literary Supplement, February 20, 2008.

109. Ma’ruf al-Russafi, quoted in Lewis, Semites and Anti-Semites, 202.

110. Dan Kurzman, Genesis 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War (New York: Signet, New American Library, 1972), 209, quoted in Cutler and Cutler, Jew as Ally of the Muslim, 84–85.

111. Uri Zvi Greenberg, “The Word of the Son of Blood” [in Hebrew], in Shield Area and the Word of the Son of Blood (Tel Aviv, 1930), quoted in Omer-Sherman, “Cultural and Historical Stabilities and Instabilities,” 4. Omer-Sherman describes Greenberg’s lines as “unfortunate” for their condescending view, but I don’t see it as such. Such a view anticipates King Abdullah’s statement quoted earlier.

112. Kalmar and Penslar, “Orientalism and the Jews,” xl.

113. Patrick Klugman, comment in “Juifs et Arabes: Comment, après les accords de Genève, dialoguer aujourd’hui en France sur le conflit israélo-palestinien?” in Benbassa and Attias, Juifs et musulmans, 101.

114. Eric H. Yoffie, quoted in Neil MacFarquhar, “Abandon Stereotypes, Muslims in America Say,” New York Times, September 4, 2007.

115. Fitna, film, directed by Scarlet Pimpernel (Scarlet Pimpernel, 2008); Cnaan Liphshiz, “Dutch Jews Louder than Muslims in Condemning ‘Fitna’ Film,” Haaretz, April 2, 2008, http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/970768.html.

116. See Eric Hobsbawm, “Benefits of Diaspora,” London Review of Books, October 20, 2005.

1. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 149, 312.

2. Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 37, xv–xvi, 40.

3. Ibid., xvii, 20, 30, 12, 38. The other two components are “culture (most notably language and religion) and ideology” (12).

4. Porter, Zangwill, and Kallen are cited in ibid., 38–47, 49–57, 128–31.

5. Huntington, Who Are We? 141–77.

6. Milton M. Gordon, Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), quoted in ibid., 183.

7. Roger Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door: American Immigration Policy and Immigrants since 1882 (New York: Hill & Wang, 2004), 25.

8. Geraldo Rivera, HisPanic: Why Americans Fear Hispanics in the U.S. (New York: Celebra, 2008), 262.

9. Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door, 178–220.

10. Ibid., 225, 227.

11. Morris Janowitz, quoted in ibid., 246.

12. National Council of La Raza, quoted in Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door, 253.

13. Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door, 221–56.

14. Huntington, Who Are We? 364–65; John Updike, Rabbit at Rest (New York: Knopf, 1990), 259.

15. T. R. Reid, The United States of Europe: The New Superpower and the End of American Supremacy (New York: Penguin, 2004); Jeremy Rifkin, The European Dream: How Europe’s Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream (New York: Tarcher/Penguin, 2004).

16. Aristide R. Zolberg, A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006), 437.

17. John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (1955; repr., New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1988), 95–96.

18. Quoted in ibid., 4.

19. Higham, Strangers in the Land, 4.

20. Cited in Kenneth C. Davis, “The Founding Immigrants,” New York Times, July 3, 2007.

21. Higham, Strangers in the Land, 5–7, 10–11.

22. Quoted in ibid., 23.

23. Higham, Strangers in the Land, 42, 41, 55.

24. Ibid., 75.

25. Ibid., 75–76.

26. Ibid., 76, 85, 90–91, 93.

27. Ibid., 108, 109, 110, 121, 124, 125.

28. Ibid., 138–39.

29. Ibid., 140, 146, 147–48.

30. Ibid., 160–61.

31. Ibid., 180, 184, 186.

32. Ibid., 194–212, 218, 157.

33. Ibid., 231, 233.

34. Ibid., 262, 264.

35. Ibid., 273–77.

36. Ibid., 277.

37. Ibid., 297.

38. Ibid., 293.

39. Ibid., 295, 301.

40. Ibid., 317, 323, 300, 330; Mae M. Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004), 4–5, 61. On the illegal alien, Ngai writes: “The illegal alien that is abstractly defined is something of a specter, a body stripped of individual personage” (61).

41. David H. Bennett, The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988). For the full citations for books by Higham, Daniels, Ngai, and Zolberg, see earlier notes in this chapter.

