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Index
- Abd al-Rahman, 15
- Abdullah, Abu (Boabdil), 32
- Abdullah of Transjordan, King, 120–21, 195n111
- Abil, Musa Ben, 32, 161
- Abrahamism, 99
- Abulafia, Todros, 105–6, 107, 192n54
- Accademia delle Arti del Disegno of Florence, 113
- Adamic, Louis, 173, 202n30
- Adams, Henry, 23, 133
- affirmative action, 125
- al-Afghani, Jamal Ad-Din, 79
- African American Islam, 28
- African American Muslims, 10–11, 60, 72–85; contrast between legacy of policies of Christian vs. Muslim societies for, 77–78; Drew Ali and New Negro ideology, 78–81, 84; fear of, 75; Malcolm X, 10–11, 60, 77, 83–84, 178n15, 189n70; Muslim sense of superiority over fellow African slaves, 76; Nation of Islam, 81–83, 84; resistance to slavery and oppression, 74–76
- African American slave refugees in New Spain, 174–75
- Africanus, Leo, 48
- Agamben, Giorgio, 93–94
- Agency for International Development, 148
- Aguirre, Francisco de, 142–43
- Aguirre Beltran, G., 72, 188n37
- Ahmad, Ghulam, 80
- Ahmad, Mahmud, 80
- Ahmadiyya, 80
- Aidi, Hisham, 60, 186n7, 201n14
- Aizenman, N. C., 180n50
- Albaicín quarter in Granada, 15
- Alcalá de Henares, University of, 48–49
- Alexander VI, Pope, 32
- Alfonsi, Petrus (Moses of Huesca), 102
- Alfonso VI (king of Léon and Castile), 27
- Ali, Ayaan Hirsi, 22, 180n59
- Ali, Duse Mohammed, 78
- Ali and Nino (Said), 87, 92
- Alien Nation (Brimelow), 147
- Allah Is Great: The Decline and Rise of the Islamic World (Nussimbaum and Weisl), 91
- Alliance for Progress, 148
- Allievi, Stefano, 161, 201n12
- Almansor (Heine), 107
- Alpizar, Rigoberto, 197n50
- Alpujarras: first Moorish uprising (1499), 33; second Moorish uprising (1568–1570), 36
- Al-Qaida, 27
- Alvarado, Pedro de, 162
- America: Muslim slaves in, 10–11, 28, 73. See also African American Muslims
- America Alone (Steyn), 14
- American Colonization Society, 74
- “American Creed,” 124, 128
- American Dream, 127, 139
- Americanism, 132; affiliations between Protestant fundamentalism and, 137–38
- American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), 25
- Americanization, 136
- American Muslim Society, 84
- American Party, 130
- Amir, Yigal and Haggai, 117
- Amistad insurrection (1838), 76
- Anan ben David, 95
- Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine (Shriners), 78
- al-Andalus (Muslim Spain), 72, 108, 110; Muslim fanatics’ selective memories of, 7
- Angel Island: rejection rate, 126
- Anglo-Protestant culture of United States, 124–25, 127, 129–30
- Anglo-Saxonism, 130–31, 133, 134; Anglo-Saxon nativism, 134, 136, 137; merged into white supremacy, 134–35
- Anidjar, Gil, 12, 94, 105, 178n18, 190n14, 190n18
- Anti-Defamation League, 145, 198n68
- anti-immigrant/immigration forces, 45, 147, 151; fictional portrayals of consequences of, 156–58; Swiss, 17; in United States, 8, 16, 20–24. See also immigration law; nativism; undesirable aliens
- anti-Mexicanism, 18–24. See also Hispanic immigration/immigrants to United States; Mexican immigrants
- anti-Semitism, 14, 25; classical Christian, given new life by anti-Muslimism, 100–105; classical Christian, movement into Arab lands, 98; Crusades and, 11–12, 100–105; discourse of classical, deployed against Moriscos, 40; in early twentieth-century United States, 135; as enduring part of Christian culture, 55–56; Europe’s identity as Christian and white and, 167–68; French, 53; imperialism and, 119; Jews as outsiders regardless of integration into European culture, 58; medieval roots of modern, 101–3. See also Jews
- Antonio de Nebrija, Elio, 48, 49
- Appadurai, Arjun, 169, 202n21
- Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America (Walker), 77, 81–82
- Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ, The (Dowling and Dowling), 79
- Arabia (Hogarth), 111
- Arabic language, 95–96; impact on Hebrew philology, 95–96; as most widely spoken and written of all Semitic languages, 100
- Arab-Israeli conflict: Jewish-Muslim bonds stifled by, 121–22
- Arab nationalism: Palgrave’s influence on, 111–12
- Arabs: Jews’ identification with, 11–12, 85, 98, 112–13
- Aragon, 33, 50
- Arau, Sergio, 156, 200n103
- Archibold, Randal C., 200n110
- architecture: Jews’ Arab/Muslim identity affirmed through, 11, 112–13
- Arellano, Gustavo, 20, 21, 23, 180n52
- Aristotle, 49
- Arjona, Ricardo, 155
- Armstrong, Karen, 101, 191n39
- Asad, Muhammad, 118–19, 194n102
- Asad, Talal, 118, 184n53
- Ashkenazim, 87, 97, 112, 116, 117
- Asians: as New World Moors, 64–65
- as-Siddiq, Abu Bakr, 73, 74
- assimilation: through dispersion in United States, 125–26; into European culture, Muslim refusal of, 76; in New Spain, 66–67; resistance by new immigrants in United States, 126; Spanish language in debate about, 141; through education, 136
- Assimilation in American Life (Gordon), 126
- Asthana, Anushka, 197n46
- Austin, Allan D., 59, 73, 74, 188n38
- Austin, Stephen, 143, 197n58
- Austro-Hungarian Empire: nineteenth-century Jewish orientalists from, 108–9
- Averroës, 13
- azenagues (Tuaregs), 72
- Aznar, José María, 27
- Aznar Cardona, Pedro, 40
- Aztecs, Moors, and Christians: Festivals of Reconquest in Mexico and Spain (Harris), x
- Babel (film), 157–58
- Bahrampour, Tara, 197n46
- Balfour Declaration (1917), 56
- Banister, Joseph, 58, 185n95
- Bartels, Emily C., 5, 63, 64, 177n6, 186n10
- Basques, 24, 43, 50
- Bayazid II, Ottoman sultan, 34, 182n13
- Bay Ye’or (Giselle Litmann), 13
- Bazán, Rafael A. Guevara, 13, 59, 69, 85, 178n21, 187n23, 187n28, 190n77
- Beauvais, Vincent de, 102
- Becerra, Hector, 180n47
- Belgium: Wallonia-Flanders division in, 17
- Bell, John, 144, 156, 198n61
- Belloc, Hilaire, 150, 199n92
- Benbassa, Esther, 152, 154, 199n95
- Beneath the United States (Schoultz), 142–43
- Benegas, Yunes, 34–35, 182n13
- Ben-Gavriel, Moshe Yaacov (Eugen Hoeflich), 114
- Ben-Gurion, David, 114, 116, 120, 194n96
- Benjamin, Walter, 90
- Bennett, David H., 139, 196n41
- Bensoussan, Georges, 54–55, 56, 58, 93, 100, 105, 145, 185n84, 191n37
- Béranger, Henry, 53
- Berdugo, Serge, 25, 181n67
- Berkowitz, Michael, 194n91
- Berlin Islamic Society, 118
- Bernard of Clairvaux, 104–5
- Bernstein, Nina, 180n50, 198n74
- Biaggi, Pedro, 20, 23
- Bible of the Moorish Science Temple of America, 79
- Bilefsky, Dan, 179n39
- bilingualism, 141
- Black Legend, 52
- “blackmoor” captives, 72
- Blakey, Art, 80
- Bleda, Jaime, 37, 40, 41
- Blood and Oil in the Orient (Nussim-baum), 87, 91
- blood libels, 102–3, 109
- Bluett, Thomas, 73
- Blyden, Edward Wilmot, 76, 77, 189n55
- Boabdil, 32
- Boas, Franz, 133
- Boase, Roger, 182n12
- Bogans, Gulam. See Muhammad, Elijah
- Bolívar, Simón, 143
- Bolsheviks: cheka of, 88–89
- Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005 (HR 4437), 19–22; Inhofe’s amendment, 21–22; protests against, 19–20
- borders/boundaries: fences as sentinels to unsolved problems, 158–59; nativist responses to illegal immigration as threat to liberal democracy, 171–72; physical barriers as absurd and obsolete, 170–71
- Borreguero, Eva, 50, 51, 165, 184n71, 201n10
- Bortin, Meg, 200n109
- Botero, Giovanni, 43–44, 184n47
- Bouteldja, Naima, 199n95
- Bouyeri, Mohammed, 152
- Box, John C., 146, 198n72
- braceros, 146
- Braude, Benjamin, 192n49
- Braudel, Fernand, 7
- Brennan, Gerald, 51
- Brenz, Johannes, 105
- Brevario Sunni; or, Kitab segoviano (Islamic manual), 34
- Brightman, Thomas, 56
- Brimelow, Peter, 147, 198n77
- British Office for National Statistics, 154
- Brooks, Rosa, 139, 196n44
- Brown, Jonathan, 198n89
- Buber, Martin, 113, 114–15, 193n83, 193n87
- Buchanan, Patrick J., 18, 142, 147, 150, 155, 169, 179n35, 197n47, 198n77; warnings about unchecked immigration, 16–17, 140–41
- Bumiller, Elisabeth, 179n40
- Bunzl, Matti, 57, 185n93
- Burr, Richard, 23
- Bush, George H. W., 148
- Bush, George W., 14, 140, 178n26, 179n40–41; on immigration, 18–19, 23, 179n41; response to Spanish version of “Star-Spangled Banner,” 21
- Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Núñez, 70
- Cal, Juan Carlos de la, 201n14
- Calderón, Felipe, 150
- Calhoun, John C., 144, 197n60
- California’s Proposition 187 (1994), 147
- Call for Heresy, A (Majid), xi–xii
- Camp of Saints, The (Raspail), 153
- Canticle of Creatures (Francis of Assisi), 15
- Cantor, Norman, 104
- “Capture of Motecuzoma” (dramatization), 164
- Cardona, Sancho de, 36–37
- Carr, Matt, 13, 178n22, 199n95
- Carr, Raymond, 43, 50, 183n45
- Carrasco, Raphaël, 182n16
- Casablanca: Muslim terrorist attack on synagogue in (2003), 25
- Castañeda, 188n32
- Castile, 24, 48, 63, 142; failure to unify Iberian Peninsula, 50–52; merger of Aragon and, 33, 50. See also Ferdinand and Isabella; Spain
- Castillo Maldonado, Alonso del, 70
- Castro, Fidel, 60, 186n7
- Catalans, 24, 43, 50; revolt of 1640, 51
- Catholicism/Catholic Church: conversion to, 31, 33, 49, 56, 68; infinite variety of tradition in Spain, 51; Vatican II, 52, 101; in Vichy France, 53. See also conversos; Inquisition; Moriscos Catholic Monarchs, 32, 45, 47–48, 50, 61, 175
- Catholics in United States: anti-Catholic hysteria in early twentieth century, 135; fear of, 130–33; fear of, Protestant fundamentalism and, 137–38; number of, 139
- censuses: classification of Mexicans, 146; population changes, 140
- Cervantes, Miguel de, 48, 49
- Césaire, Aimé, 55, 82, 185n85, 189n68
- chain migration, 146
- Charlemagne, 26
- Charles V, King, 33, 36, 48, 49, 67, 68, 75
- Chaunu, Pierre, 181n1
- Chávez, Hugo, 61
- Chebel, Malek, 184n62
- Chejne, Anwar G., 183n44
- Chicanos: DNA testing for Jewish ancestry in, 59–60, 61
- children: teaching (indoctrination) of Morisco and Indian, 67
- Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 21
- Chinese immigrants: exclusion of (1882–1943), 21, 139
- Chomsky, Noam, 14
- Christian apocalyptic messianism, 56
- Christian heritage: European identity and, 65, 150, 167–68
- Christianity, Islam, and the Negro Race (Blyden), 77
- Christian Science Monitor, 158
- Circle Seven Koran, 79
- Cisneros, Cardinal, 51
- Civil Rights Act (1964), 125
- Clarke, John, 144
- Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order, The (Huntington), 4, 7–8, 123
- Clement VII, Pope, 33
- Clendinnen, Inga, 92, 93, 190n15
- Clinton, Bill, 147
- Cohen, Jeremy, 104, 192n42
- Cohen, Richard, 23, 181n64
- Cohn, D’Vera, 197n46
- Cohn, Norman, 101
- cold war, 173
- Cole, Peter, 192n54
- Collectio toletana (Toletano-Clunaic corpus), 102
- colonialism: European, 27, 55, 65, 78, 82, 119; Holocaust as application of colonialist procedures on white man, 55–56; Muslim refusal of assimilation into European culture as ultimate revolt against, 76
- Columbus, Christopher, 4, 77, 137
- Communist regimes, 54
- Concejo y consejeros del principe (Ceriol), 37
- Conder, Abel, 75
- Condon, Patrick, 190n75
- Confessions of Economic Hit (Perkins), 148
- Coningsby; or, The New Generation (Disraeli), 110
- Conquest of Jerusalem, The (1539 pageant in Mexico), 162–63
- Conrad, Lawrence I., 192n63
- conspiracy-laden views, 13–18
- Constable, Pamela, 199n94
- conversion to Catholicism: assimilationist ideology in New Spain and, 66–67; attempts to convert forcibly baptized Moriscos, 38–39; insincere and nominal, 34–35. See also Moriscos
- conversos, 31, 33–34, 49, 57, 68, 101
- Coolidge, Calvin, 138
- Cornwell, Rupert, 180n61
- Coronado, Francisco Vázquez, 70, 71
- Cortés, Hernando, 162–63, 174
- cosmic race, 131, 174
- cosmopolitanism: optimism of post–Civil War America, 131, 172–73; relatively open borders and liberal, 172; after war with Spain, 133
- Costa, Joaquín, 27, 181n72
- Costantino, Nick, 179n42
- Council of Indies, 10
- Count of Monte Cristo, The (Dumas), 161
- Covadogna, Battle of, 50
- Covarrubias, Sebastian de, 53
- Cowan, Rosie, 197n50
- Critique of Judgment (Kant), 115
- Cromer, Lord, 110, 193n69
- “Crusaderism” ideology, 118
- Crusades: Christian anti-Semitism as corollary of, 11–12, 100–105
- “crypto-Jews” (Marranos), 31, 59–60, 185n1; Dönmeh, sect of Muslim, 97
- Cuen, Leonard, 145
- cultural memories: persistence of, 7
- Culture of New Capitalism, The (Sennett), 175
- Current Opinion (news magazine), 137
- Cutler, Allan Harris, 100–101, 102, 103–4, 105, 191n40
- Cutler, Helen Elmquist, 100–101, 102, 103–4, 105, 191n40
- D’Aguilers, Raymond, 103
- Dallacroce, Michelle, 20, 149
- Dallas: immigrants’ rights rally, 19
- Daniels, Roger, 22, 126, 139, 156, 169, 181n62, 195n7, 202n22
- Dannin, Robert, 10, 74, 178n14, 188n44
- Dante Alighieri, 15
- Dánvila y Collado, M., 31, 42, 183n44
- Daoud, Talib, 80
- Daúd, Aben, 36
- Davis, Kenneth C., 196n20
- Davis, Mike, 199n94
- Day without a Mexican, A (film), 156–57
- deconstructionists, 125
- Defensio fidei in causa neophytorum sive Morischorum regni Valenciae, totiusque Hispaniae (Bleda), 41
- Delbrück, Hans, 4
- Della ragion di stato (The Reason of State) (Botero), 43–44
- demographic shifts: global, 155; traditions revitalized by, 168; in United States, 126–27, 139–40, 146–47
- Denmark: anti-Muslim sentiments, 152
- De-Nur, Yehiel (Yehiel Feiner), 93, 190n19
- DeParle, Jason, 200n109
- deportation from United States: of foreign-born radicals, 136
- “Dernier immigré, Le” (The Last Immigrant) (Jelloun), 157
- Derrida, Jacques, 94
- desecration-of-the-host libels, 102–3
- Deutsch, Aladar, 114, 193n85
- Devil and the Jews, The (Trachtenberg), 101
- al-Dhahab, Sātti Majid Muhammad Al-Qadi Suwar, 78–79
- dhimmis: relations between Muslims and, 99
- Dhimmitude, 99
- Dialogues against the Jews (Alfonsi), 102
- Diamond, Neil, 154–55
- Díaz de Vivar, Rodrigo (El Cid), 26–27
- Diner, Dan, 199n97
- Diouf, Sylvanie A., 74, 188n44
- Discourse on Colonialism (Césaire), 55, 82
- Discours of Voyages into Ye Easte & West Indies (van Linschoten), 64
- Disraeli, Benjamin, 11, 109–11, 113, 115, 118, 121, 193n66, 193n70–73
- Divine Comedy (Dante), 15
- DNA testing: for family lineage, 186n2–3; for Jewish ancestry, 59–60, 61; proving migration of Jewish women with Jewish men into Europe, 191n25
- Dobbs, Lou, 197n60
- doctrineros (catechizers), 33
- Dodd, Vikram, 197n50
- Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio, 67, 187n21
- Dönmeh: sect of Muslim crypto-Jews, 97
- Don Quixote (Cervantes), 48
- Dorantes, Andrés, 70
- Douglass, Frederick, 78
- Dowling, Eva S. and Levi, 79
- Dreams of Trespass (Mernissi), 170–71
- Dred Scott v. Sandford, 77
- Drew Ali, Noble, 78–81, 84
- dual loyalties/citizenship, 126, 135
- Du Bois, W. E. B., 82, 189n67
- Dukakis, Michael, 155
- Dumas, Alexandre, 161
- Edict of Expulsion (1492), 31
- Edict of Expulsion (1609), 40
- Efron, John M., 192n58
- Ehlers, Benjamin, 39, 182n22, 183n25
- Ehrenfels, Omar-Rolf Von, 91–92
- El Cid, 26–27
- Elidrissi, Youssef, 185n89
- Ellis, Havelock, 161, 200n1
- Ellis Island: rejection rate, 126
- Ellison, Keith, 84–85
- El Mundo (Spanish newspaper), 27
- emerging markets, 2
- Engels, Friedrich, 12, 178n20
- England under the Jews (Banister), 58
- English language: as national language of United States, efforts to make, 21–23; under siege in era of multiculturalism, 125
- English millenarianism, seventeenth-century, 56
- Enlightenment, 94; fear of Islam expressed in denunciation of culture of, 150; Moorish identity of European Jews during, 85