42. See Marion Lloyd, “Harvard Scholar Who Warned of Threat from Hispanic Immigration Gets Hostile Greeting in Mexico,” Chronicle of Higher Education, September 24, 2004. Huntington was also called racist by Manuel Ángel Núñez Soto, the governor of the state of Hidalgo. When Huntington was told about the Stephen King comment, he asked, “Who’s Stephen King?”

43. Mark Fiore, “Migraphobia,” April 4, 2006, MarkFiore.com, http://www.markfiore.com/migraphobia_0.

44. See Gregory Rodriguez, “A Sanitized Betrayal of America’s History,” Los Angeles Times, June 11, 2007; Rosa Brooks, “How Immigrants Improve the Curve,” Los Angeles Times, June 29, 2007; Julia Preston, “California: Study of Immigrants and Crime,” New York Times, February 26, 2008.

45. Reuters, “Survey Finds Protestants Losing Membership,” July 20, 2004.

46. Simon Romero, “A Texas Newspaper Bets on Español, Not Assimilation,” New York Times, January 31, 2005; “A Senate Speech Says Si, Gonzales,” New York Times, February 3, 2005; D’Vera Cohn and Tara Bahrampour, “Of U.S. Children under 5, Nearly Half Are Minorities,” Washington Post, May 10, 2006; Sam Roberts, “In Name Count, Garcias Are Catching Up to Joneses,” New York Times, November 17, 2007; Anushka Asthana, “Demographer’s Art of Prediction Often Imitates Life,” Washington Post, July 27, 2006; Sam Roberts, “A Nation of None and All of the Above,” New York Times, August 17, 2008.

47. Patrick J. Buchanan, State of Emergency: The Third World Invasion and Conquest of America (New York: Dunne, 2006), 11–12, 21–22, 29–31, 48–49, 88–89, 105–6, 135, 201, 235, 239–40, 248.

48. “Border Illusions,” New York Times, May 16, 2006.

49. Cristina Rodríguez, “E Pluribus Unum: How Bilingualism Strengthens American Democracy,” Democracy, no. 4 (Spring 2007): 36–37.

50. On July 22, 2005, Brazilian Jean Charles de Menezes was shot seven times in the head, execution-style, and even accused posthumously of having raped a woman in 2002. He was cleared after samples from his body were tested against those from the rape scene. On August 1, 2007, an official investigative report blamed a high-ranking officer for twisting the facts related to the innocent man’s death. The Colombian Rigoberto Alpizar, of Florida, was shot eleven times. See Vikram Dodd and Rosie Cowan, “Brazil Warns of Climate of Fear over the Tube Shoot-to-Kill Policy,” Guardian, September 30, 2005; “Menezes Is Cleared of Rape Accusation,” Daily Mail (London), April 26, 2006; David Sanderson, “Police Persecuted Me, Says De Menezes Whistleblower,” Times (London), May 8, 2006; David Mills, “Getting Away with Murder,” Guardian, August 1, 2007; Abby Goodnough, “Man Killed by Air Marshals Was Shot 11 Times,” New York Times, May 24, 2006.

51. John Quincy, quoted in Lars Schoultz, Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy toward Latin America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), 5.

52. Quoted in Juan Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America (New York: Viking, 2000), 18.

53. See Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire, 13, 31.

54. Quoted in ibid., 33.

55. Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire, 34.

56. Quoted in Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 19.

57. Ibid., 26.

58. Sam Houston and Stephen Austin are quoted in Michael L. Krenn, The Color of Empire: Race and American Foreign Relations (Washington, D.C.: Potomac, 2006), 32.

59. Washington Hunt, quoted in Krenn, Color of Empire, 32.

60. John C. Calhoun, quoted in Krenn, Color of Empire, 36. (On April 14, 2005, CNN pundit and middle-class populist Lou Dobbs suggested that leprosy was spreading in the United States because of illegal immigration. See David Leonhardt, “Truth, Fiction, and Lou Dobbs,” New York Times, May 30, 2007.)

61. John Bell, quoted in Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 37.

62. Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire, 43.

63. Quoted in ibid., 49.

64. Ulysses S. Grant, quoted in ibid., 44.

65. Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door, 178.

66. Quoted in Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire, 100.

67. Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire, xii.

68. For chilling reports, see Anti-Defamation League, “Extremists Declare ‘Open Season’ on Immigrants: Hispanics Target of Incitement and Violence,” May 23, 2006, http://www.adl.org/main_Extremism/immigration_extremists.htm; and David Holthouse and Mark Potok, “The Year in Hate: Active U.S. Hate Groups Rise to 888 in 2007,” Spring 2008, Southern Poverty Law Center, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=886.