- Erasmus of Rotterdam, 51
- España Musulmana, La (Albornoz), 53
- Espinel, Vicente, 49, 50, 184n69
- Espionage Act (1917), 135
- Essad-Bey (pseudonym for Nussim-baum), 87, 90
- Establishment of a Colony in the Holy Land or in One of Its Neighboring Regions (Stiassny), 114
- Esteban the Moor, 70–73
- ethnic cleansing, 43, 167; of Indians in United States, 124; pursued as political principle, 48. See also expulsion; Holocaust
- eugenics, 134, 137, 138
- Eurabia, 13, 15
- Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis (Bay Ye’or), 13
- Europe: challenged by rise of new, nonwhite powers, 3; illegal and nonassimilable immigrants in, 3–4; Muslim presence in, controversy over, 1–3, 12–13; undesirable aliens in, 149–54
- European Dream, 128
- European identity: as Christian and white, 65, 150, 167–68; impetus for, 65; role of Islam in, 4–5
- European Monitoring Centre, 167
- European Right, 58
- European Union (EU), 171; charter mandating the protection of minority languages across the continent, 171; Muslim population in, 153–54
- expulsion: contemplated for Muslims in Europe and United States, 150–51; effects on Spain, 41–42; fiction depicting consequences of, 156–58; foundational myths invoked to justify, 45–46; of Jews from Spain (1492), 31–32, 39–40, 45, 46, 48, 49, 96–98; of Moriscos from Spain (1609–1614), 1, 9, 10, 31, 39–42, 49–50, 122, 183n35; of Muslims already settled in New Spain, 68–69
- Expulsión de Los Moriscos Españoles, La (Dánvila y Collado), 42
- Ezell, Harold, 21
- Fackenheim, Emil, 93, 190n18
- Faisal of Saudi Arabia, King, 119
- faith: quest for unity of, 6, 43, 44–45, 50, 63, 171; as racial category, Spanish purity-of-blood statute (1449) and, 34, 53–54; unity of, as essential to nascent form of nationalism, 47–49
- Fallaci, Oriana, 142, 150, 155, 166, 168, 171, 178n23, 178n28, 199n97, 201n3; denunciation of Islam, 13–16, 17, 20, 149, 154, 162
- Fanatisme ou Mahomet le prophète, Le (Voltaire), 15
- Fard Muhammad, W. D., 80–81
- Farinacci, Roberto, 55
- Farrakhan, Louis, 84
- Fate of Zionism, The (Hertzberg), 115
- fatwa: concerning insincere and nominal conversion, 34; Oran Fatwa of 1504, 34, 182n12; similarity to Jewish teshwot, 96
- fautorship, 33
- fear of annihilation seizing white Euro-American imagination, 149
- fear of enemy: vital role in nation making, 128
- fear of immigrants, 149–50
- fear of Islam: fear of Hispanics connected with, 157–58; in France, 152–53. See also expulsion
- Fear of Small Numbers (Appadurai), 169
- Feierberg, M. Z., 115, 193n89
- Feiner, Yehiel (Yehiel De-Nur or Ka-Tzetnik 135633), 93, 190n19
- fences: absurdity of physical barriers at borders, 170; as sentinels to unsolved problems, 158–59; on U.S.–Mexican border, 150, 158–59. See also borders/boundaries
- Ferdinand and Isabella, 4, 9, 50, 122, 158, 175; pillars of new world order created by, 47–48; policy of pious cruelty, 43; reconquest of Granada, 31, 32–33, 43; title of Catholic Monarchs and official religion of state, 32, 45, 47–48, 50, 175; unity of faith, 63
- Ferdinand VII, King, 52
- Ferguson, Niall, 3, 13, 155, 177n1, 200n100
- Fernández-Armesto, Felipe, 51
- Fernández González, A., 166, 201n13
- fertility rates: of Moriscos, fears of, 37–38, 42; in North African countries, 153–54
- fiction: consequences of nativism imagined through, 156–58
- Fifth Crusade (1213), 103
- Finkielkraut, Alain, 14
- Fiore, Mark, 139, 196n43
- First Crusade (1096), 103, 104
- Fisher, Ian, 200n109, 201n18 Fitna (film), 122, 195n115
- Fonseca, Damián, 40
- Force of Reason, The (Fallaci), 15; review of, 17
- Ford, Richard, 51, 184n73
- Foreign Affairs, 147
- Foreign Policy (magazine), 170
- Förster, Ludwig, 112–13, 193n79
- Fortuyn, Pim, 152
- Foster, George M., 200n1
- foundational myths, 45–46
- Founding Fathers, 125
- Fountain, Henry, 180n56
- “1492” (Lazarus), 175
- Fourth Lateran Council (1215), 101, 103, 105
- France: anti-Semitism in, 53; attempt to reestablish mythical and universal pillars of French identity, 154; Far Right in, 152; hybrid traditions of, 157; right-wing xenophobia in, 167; riots in November 2005, 153; “veil mania” in, 152–53, 154
- Francis of Assisi, Saint, 15
- Frank, Jacob, 97
- Franklin, Benjamin, 22, 181n62
- free movement: fundamental human right to, 173
- Frey, William H., 140
- Freyre, Gilberto, 76, 162, 189n49, 200n2
- Fuentes, Carlos, 140
- fueros (laws and privileges), 33
- Fugitive Slave Law (1850), 77
- fundamentalism, Protestant, 137–38
- Furió Ceriol, Fadrique, 37, 49, 182n19, 184n66
- Gallagher, Nancy Elizabeth, 192n60
- Galveston Weekly News, 145
- García-Arenal, Mercedes, 65, 187n17
- Garrido Aranda, Antonio, 187n19
- Garvey, Marcus, 78
- gated communities, 24
- Gebir, Ice de, 34
- Geiger, Abraham, 108, 192n58
- Geis, Sonya, 180n48
- Geisser, Vincent, 154, 199n97
- Genesis: The First Arab-Israeli War (Kurzman), 120
- genocidal passion, 54–55, 58, 100, 105, 145, 167
- geonim (spiritual leaders), 95
- Gerbi, Antonello, 190n77
- German: as contender for U.S. official language, 22
- Germany: nineteenth-century Jewish orientalists from, 108–9; Zionism modeled on nationalism of, 116. See also Holocaust; Nazism
- ghettoization: Jewish badge and, 101, 103, 105
- Gilbert, Martin, 13
- Gilroy, Paul, 169
- Gladstone, William, 110, 193n68
- globalization, 24; effect on regional distinctions, 43; emerging markets and, 2; European-defined, after 1492, 1; foundational myths invoked in face of, 45–46; gradual collapse of old world order with, 171; minorities as major site for displacing anxieties of many states in world of, 169; segregation between those with access to resources and those without and, 171
- Goldziher, Ignaz, 108–9, 113, 118, 192n63, 193n64
- Gomez, Michael A., 72, 74, 75, 76, 188n36
- Gómez de Quevedo, Francisco, 49
- Gonzales, Alberto R., 140
- Gonzalez, Juan, 142, 146, 147, 197n52, 198n88
- González Iñárritu, Alejandro, 157, 200n106
- Goodnough, Abby, 197n50
- Gordon, Milton M., 125–26, 195n6
- Gorman, Anna, 180n47
- Goytisolo, Juan, 28, 158–59, 181n73, 200n108
- Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mosé, Florida, 174
- Graetz, Heinrich, 108, 118
- Graham, Lindsay, 23
- Gramática de la lengua castellana (Nebrija), 48
- Granada: defeat of Moors (1492), 31, 32–33, 43; forced conversion of Muslims in, 33; Iberian and European exploration after defeat of Moors, 119; Morisco Revolt (1568), 163; Muslim Albaicín quarter in, 15; Muslims forced into exile, 48, 184n62
- Granada, Luis de, 49, 184n66
- Granada, University of, 49, 66, 67
- Grant, Madison, 135–36, 138, 147
- Grant, Ulysses S., 145, 198n64
- Greenberg, Uri Zvi, 121, 194n111
- Griffin, Cyrus, 74
- Grove, Andrew S., 20, 180n49
- G-7 countries: economic output of emerging markets compared to, 2
- Guadalupe, Treaty of (1848), 145
- Guadix, synod of (1554), 66–67
- Guarding the Golden Door (Daniels), 139
- Gubbay, Lucien, 95
- Guénoun, Denis, 177n3
- guerra fría (cold war), 4
- Guide to the Perplexed (Maimonides), 95
- Gustalla, G., 112, 193n78
- Gutierre de Cárdenas, León don, 32
- Guzmán, Nuño de, 71, 188n32
- Haan, Jacob Israel de, 194n91
- Habermas, Jürgen, 150, 154, 199n93
- al-Hakim, Caliph, 103
- Hakluyt, Richard, 64, 186n12
- Hakluytus Posthumus; or, Purchas His Pilgrimes (Purchas), 65
- Haley, Alex, 77, 189n56
- Hall, Stuart, 168, 202n20
- Hamdani, Abbas, 177n2
- ha-Nagid, Samuel (Samuel ibn Nagrela), 96
- Handbook for Travellers in Spain (Ford), 51
- Haredim (ultra-Orthodox Jews), 194n91
- Harmon, Amy, 186n3
- Harris, Max, x, xi, 162, 163, 164, 165, 188n34, 201n4
- Harrison, Lawrence, 148
- Hart-Celler Immigration Act (1965), 138
- Harvey, L. P., 31, 34, 41, 54, 177n7, 182n11, 182n13, 182n16, 183n35
- Hassen, Nabil Hadj, 168
- hate groups, 145
- Haymarket affair of 1886, 134
- Hebrew language, 100
- Hebrew philology: impact of Islam and use of Arabic on, 95–96
- Hegel, G. W. F., 115
- Heine, Heinrich, 107, 192n56
- Heneroty, Kate, 199n90
- Herencia medieval de México, La (Weckmann), 66
- heretics: need for, xii
- Hertzberg, Arthur, 115, 194n90
- Herzl, Theodor, 113, 114, 120
- Higham, John, 129, 130, 133, 139, 196n17, 202n29
- Hillgarth, J. N., 182n5, 187n17
- Hinsliff, Gaby, 198n89
- HisPanic (Rivera), 126
- Hispanic immigration/immigrants to United States, 18–24, 123–24; assertion of their rights in globally distorted economy, 156; autoimmune diseases as sign of Jewish heritage, 185n1; Buchanan’s warning about unchecked, 16–17; conflation of Muslims and, 142; debate about, 3, 12, 18–24; fastest-growing segment of U.S. population, 126–27; growth of Hispanic American population, 140, 141; proimmigration rallies on May 1, 2006, 154–55; as undesirable aliens, 123–24, 126–27, 140–49, 154–55
- Hispanics: converting, or reverting to Islam, 60, 61; identification with Islam and Arab culture, 60–62; as New World Moors, 59–62
- Historia de la Nueva Mexico (Pérez de Villagrá), 67
- Historia del rebellion y castigo de los moriscos del reyno de granada (Marmol y Carvajal), 36
- Historia general de las indias (López de Gómara), 10
- Hitchcock, Richard, 183n39
- Hitler, Adolf, 52, 55, 88, 185n86. See also Holocaust; Nazism
- Hobsbawm, Eric, 195n116
- Hodge, Frederick Webb, 188n32
- Hoeflich, Eugen (Moshe Yaacov Ben-Gavriel), 114
- Hogarth, David George, 111
- Holocaust, 6, 46; Nazi term, Muselmann, for doomed Jews, 92–94; as part of enduring culture of Christian anti-Judaism, 55–56; tradition of racism initiated by Spain and, 52; treatment of survivors in 1950s United States, 20
- Holthouse, David, 198n68
- Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem: destruction (circa 1010), 103
- Homady (escaped Muslim slave), 76
- Hordes, Stanley M., 185n1
- Hourani, Albert, 108, 192n60
- Houston, Sam, 143, 197n58
- How Preachers and Laymen Should Conduct Themselves If the Turk Were to Invade Germany (Brenz), 105
- How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York (Riis), 131
- Hui Chinese in Shandong Province, 64
- Hulse, Carl, 181n66
- Humbert of Romans, 102
- Hunt, Washington, 144, 197n59
- Hunter, Shireen T., 199n91
- Huntington, Samuel P., 4, 7–8, 13, 123–30, 139, 140, 147, 169, 171, 177n5, 195n1–3, 196n42
- Hurtado de Mendoza, Luis, 163
- Ibn Khaldun, 96, 191n31
- Ibn Nagrela, Samuel (Samuel ha-Nagid), 96
- Ibn Said, Umar, 73
- Ibn Saud, 118
- Ibrahima, Abd al-Rahman, 74, 76, 79
- identity: immigration as central to our sense of, 28–29; instability of, 168; overlapping of Jewish and Muslim, in European imagination, 40, 94, 102–5, 119, 168; strength of Moorish, 85. See also European identity; national identity(ies)
- illegal aliens in United States, 3–4, 126, 196n40; Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005, 19–22; Bush on, 18–19, 23, 179n41; California’s Proposition 187 and, 147; contribution of undocumented workers, 156; creation as legal entity, 138; crime to hire, 147; dispute over fate of, 18–24; estimates of number of, 179n41; Irish and Mexicans as largest national groups from 1960s to 1980s, 169; Minutemen vigilantes watching for, 149–50; nativist responses to, as threat to liberal democracy, 171–72; reasons for immigrating, 158–59
- Illicit: How Smugglers, Traffickers, and Copycats Are Hijacking the Global Economy (Naím), 170
- immigration: as central to our sense of identity, 28–29; connection between Christian Crusades against the Moor and national policies to stem, 5; European Islamophobia and, 12–13; Muslim, to the New World, 13, 68–70; national identities threatened by, 17–18; Swiss anti-immigrant policies, 17; xenophobic policies in Arab nations, 5. See also assimilation
- Immigration Act (1924), 145–46
- Immigration Act (1965), 146–47
- Immigration and Reform Control Act (1986), 147
- immigration law, 19–24, 124–25, 145–47; early twentieth century, 135–36; rapid succession of immigration reform bills of past twenty-five years, 147
- Immigration Restriction League, 124–25
- Immigration Time Bomb, The (Lamm), 147
- immigration to United States: Anglo-Saxonism and new patterns of, 134; anti-immigration policies, 8; assimilation through dispersion and, 125–26; Buchanan’s warning about unchecked, 16–17, 140–41; chain migration, 146; denunciation of darker immigrant groups in 1880s and 1890s, 131–32; history of, 154–55; national origins system, 138–39; numerical limits on, 138, 145–46; post–Civil War campaign to import European immigrants, 131; reform, controversy over, 19. See also illegal aliens in United States
- imperialism, 16, 48, 83, 103, 109, 118, 119, 133, 134, 144
- Impossible Subjects (Ngai), 139
- Independent (British newspaper), 22
- India: Muslims in, 151–52, 199n94
- Indians, American, 10, 65–67, 71
- Inhofe, James, 21, 22
- Innocent III, Pope, 103, 105
- Inquisition, 6–7, 10, 32, 33, 38, 41, 47, 48, 51; abolition of (1820), 52; autos-da-fé of Bolshevik cheka, reminiscent of, 88–89; circumcision as identification of men as non-Christians, 54; purity-of-blood statute and power of, 52; roots in Islamic conquest of Spain in 711, 101
- intelligence (IQ) tests, 137
- international system of states: national unity and development of, 45
- In the Land of the Pharaohs (Ali), 78
- Introduction to the Creed (Granada), 49
- Iraq: Muslims’ defense of Jewish rights in, 122
- Irish: fleeing Great Hunger in nineteenth century, reception of, 172; illegal aliens in United States, 169
- Isabella, Queen. See Ferdinand and Isabella
- Islam: African American, 28; Ahmadiyya movement, 80; black nationalist movement and, 78; color blindness of, 80; conversion of African Americans to, 10–11, 60, 72–85; Crusades against, 11–12, 100–105; developed as alternative or rival to Judaism, 98; Drew Ali’s brand of, 78–81; equal status granted by conversion, 96; Fallaci’s denunciation of, 13–16, 17, 20, 149, 154, 162; Hispanic identification with, 60–62; “intentional distancing” from Jews and Christians, 98, 100; Jews’ identification with, 11–12, 85, 98, 112–13; in New World, 10–11, 68–70; number of conversions per year in America to, 60; permanence of Christendom’s conflict with, 4–5; as powerful vehicle of contest in sixteenth century, 69–70; recognized as a national religion in Spain (1989), 166–67; rise of, Jews united by lingua franca of Arabic and, 95–96; role in formation of European identity, 4–5; strict and rigorous monotheism and integration into culturally pluralistic societies, 8–9; vital role in medieval West African civilization, 77
- Islam at the Crossroads (Asad), 118
- Islam, Europe’s Second Religion, 150
- Islamophobia, 12–13, 57–58, 149; current language of, informed by old prejudices and post-9/11 environment, 152; Europe’s identity as Christian and white and, 167–68; imaginary Islam as target of, 154; Muslim population in Europe and, 153–54; as racist ideology, 154; Spain’s policy toward Muslim immigrants to New World as form of, 68–70; tenet of anti-Semitism repeated in, 58; “veil mania,” 152–53
- isolationism: American nativism and, 136
- Israel: Arab-Israeli conflict and, 121–22; exit of Jews from Arab/Muslim lands and creation of (1948), 98; future of, 121; in negative Jewish orientalist perspective, 115–16; presence of oriental Jew as Other in, 116–17
- Israeli-Hezbollah war (2006), 151
- Italians: lynching in New Orleans of (1891), 133