69. Albert Johnson, quoted in Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door, 47–48.

70. Ngai, Impossible Subjects, 3.

71. Johnson, quoted in Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door, 55.

72. John C. Box, quoted in Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door, 62.

73. Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door, 63; Ngai, Impossible Subjects, 8.

74. Nina Bernstein, “100 Years in the Back Door, Out the Front,” New York Times, May 21, 2006.

75. Joseph W. Swing, quoted in Ngai, Impossible Subjects, 155.

76. Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire, 203.

77. See Buchanan, State of Emergency, 88–89. Buchanan is relying here on Peter Brimelow’s Alien Nation: Common Sense about America’s Immigration Disaster (New York: Random House, 1995).

78. See Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door, 224–30.

79. Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire, 194–95, 206.

80. Zolberg, Nation by Design, 396; Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door, 242–44; Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire, 190–91.

81. Schoultz, Beneath the United States, xvii; also see 374.

82. Theodore Roosevelt, quoted in Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire, 375–76.

83. Richard Morse, quoted in Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 379.

84. Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 384.

85. John Perkins, Confessions of an Economic Hit Man (New York: Plume, 2006), xvi.

86. Quoted in Margaret Talbot, “The Agitator,” New Yorker, June 5, 2006.

87. Mark Steyn, America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 2006), 170.

88. Juan Gonzalez, “Democrats Cowed by GOP Scare Tactics on Immigrants,” New York Daily News, November 15, 2007.

89. Gaby Hinsliff, “Britain Shuts the Door on New Wave of Migrants,” Observer (London), October 22, 2006; Jonathan Brown and Andy McSmith, “Lies, Damned Lies, and Immigration,” Independent (London), August 22, 2006; Steve Lee Myers, “In Anti-immigrant Mood, Russia Heeds Gadfly’s Cry,” New York Times, October 22, 2006; Sophia Kishkovosky, “Attackers Pillage Moscow Art Gallery and Beat Activist Owner,” New York Times, October 22, 2006.

90. Kate Heneroty, “Mexico President Calls US Border Wall ‘Embarrassment,’” Jurist, October 27, 2006, http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/10/mexico-president-calls-us-border-wall.php.

91. Shireen T. Hunter and Simon Serfaty, ch01duction to Islam, Europe’s Second Religion: The New Social, Cultural, and Political Landscape, ed. Shireen T. Hunter (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002), xv.

92. Hilaire Belloc, The Great Heresies (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1938), quoted in Philip Jenkins, God’s Continent: Christianity, Islam, and Europe’s Religious Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 3.

93. Jürgen Habermas, quoted in Philip Jenkins, “Europe’s Christian Comeback,” Foreign Policy (Web exclusive), May–June 2007, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/.

94. See Tom Zeller Jr., “A Christian Site Grapples with Muslim Mysteries,” New York Times, August 14, 2006; Mike Davis, “Vigilante Man,” May 6, 2005, TomDispatch.com, http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/2378/mike_davis_on_the_return_of_the_vigilante; Charlie LeDuff, “Poised against Incursions, a Man on the Border, Armed and Philosophical,” New York Times, August 14, 2006; Pamela Constable, “Muslims in India ‘Targeted with Suspicion,’” Washington Post, August 14, 2006. Muslims in India, many of whom are descendants of converts from the lower Hindu castes, are literally becoming the untouchables of the new economy, as they are “lagging behind” in education, employment, and wealth. See Somini Sengupta, “Report Shows Muslims Near Bottom of Social Ladder,” New York Times, November 29, 2006.

95. Jean-Pierre Stroobants, “L’ ‘Aversion injustifiée’ des Néerlandais pour l’islam,” Le Monde, April 15, 2006; Corey Robin, “Strangers in the Land,” Nation, April 10, 2006; Naima Bouteldja, “The Dutch Have Reached a New Level of Authoritarianism,” Guardian, November 21, 2006; Esther Benbassa, “Xenophobia, Anti-Semitism, and Racism: Europe’s Recurring Evils?” in Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Hatreds Old and New in Europe, ed. Matti Bunzl (Chicago: Prickly Paradigm, 2007), 87; Arno Tausch et al., Why Europe Has to Offer a Better Deal towards Its Muslim Communities: A Quantitative Analysis of Open International Data, Entelequia eBooks, no. b001 (Malaga, Spain: Entelequia y Grupo Eumed.net, Universidad de Málaga, 2006), http://ideas.repec.org/b/erv/ebooks/b001.html; Matt Carr, “You Are Now Entering Eurabia,” Race & Class 48, no. 1 (July 2006): 5, 12–13; Jenkins, God’s Continent, 174, 234; Xavier Ternisien, “Villiers-le-Bel, radioscopie d’un ‘ghetto social,’” Le Monde, November 30, 2007.