- Italy: ambivalent attitude toward Islam, 166; traditions revitalized by Arab immigrants in, 168
- Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 120
- Jackson, Sherman A., 74, 188n44
- Jamal, Ahmad, 80
- Jameelah, Maryam (Margaret Marcus), 119
- Janowitz, Morris, 127, 195n11
- Jansen, Jan (Morat Rais), 75
- Japanese Americans: treatment during World War II, 139
- Jay, John, 130
- Jefferson, Thomas: family lineage of, 186n2
- Jelloun, Tahar Ben, 123, 157, 200n105
- Jenkins, Philip, 153, 199n92–93, 201n10
- Jerusalem: dream of recapture of, 32, 41, 103; fall and leveling of (587 BC), 94–95; second loss of (AD 70), 95
- Jesuits: evangelical efforts of, 67
- Jew as Ally of the Muslim, The (Cutler and Cutler), 100–101
- Jewish badge: imposed by edict at Fourth Lateran Council (1215), 101, 103, 105; imposed by Muslims after conquest of Khaybar, 99
- Jewish Legion, 120
- Jewish orientalists, 108–9, 114–15
- Jew of Malta, The (Marlowe), 106–7
- Jews: anti-Semitism as enduring part of Christian culture against, 55–56; Christian apocalyptic messianism and, 56; “crypto-Jews,” 31, 59–60, 97, 185n1; defense of Muslim rights after 9/11, 121–22; discovery of America considered divine compensation of their expulsion from Spain, 39–40; disdain for Christian culture binding Muslims and, 105–10; Dutch, condemnation of Fitna film, 122; eastern European immigrants to United States, 145–46; expulsion from Spain (1492), 31–32, 46, 48; history of, 94–95; Holocaust and, 6, 20, 46, 52, 55–56, 92–94; identification with Islam and Arab/Moorish traditions, 11–12, 85, 98, 112–13; as Moors within European civilization, 58; Mosaic Arabs, 11, 110, 115, 121; Muslims and, 35, 56–57; Muslims and, during Crusades, 104–5; Muslims and, in Christian/European imaginary, 40, 94, 102–5, 119, 168; Muslims and, in Morocco, 25–26; Muslims and, shared fate of, 57, 58, 61; Nazi term, Muselmann, for doomed, 92–94; as oriental Other in Christian Europe, Judaism’s embeddedness in Middle East and, 94–98; Ottoman welcome after their expulsion from Spain, 96–98; persecution in Islamic lands, 99–100; purity-of-blood doctrine in Vichy France and, 53; purity-of-blood (limpieza de sangre) statute in Spain and, 6, 53, 57; reactions to their expulsion from Spain, 49; reclaiming Moorish heritage, 112–15; “Shylock stereotype,” 133; Spanish restriction on entry to New World, 68, 69; status within European culture today, 57. See also Zionism
- jihad: similarity to Jewish milhemet mitsva or milhemet hova, 96
- Jiménez de Cisneros, Cardinal Francisco, 33, 41, 48–49, 51, 66, 68, 69
- jingoism, 132
- John of Austria (Don John), 36, 182n17
- Johnson, Albert, 138, 145–46, 198n69
- Johnson, Kirk, 181n66
- Johnson-Reed Immigration Act (1924), 138
- John XXIII, Pope, 101
- Judaism: embeddedness in Middle East, 94–98; Islam developed as alternative or rival to Judaism, 98. See also Jews
- Judeo-Arabic literature, 95
- Judezmo (Ladino) language, 97
- Jüdische Monatshefte (journal), 114
- Jüdische Rundschau, Die (Jewish Review), 91
- Kakon, Maguy, 25
- Kallen, Horace, 125, 173
- Kalmar, Ivan Davidson, 112, 119, 121, 191n34, 193n66, 193n77
- Kamen, Henry, 9, 31, 163, 177n11, 181n1, 182n13, 185n78, 187n29, 201n7
- Kant, Immanuel, 12, 115
- Karaites, 95
- Ka-Tzetnik 135633 (Yehiel Feiner), 93, 190n19
- Keller, Michelle, 180n47
- Kennedy, Edward M., 24
- Kennedy, John F., 125, 148
- Key, Francis Scott, 73
- Khaybar: Muslim defeat and agreement with Jews of (628), 99
- King, Peter, 19
- Kinney, Henry L., 144
- Klug, Brian, 185n94
- Klugman, Patrick, 121, 195n113
- Knickerbocker, Brad, 179n41
- Know-Nothings, 21, 130
- Koch, Wendy, 179n41
- Kohn, Hans, 116
- Kohn, P., 114
- Kramer, Martin, 193n63, 194n101
- Krenn, Michael L., 197n58
- Kubler, George, 187n17
- Ku Klux Klan, 22, 137
- Kuper, Simon, 199n96
- Kurth, James, 155, 200n101
- Kurzman, Dan, 120, 194n110
- Ladino (Judezmo) language, 97
- Ladinos, 68
- Lafraniere, Sharon, 200n109
- Lagarde, Paul de, 113, 193n81
- Lamm, Richard, 147
- language: conflation of race and, in category of Hispanic, 21; official, nations with, 21–23, 180n56
- Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 57
- Lasker-Schüler, Else, 90–91
- Lassner, Jacob, 192n58
- “Last Immigrant, The” (Le Dernier Immigré) (Jelloun), 157
- Lateef, Yusef, 80
- Latin America: American view of Latin American culture, 142–43; invention of designation of, 156; racial views of Hispanics explaining, 147–48, 149; system of racial classifications in, 72; U.S. relations with, 142–49
- Latin American revolutionaries, 143
- Latinophobia, 141, 149
- Lavisse, Ernest, 4
- Lawrence, T. E., 111
- Lazarus, Emma, 175, 202n39
- Lea, Henry Charles, 40, 41–42, 182n3, 182n12, 183n39
- Lea, Homer, 135
- League of Nations, 136
- LeBor, Adam, 181n67
- Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion
- (Hegel), 115
- LeDuff, Charlie, 199n94
- Lefkovits, Etgar, 181n69
- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 100
- Leonhardt, David, 197n60
- Lepe, Rodrigo de (Rodrigo de Tríana), 69
- Lerma, Duke of (Sandoval y Rojas), 37, 39
- Levi, Primo, 92–93, 190n17
- Lévy, Bernard-Henri, 14, 178n28
- Lewis, Bernard, 13, 95, 96, 98–99, 191n27, 191n31
- Lewis, David Levering, 1, 4, 177n4
- liberalism/liberal democracy: ambivalence defining West’s liberal project, 62; erosion of civil rights in western liberal societies today, 46; nativist responses to illegal immigration as threat to, 171–72; regime of sixteenth-century Spain foreshadowing contemporary, 45, 46–47; in United States and western Europe, hegemonic drives indispensable to maintaining, 46
- “Life” (Ibn Said), 73
- Lingua Tertii Imperii (LTI), 92
- Liphshiz, Cnaan, 195n115
- Literarische Welt, Die (The Literary World), 90, 91
- Litmann, Giselle (pen name Bay Ye’or), 13
- Llamazares Fernández, D., 166, 201n13
- Llosa, Mario Vargas, 140
- Lloyd, Marion, 196n42
- Lobe, Jim, 178n26
- Lodge, Henry Cabot, 128–29
- Loewendahl, Erika, 91
- Loewendahl, Walter (“Daddy”), 91
- Logan, Rayford W., 71, 72, 188n35
- Logan Act, 84
- London, Jack, 135
- London Observer, 149
- London Society of Promoting Christianity among the Jews, 56
- López Bravo, Mateo, 37, 182n19
- López de Gómara, Francisco, 10, 177n12
- López García, Bernabé, 201n13
- Lory, Pierre, 191n36
- Los Angeles: demonstration against immigration legislation, 19
- Los Angeles Times, 20, 138, 139
- Lost-Found Nation of Islam, 81
- Lost-Found Nation of Islam in America, The (Marsh), 77
- Lotfi, Abdelhamid, 70, 71, 72, 187n30
- Lowell, James Russell, 130
- Lowney, Chris, v, 181n70
- Lozano, Tomás, ix–x, 187n18
- Luria, Isaac, 97
- Luther, Martin, 55, 105
- Lutherans: Spanish restriction on entry to New World, 69
- lynchings, 77, 133, 145
- MacFarquhar, Neil, 195n114
- Machiavelli, Niccolò, 9, 43, 44, 55, 183n46
- Madden, Richard Robert, 74, 188n42
- Madrid: terrorist attacks (2004), 27
- Mahamut, 75
- Mahony, Cardinal Roger, 19, 179n45
- Mailhos, Pascal, 153
- Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon), 95, 96
- Malcolm X, 10–11, 60, 77, 83–84, 178n15, 189n70; assassination, 84
- Malinali (Doña Marina), 174
- Mamluks, 34
- mandingas (Mande-speaking slaves), 72, 188n36
- Mansour, Abd El Hadi Ben, 187n31
- Man Who Knew Nothing about Love, The (Nussimbaum), 92
- Manzanas Calvo, Ana Maria, 17, 179n37, 200n111
- Maravall, José Antonio, 44, 45, 184n48
- Marcus, Margaret (Maryam Jameelah), 119
- Marichal, Juan, 200n102
- Marina, Doña (Malinali), 174
- Marlowe, Christopher, 106, 192n55
- Marmol y Carvajal, Luis de, 36, 182n18
- Márquez, Jesús Silva-Herzog, 139
- Márquez, Roberto, 200n102
- Márquez Villanueva, Francisco, 184n68
- marranismo, 34, 96
- Marranos (crypto-Jews), 31, 59–60; Mizrahim as new, 116
- Marsh, Clifton E., 77, 79, 189n56
- Martel, Charles, 15, 26
- Martinez, Mel, 23, 140
- Martyr, Peter, 32, 34, 182n5
- Marx, Anthony W., 47, 161, 184n54
- Marx, Karl, 12, 178n20
- McLean, Renwick, 186n4
- McSmith, Andy, 198n89
- Mead, Lawrence, 181n65
- Méchoulan, Henry, 56, 57, 182n19, 185n92
- Meir, Golda, 120
- Melting-Pot, The (Zangwill), 133
- Melville, Herman, 172–73, 202n28–29
- Melville principle, 173
- Menace (weekly), 135
- Mendelssohn, Moses, 108
- Mendoza, Antonio de, 65, 70
- Menezes, Jean Charles de, 197n50
- Mernissi, Fatima, 170–71, 202n24 mestizaje, 161, 174
- mestizos, 28, 141; in New World, 142–43, 174–75; our true nature as, 173–75
- Mexican immigrants, 141; Anglo-American view of, 143–45; anti-Mexicanism and, 18–24; braceros, 146; lynching of (1855), 145; “Operation Wetback” to stop, 146; optimism of, 175. See also illegal aliens in United States
- Mexican OC, The (play), 21
- Mexico: African slave refugees in, 174–75; “Capture of Motecuzoma” dramatizing conquest of, 164; culture of mestizaje, 161, 174; first provincial council of (1555), 66–67; as gateway for invasion of United States, Huntington on, 123–24; mestizo population of, 28, 141, 174; Mexican populations as mirror image of Moroccans, 28; Moriscos in, 72; northern Whig opposition to U.S. expansion into or annexation of, 143–44; pageant The Conquest of Jerusalem (1539) in, 162–63; paradox of illegal immigration from, 170; seven-hundred mile fence being built on border with, 150, 158–59; types of Moriscos in, 72; war with, 145
- Miami: Hispanicized by middle- and upper-class Cubans, 127
- Michigan, University of, 125
- Middle East: Judaism’s embeddedness in, 94–98
- militant chauvinism, 24
- millenarianism, English, 56
- Miller, Martin, 180n54
- Mills, David, 197n50
- minorities: as major site for displacing anxieties of many states in world of globalization, 169; national identity shaped by, 5–6, 16–17, 24, 46, 62, 63; role in Euro-American sense of self after 1492, 5; role in post-Reconquista nation-states defined by Spain, 9; as sacrificial elements in nation’s quest for national unity, 9, 63; as symbolic or metaphorical descendants of Moors, 5, 6, 62; United States as nation of, 139–40
- Minutemen (armed vigilantes), 149–50
- Mizrahim (Arab Jews), 115; de-Arabization of, needed for their integration into new polity, 116; hostile attitude toward Arabs developed by, 117–18; as new Marranos, 116; pressure to prove their credentials, 116, 117–18; tragedy of, 117–18
- Mohammed, Prophet, 98, 103
- Mohammed, Warith Deen, 84 Mohammed (Wolf ), 107–8
- Molina, Eladio Lapresa, 187n17 Monde, Le, 153
- Mongrels, Bastards, Orphans, and Vagabonds: Mexican Immigration and the Future of Race in America (Rodriguez), 174
- Moni: A Novel of Auschwitz (Feiner), 93
- Monroe, James, 147
- Monsenego, Aaron, 26
- Montúfar, Alonso de, 66–67
- Moore, Michael, 14
- Moorish Science Temple of America, 78
- Moor(s): in America as black slaves, 10–11; association with Arab and Berber conquerors of 711, 54; converts (conversos), 33–34; expulsion from Spain, 1; as foil against which Europe identified itself, 4; minorities in the West after 1492 as descendants of, 5, 6; myth of the, 119; political, social, and symbolic function as Other and outsider of, 62; Renaissance representations of, 63–65; as symbol or metaphor for anyone not considered part of social mainstream, 5
- Moors of Granada: Alpujarras uprisings (1499 and 1568–1570), 33, 36; deportation of, 36–37; under Ferdinand and Isabella, 32–33; objections to persecutions of, 36–37
- Morisco Revolt (1568), 163
- Moriscos: association with Arab and Berber conquerors of 711, 54; attempts to convert forcibly baptized, 38–39; Christianization of, 49; defined in Vox (Spanish-language dictionary), 54; denial of privileges of conversion, 57; expulsion from Spain (1609–1614), 1, 9, 10, 31, 39–42, 122, 183n35; fears of fertility rates of, 37–38, 42; in Mexico, 72; in moros y cristianos, 163; opposition coalition against expulsion from Spain (1609–1614), 49–50; racialization of, 39; recast by Ribera as dangerous Moors, 39; in sixteenth-century literature, 49–50
- Moriscos of Spain, The (Lea), 40
- Moritz, John, 200n104
- Morocco: African heritage of, 28; Drew Ali’s claim to Moroccan ancestry, 78–80; sense of kinship with its ancient Semitic heritage, 25–26; Spanish-Moroccan dispute over uninhabited rock in Mediterranean (2002), 27, 28; treatment of Jews in, 99, 122
- Moros (Muslims from Philippines), 64
- moros y cristianos (mock battles between Moors and Christians), 162–67; acknowledgment of Spain’s mestizo culture in, 165; fiesta in Villena, Spain, x–xi, 164–65; transformed into strategy of dialogue and coexistence, 165–66; yearning for peace and convivencia in, 162, 163–64
- Morse, Richard, 148, 198n83
- Mosaic Arabs (Jews), 11, 110, 115, 121
- Moses, 100
- Moses of Huesca (Petrus Alfonsi), 102 Moslem Sunrise, The (magazine), 80
- Mothers against Illegal Aliens, 20, 149
- Mudéjarism, 31
- Muhammad, Elijah (Elijah Poole), 81, 83, 84
- multiculturalism: era of, 125; global, based on homogeneous, well-defined national cultures, 127; precursors of, 133
- Münzer, Hieronymous, Dr., 32
- Muselmann, Muselmänner, Muselweiber, 92–94
- Muslim Jews, 87–122; anti-Semitism as corollary of Crusades against Islam and, 11–12, 100–105; disdain for Christian culture binding Jews and Muslims, 105–10; Disraeli, 11, 109–11, 113, 115, 118, 121, 193n66, 193n70–73; Jewish orientalists, 108–9, 114–15; lingua franca of Arabic, impact on Hebrew philology, 95–96; Moorish heritage asserted through architecture, 11, 112–13; Muselmann, doomed Jews of Holocaust, 92–94; Nussimbaum, 87–93, 107, 118, 190n6; Sephardim welcomed by Ottomans after expulsion from Spain, 96–98; Zionism and, 113–22
- Muslims: African American, 10–11, 60, 72–85; assertion of their rights in globally distorted economy, 156; conflation of Hispanics and, 142; disdain for Christian culture binding Jews and, 105–10; in Europe and United States, expulsion contemplated for, 150–51; Jews and, 35, 56–57; Jews and, in Christian imaginary, 40, 94, 102–5, 119, 168; Jews and, in Morocco, 25–26; Jews and, shared fate of, 57, 58, 61; in New World, 13, 68–70; North African, Hispanic Americans discovering heritage of, 60; percentage of population in Europe, 153–54; protests against negative depictions of their faith and prophets, 165
- Musseau, François, 181n67
- Mussolini, B., 89, 166
- Myers, Steve Lee, 198n89
- Naím, Moisés, 170, 171, 202n23
- Napoleon, 110
- Narrative of Year’s Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia (Palgrave), 111
- nation: modern sense bequeathed by Catholic Monarchs of, 52
- National Council of La Raza, 127, 195n12
- national identity(ies): American, centrality of Anglo-Protestant culture to, 124–25; minorities as indispensable to shaping, 5–6, 16–17, 24, 46, 62, 63; tragedies engendered by dogmatic concepts of, 173
- National Interest, 23
- nationalism, 8; American, 3, 130, 131–32, 136; Arab, Palgrave’s influence on, 111–12; biological and tribal, 16–17; founded on basis of violent exclusion, 46–47, 48, 128; racial, 138–39; Spanish, pillars of, 171; unity of faith as essential to nascent form of, 47–49. See also nativism, American; undesirable aliens
- national origins system of immigration, 138–39
- national sovereignty as dominant principle of international organization: questioning suitability of, 172
- national unity: development of international system of states and, 45; minority groups as sacrificial elements in nation’s quest for, 6, 46, 63; Spain’s quest for, 42–43, 44