96. Jenkins, God’s Continent, 14–17, 115, 199, 256–58, 260–65, 288; Carr, “You Are Now Entering Eurabia,” 18; Simon Kuper, “The Crescent and the Cross,” Financial Times (London), November 10, 2007.

97. Vincent Geisser, La Nouvelle islamophobie (Paris: La Découverte, 2003), 9–12, 19–22, 115–16; Dan Diner, “Reflections on Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia,” in Bunzl, Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia, 49–50; Benbassa, “Xenophobia, Anti-Semitism, and Racism,” 86; Oriana Fallaci, The Rage and the Pride (New York: Rizzoli, 2002), 96–97, 136.

98. Joan Wallach Scott, “Veiled Politics,” Chronicle Review, November 23, 2007, B10–11.

99. Ann Powers, “Latinos Give New Life to Neil Diamond Anthem,” Los Angeles Times, May 9, 2006.

100. Niall Ferguson, The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West (New York: Penguin, 2006), xli, lxviii.

101. James Kurth, “One-Child Foreign Policy,” American Conservative, August 27, 2007.

102. See Roberto Márquez, “Raza, Racismo, e Historia: ‘Are All My Bones from There?’” Latino(a) Research Review (Winter 2000): 17; and Juan Marichal, “The New World from Within: The Inca Garcilaso,” in First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old, ed. Fredi Chiappelli (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976), 59.

103. A Day without a Mexican, DVD, directed by Sergio Arau (2004; Xenon Pictures, 2004).

104. John Moritz, “Study: Illegal Immigrants Boost Economy, Drain Services,” Fort Worth (Tex.) Star-Telegram, December 8, 2006; Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door, 266.

105. Tahar Ben Jelloun, “Le Dernier immigré,” Le Monde diplomatique, August 2006, 24.

106. Babel, DVD, directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu (2006; Paramount, 2007).

107. “A World of Fences,” Christian Science Monitor, October 19, 2006.

108. Juan Goytisolo, “Les Boucs émissaires de l’Espagne européenne,” Le Monde diplomatique, October 1992, 12.

109. Jason DeParle, “Rising Breed of Migrant: Skilled and Welcome,” New York Times, August 20, 2007; Meg Bortin, “Migrants, Bound for Spain, Set Off a Boom,” New York Times, June 19, 2006; Ian Fisher, “For African Migrants, Europe Gets Further Away,” New York Times, August 26, 2007; Sharon Lafraniere, “Europe Takes Africa’s Fish, and Boatloads of Migrants Follow,” New York Times, January 14, 2008.

110. See Randal C. Archibold, “Far from Home, Mexicans Sing Age-Old Ballads of New Life,” New York Times, July 6, 2007.

111. Quoted in Ana Maria Manzanas Calvo, “Contested Passages: Migrants and Borders in the Río Grande and the Mediterranean Sea,” South Atlantic Quarterly 105, no. 4 (Fall 2006): 809.

112. Roberto Rodriguez, “Without Mexicans, Who Would Americans Blame for Their Country’s Problems? Us vs. Them in the Immigration Debate,” CounterPunch, May 25, 2007, http://www.counterpunch.org/rodriguez05252007.html.

1. Havelock Ellis, quoted in George M. Foster, Culture and Conquest: America’s Spanish Heritage (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1960), 26.

2. Gilberto Freyre, New World in the Tropics: The Culture of Modern Brazil (1959; repr., New York: Knopf, 1971), 40.

3. Oriana Fallaci, quoted in Margaret Talbot, “The Agitator,” New Yorker, June 5, 2006.

4. Max Harris, Aztecs, Moors, and Christians: Festivals of Reconquest in Mexico and Spain (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000), 38–39, 50–51.

5. Ibid., 132–47.

6. Ibid., 157–59.

7. Ibid., 208–11; Henry Kamen’s statement, from Philip of Spain (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), is quoted on p. 210.