- Nation by Design, A (Zolberg), 139
- Nation of Islam, 81–83, 84; theology, 81; view of whites, 81–83
- Nation of Nations, A (Adamic), 173
- Native Americans (Indians), 65–67; treated by Spanish as embodiments of Moor, 71
- nativism, 24; in Russia, 149
- nativism, American, 13, 128–37; Anglo-Saxon, 13, 134, 136, 137; economic repercussions of, 156; end to pre-Civil War, 131; growth in 1880s and 1890s, 131–32; isolationism and, 136; persistence of identity structures and deeply entrenched fear of change, 175; racial violence against Latinos and, 145; rapid succession of immigration reform bills of past twenty-five years and, 147; response to illegal immigration as threat to liberal democracy, 171–72; War with Spain and, 133
- naturalization rates in United States, 126
- Navarro, Mireya, 180n52
- Nazism, 6, 54; ghettoization process, 105; ideology, 146; inability to connect with white European civilization, 82–83; Muselmann category of doomed Jew, 92–94; support of immigrants’ rights by survivors of, 20
- Ne’eman, Judd, 115, 193n89 negros de jalof (Wolofs), 72 Negro World, 78
- Neill, Michael, 63–64, 186n11
- Netherlands: anti-Muslim sentiments, 152 “New Colossus, The” (Lazarus), 175
- New Mexico: formal annexation into Spanish Empire, 67; Spanish conquest of, 65–68; specter of Moor haunting, 67–68
- New Negro ideology, 78
- New Netherland: Moors’ presence in, 75
- New Spain: assimilationist ideology in, 66–67; conquest of Indians, 10, 65–67; expulsion of Muslims already settled in, 68–69; mestizo population of, 174–75; New Mexico, 65–68
- Newton, Isaac, 56
- New World: state-church relations in, 66–67. See also New Spain; New World Moors
- New World Moors, 59–85; African American Muslims, 10–11, 60, 72–85; Asians, 64–65; Hispanics, 59–62; Indians, 65–67, 71; Spain’s policy toward Muslim immigrants to New World, 68–70
- New York Sun, 17
- New York Times, 18, 59, 60, 141, 144, 149, 171–72, 179n46; blog conversation revealing anti-Muslim bias and anti-immigrant bias, 151; on immigration bill and American nativism, 21–22
- Ngai, Mae M., 138–39, 169, 196n40, 202n21
- Nile and Palestine Gazette, The (periodical), 121
- 9/11 terrorist attacks, 121, 149; Jews defending Muslim rights after, 121–22; warnings of Fallaci following, 13–16
- niqab, 2
- Niza, Marcos de, 70
- Noah, Mordecia, 11
- North American Review, 131, 143
- Nostra aetate: De ecclesiae habitudine ad religions non-Christianas (Vatican), 52
- Nott, Josiah C., 144
- Nouvelle islamophobie, La (Geisser), 154
- “Nuestro Himno,” Spanish version of “The Star-Spangled Banner,” 21, 180n54
- NumbersUSA, 23
- Núñez Soto, Manuel Ángel, 196n42
- Nuremberg laws of 1935, Hitler’s, 185n86
- Nussimbaum, Abraham, 87, 88–89, 92
- Nussimbaum, Lev, 87–93, 107, 118, 190n6; conversion to Islam, 90; view of Islam, 88
- O’Connor, Sandra Day, 125
- OC (Orange County, Calif.) Weekly, ¡Ask a Mexican! column, 20
- official language: efforts to make English the national language of United States, 21–23; nations with, 180n56
- Old Christians, 34, 36; Moriscos seen as threat to interests of, 37–38; as targets of Inquisition, 48
- Old-New-Land (Altneuland) (Herzl), 120
- Olivares, 51
- Omer-Sherman, Ranen, 193n89, 194n111
- Oñate, Juan de, 67
- one-language-only policies, 171
- Operation Wetback, 146
- Oran Fatwa of 1504, 34, 182n12
- Oren, Michael B., 178n16
- Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU), 83
- Organization of American States, 150
- Orientalism: Jewish, 108–9, 114–15; Said’s theory of, 7–8, 191n34
- Orientalism (Said), 98 Orientalist, The (Reiss), x Ortiz, Alonso, 44
- Ortiz, Tomás, 10, 178n13
- Other, the, 93; Arab Jew as, in Israel, 116–17; archetypal, of Europe before 1492, 5; cohesiveness reliant on existence of, 127; minorities as, 6; Moor as quintessential, 61–62, 75; new consciousness of, 169
- Ottoman welcome for Jews expelled by Spain, 96–98
- Outlook (magazine), 132
- Pacensis, Isidore, 4, 65
- Padilla, José, 60–61, 142
- Padilla, Juan de, 32
- Paine, Tom, 136
- Palgrave, William Gifford, 111–12
- Palmer, A. Mitchell, 136
- Pan-Africanist outlook: of Malcolm X, 83; Moorish heritage and, 76–77
- Pánfilio de Narváez, 70
- Parfitt, Tudor, 119, 194n105
- Parliament of Andalusia, 167
- Party of Fear, The (Bennett), 139
- Passing of the Great Race; or, The Racial Basis of European History, The (Grant), 135–36, 138
- passion génocidaire (passion for genocide), 54–55, 58, 100, 105, 145, 167
- Paul IV, Pope, 52
- Paz, Octavio, 123
- Pear, Robert, 181n66
- Pearl Harbor, 139
- pemphigus vulgaris (PV), 185n1 Penetration of Arabia, The (Hogarth), 111
- Penslar, Derek J., 119, 121, 191n34, 193n66
- Perelman, Marc, 181n68
- Peretz, Amir, 117
- Pérez, Joseph, 45, 47–48, 54, 57, 89, 178n17, 183n23, 184n57, 190n5
- Pérez de Villagrá, Gaspar, 67, 187n22
- Perkins, John, 148, 198n85
- Perry, Mary Elizabeth, 37, 182n20
- Pétain, Maréchal, 53
- Peter of Toledo, 102
- Peter the Venerable, 87, 102, 104, 192n47
- Pew Global Attitudes Project, 168, 201n17
- Phelps, Wilbur Franklin, 135
- Philip II, King, 35, 37, 48; attempts to convert forcibly baptized Moriscos under, 38–39
- Philip III, King, 31, 37, 40, 42, 48, 52
- Philippines: imperialism in 134; Muslims from (Moros), 64
- Phillips, Melanie, 180n59
- pious cruelty, policy of, 43
- Pius V, Pope, 38
- Planet Contreras, Ana I., 201n13
- Plessy v. Ferguson, 77
- Plum Street Temple (Cincinnati), 112
- Poem of El Cid (El Cid), 26
- Poinsett, Joel, 143
- Poitiers, battle of (732), 4, 15, 26
- Polk, James, 147
- Polyglot Bible, 49
- Ponce, Alonso, 163
- Poole, Elijah, 81, 83, 84
- Porter, John, 124
- Post, Louis F., 136
- Post-American World, The (Zakaria), 2
- Potok, Mark, 198n68
- Powell, Michael, 180n48
- Powers, Ann, 200n99
- Preston, Julia, 181n66, 196n44
- Prince, The (Machiavelli), 43
- Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, & Discoveries of the English Nation, The (Hakluyt), 64
- Proposition 187 in California (1994), 147
- Protestant Reformation, 105
- Protestants in United States: decrease in, 139; Protestant fundamentalism movement, 137–38
- Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, The, 90
- Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 58
- Public Opinion, 131
- Puebla, Mexico: “carnival week of Huejotzingo,” 163
- Pueblo Indians of New Mexico: comparison to Moors, 67
- Puerto Rico: slave revolt (1527), 75
- Purchas, Samuel, 65, 187n16
- purity-of-blood doctrine in Vichy France, 52–53
- purity-of-blood (limpieza de sangre) statute, Spanish, 6, 9, 10, 48, 52; branding Jews and Moors with taint of impurity, 53, 57; elimination of, 52; pope’s opposition to, 34, 53
- Purkiss, Robert, 167, 201n16
- Pursuit of Millennium, The (Cohn), 101
- Rabbit at Rest (Updike), 127
- Rabin, Yitzak, 117
- race(s): affirmative action and, 125; conflation of language and, in category of Hispanic, 21; cosmic, 174; imperialism in Philippines and race consciousness, 134; instability of concept of, 169; itinerary of concept from medieval Iberian context to modern one, 54; “lesser” European, 134, 136; religion and, 12; Spanish origin of term, 53–54
- racial classifications in Latin America, system of, 72
- racial determinism, 136
- racialization of faith: Moriscos and, 39; Spain’s racialization of religious and cultural difference on massive scale, 9–10; through purity-of-blood statutes, 34, 53–54
- racial nationalism, 138–39