8. Harris, Aztecs, Moors, and Christians, 215.

9. Ibid., 216–26.

10. Philip Jenkins, God’s Continent: Christianity, Islam, and Europe’s Religious Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 239; Eva Borreguero, “The Moors Are Coming, the Moors Are Coming! Encounters with Muslims in Contemporary Spain,” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 17, no. 4 (October 2006): 428.

11. Borreguero, “The Moors Are Coming,” 430.

12. Stefano Allievi, “Islam in Italy,” in Islam, Europe’s Second Religion: The New Social, Cultural, and Political Landscape, ed. Shireen T. Hunter (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002), 78.

13. A. Fernández González and D. Llamazares Fernández, quoted in Bernabé López García and Ana I. Planet Contreras, “Islam in Spain,” in Hunter, Islam, Europe’s Second Religion, 168–69, 173n8.

14. Hisham Aidi, “Let Us Be Moors: Islam, Race, and ‘Connected Histories,’” Middle East Report 229 (Winter 2003): 43. For a special report on Moroccans of Morisco origin, see Juan Carlos de la Cal, “Los Hijos de al Andalus,” El Mundo (Madrid), August 27, 2006. For an account of the citizenship-law proposal, see “La Mesa exige mayoría cualificada para debatir la propuesta de IU sobre derecho preferente de moriscos a la nacionalidad,” October 7, 2006, Noticias Ya.com, http://noticias.ya.com/local/andalucia/7/10/2006/mesa-propuesta-iu.html.

15. Craig G. Smith, “Poor and Muslim? Jewish? Soup Kitchen Is Not for You,” New York Times, February 28, 2006; Miriam Joyce, letter to the editor, New York Times, March 7, 2006.

16. Robert Purkiss, quoted in Matti Bunzl, ed., Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Hatreds Old and New in Europe (Chicago: Prickly Paradigm, 2007), 9–10.

17. See Pew Global Attitudes Project, “Unfavorable Views of Jews and Muslims on the Increase in Europe,” Pew Research Center, September 17, 2008, at http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=262. I thank Michael Morris for bringing this news item to my attention.

18. Ian Fisher, “Is Cuisine Still Italian Even if the Chef Isn’t?” New York Times, April 7, 2008.

19. See Aristide Zolberg, A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006), 16–17.

20. Stuart Hall, “Ethnicity and Difference,” in Becoming National: A Reader, ed. Geoff Eley and Ronald Grigor Suny (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), 344.

21. Mae M. Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004), 7; Arjun Appadurai, Fear of Small Numbers: An Essay on the Geography of Anger (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006), 43.

22. Roger Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door: American Immigration Policy and Immigrants since 1882 (New York: Hill & Wang, 2004), 140–41.

23. Moisés Naím, “Borderline,” Washington Post, May 28, 2006.

24. Fatima Mernissi, Dreams of Trespass: Tales of a Harem Girlhood (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1994).

25. Edward Rothstein, “In the U.S. and Europe, Tensions between a National and Minority Languages,” New York Times, May 29, 2006; John Tagliabue, “Soon, Europe Will Speak in 23 Tongues,” New York Times, December 6, 2006.

26. Zolberg, Nation by Design, 14, 450–51, 457; “Border Insecurity,” New York Times, March 4, 2008; “The Road to Dystopia,” New York Times, March 13, 2008.

27. Zolberg, Nation by Design, 454.

28. Herman Melville, Redburn (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1976), 382, quoted in ibid., 455.

29. Melville, Redburn, quoted in John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (1955; repr., New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1988), 21.

30. Louis Adamic, quoted in Ngai, Impossible Subjects, 233.

31. Gregory Rodriguez, Mongrels, Bastards, Orphans, and Vagabonds: Mexican Immigration and the Future of Race in America (New York: Pantheon, 2007), xvi.

32. Ibid., 33–54.

33. Ibid., 87.

34. Antonio López de Santa Anna, quoted in ibid., 83.

35. Rodriguez, Mongrels, Bastards, Orphans, and Vagabonds, 87.

36. Ibid., 86.

37. Richard Rodriguez, Days of Obligation: An Argument with My Mexican Father (1992), quoted in ibid., xi.

38. Richard Sennett, The Culture of the New Capitalism (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2006), 90, 167.

39. Emma Lazarus, “1492” and “The New Colossus,” in The Norton Anthology of American Literature, ed. Nina Baym, shorter 7th ed. (New York: Norton, 2008), 1601–2.