- racism: as historically specific, 169; immigration debates in United States and, 23–24; Islamophobia as racist ideology, 154; Latinos as victims of racial violence, 145–46; national origins system of immigration and, 138–39; purity-of-blood doctrine in Vichy France, 52–53; scientific, 137; similarities between Hitler’s and Philip III’s state racism, 52; state, 52; tradition initiated by Spain in late Middle Ages and early modern period, 52; U.S.–Latin American relations and, 143–49; in United States, 13
- Rae, Heather, 45, 184n51
- Rage and the Pride, The (Fallaci), 13–14
- Rais, Morat (Jan Jansen), 75
- Raspail, Jean, 153
- Rassoull, Muhammad. See Muhammad, Elijah
- Raz-Krakotzkin, Amnon, 115, 116, 194n92
- Real, Antonio de Ciudad, 163 Reason of State, The (Botero), 43–44
- Recared, Visigoth king, 50
- Reconquista, 2, 27, 39, 50, 61, 102, 110, 150. See also expulsion
- Redburn (Melville), 172–73
- Red Scare, 136
- Reid, Harry, 23
- Reid, T. R., 128, 195n15
- Reiss, Tom, x, 87, 89, 91, 190n1
- religion: race and, 12; in United States, population composition by, 139–40; unity of faith, quest for, 43, 44, 47–49. See also Catholicism/Catholic Church; Catholics in United States; Protestants in United States
- Remnants of Auschwitz (Agamben), 93
- Renaissance, (re)birth of anti-Semitism and birth of, 102
- Renan, Ernest, 12
- Reston, James, Jr., 32, 182n2, 188n32 Revelations of Apocalypse (Brightman), 56
- Reyniers, Gietje, 75
- Ribera, Juan de, 38–39, 40
- Riccardi, Nicholas, 180n51
- Richelieu, Cardinal, 42
- Rifkin, Jeremy, 128, 195n15
- right-wing movements, 12–18. See also Buchanan, Patrick J.; Fallaci, Oriana; Islamophobia; Steyn, Mark; undesirable aliens
- Riis, Jacob, 131
- Rivera, Geraldo, 126, 195n8
- Road to Mecca, The (Asad), 119
- Roberts, Kenneth, 136
- Roberts, Sam, 197n46
- Robin, Corey, 152, 199n95
- Rodríguez, Cristina, 141, 197n49
- Rodriguez, Gregory, 139, 174, 196n44, 202n31
- Rodríguez, Richard, 175, 202n37
- Rodriguez, Roberto, 159, 200n112
- Romero, Simon, 185, 197n46
- Roosevelt, Theodore, 147, 148, 198n82
- Rothstein, Edward, 171, 202n25
- Rozen, Minna, 193n65
- al-Russafi, Ma’ruf, 120, 194n109
- Russia: nativism in, 149
- Saadia ben Joseph, 95
- Sadiq, Mufti Muhammad, 80
- Safi: Jewish pilgrimage to (2008), 25–26
- Said, Edward, 7–8, 98, 191n34
- Said, Kurban (pseudonym for Nussimbaum), 87, 92
- Salafiyya, 79
- Salvatierra, bishop of Ségovia, 57
- Samson, Solomon bar, 104
- Sánchez Albornoz, Claudio, 53
- Sanderson, David, 197n50
- Sandoval y Rojas, Francisco Gómez de (Duke of Lerma), 37, 39
- Sang de l’autre: ou, L’Honneur de Dieu, Le (Méchoulan), 56
- Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 174, 202n34
- Santa Fe, New Mexico, 65
- Santa Hermandad, 31
- Sant Feliu de Pallerols, Spain: moros y cristianos, 162
- Santiago Matamoros (St. James the Moorslayer), 27, 165
- Santo Domingo (Hispaniola): slave revolt (1522), 75
- Sanusi movement in Cyrenaica, 118
- Saracens, 62, 92, 104, 162, 166
- sarracenos negros (black Muslims), 72 Saturday Evening Post, 136
- Scheindlin, Raymond P., 94, 185n86, 191n26
- Schoultz, Lars, 142, 147, 148, 197n51
- Schweller, Russell, 111, 193n65, 193n75
- scientific racism, 137
- Sciolino, Elaine, 179n38
- Scott, Joan Wallach, 200n98
- Second Crusade (1145–1150), 102, 103, 104
- Second Granadan War (1568–1570), 36
- Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Reform Act of 2007, 23–24
- Secure Fence Act (2006), 23
- Sedition Act (1918), 135
- Seed, Patricia, 65, 187n15
- Sengupta, Somini, 199n94
- Sennett, Richard, 175, 202n38
- Sensenbrenner, F. James, 19
- Sephardim (Jews of Spain), 109, 110, 112, 175; expulsion of (1492), 31–32, 39–40, 46, 48, 49; tragedy of, 117–18; welcomed by Ottoman sultans after expulsion, 96–98
- Serfaty, Simon, 199n91
- Serjeant, Jill, 179n45
- Seven Cities myth, 70–71
- Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Lawrence), 111
- Seville provincial council (1512), 66
- Sharrock, David, 181n67
- Shasha, David, 117, 194n100
- Shell, Marc, 22, 180n53
- Shenhav, Yehouda, 115–16, 194n93
- Shihab, Sahib, 80
- Shriners, 78
- Siddiqui, Haroon, 180n59
- Simon Romero, 185n1
- Simons, Marlse, 180n59
- slavery/slaves: in Latin America, abolition of, 143; Muslim, in the Americas, 10–11, 28, 73; racial distinctions among, 72; refugees in New Spain, 174–75; restrictions on Muslim, to New World, 68–70
- Smith, Craig G., 201n15
- Smith, Tom, 139
- Smyth, John Henry, 77, 189n54
- Social Gospel, 131
- Some Memoirs of Life of Job Ben Solomon
- (Bluett), 73
- Song of Roland, 26
- Sons of American Revolution, 132
- Southern, Richard W., 105, 192n50
- Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), 145
- sovereignty: absurdity of physical barriers for, 169, 170; anxiety about, 171; Spanish ideology of, 44. See also nationalism
- Spain: al-Andalus (Muslim Spain), Muslim fanatics’ selective memories of, 7; ambivalence toward the Moors, 162–66; assimilationist ideology in New Spain, 66–67; conquest of Indians in New Spain, 10, 65–67; constitution (1845), 52; constitution (1978), 50; cultural and racial ambivalence in, 27–28; dependence on and deliberate punishment of its Others, 6; elusive unity and pervasive localism of, 51–52; expulsion of Jews (1492), 31–32, 39–40, 46, 48, 49; expulsion of Moriscos (1609–1614), 1, 9, 10, 31, 39–42, 49–50, 122, 183n35; genetic mixing, inability to eradicate, 161–62; golden age of sixteenth-century, 48–49; hybrid culture, 142; increasing numbers of people reclaiming Jewish heritage, 186n4; lack of unity sought by, 24; lingering memories of Moorish invasion, 27–28; mestizo culture, 161, 165; minorities as rallying point for consolidating national unity of Christian, 6; Morisco illegal activity, 33; multicultural history, 26–28; official policies reversing centuries of conflict, animosity, and discrimination, 166–67; Ottoman welcome after expulsion of Jews (1492), 96–98; policy toward Muslim immigrants to New World, 68–70; purity-of-blood statute of 1449, 6, 9, 10, 34, 48, 52, 53, 57; quest for national and religious unity, 42–43, 44; similarities between United States and sixteenth-century, 45–47. See also Inquisition
- Spain, War with (1898), 133
- Spanish armada: consequences of defeat of, 37–38
- Spanish Labyrinth, The (Brennan), 51 Speculum Historiale (Beauvais), 102
- Staples, Brent, 186n2
- “Star-Spangled Banner, The” Spanish version, 21, 180n54
- state-church relations in New World, 66–67
- State of Emergency (Buchanan), 16–17, 140–41
- state racism, 52
- Statue of Liberty, 175
- Steinbeck, John, 92
- Steyn, Mark, 13, 14, 15, 142, 149, 150, 155, 178n26, 198n87
- Stiassny, Wilhelm, 113–14, 121
- Stoll, Ira, 179n36
- Strangers in the Land (Higham), 139
- Strong, Josiah, 132
- Stroobants, Jean-Pierre, 199n95
- Suhail, Michael. See Palgrave, William Gifford
- Supreme Court (U.S.): on affirmative action, 125
- surveillance society: rise of, 6–7
- Swarns, Rachel L., 180n56
- Swing, Joseph W., 146, 198n75
- Swiss People’s Party (SVP), 17
- synagogues, Moorish-style, 11, 112–13, 186n4
- Talavera, Hernando de, 32, 66
- Talbot, Margaret, 198n86, 201n3
- Tancred; or, The New Crusade (Disraeli), 110
- Tancredo, Tom, 24, 149, 181n66
- Tangier, Morocco, 25
- taqiyya (hiding one’s true faith under duress), 34–35
- Tariq ibn Ziyad, 7
- Tasmania: British annihilation of native population, 55
- Tausch, Arno, 199n95
- Tea, Thomas, 73, 188n40
- technology: the West’s restriction on dissemination, 8
- Tejo (Indian slave), 71
- Ternisien, Xavier, 199n95
- terrorism: threat of, 2. See also 9/11 terrorist attacks
- Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española
- (Covarrubias), 53
- Texas: Africans blended into mestizo population, 174
- Three Musketeers, The (Dumas), 161
- Tilly, Charles, 44–45, 184n49 Time magazine, 147
- Todorov, Tzvetan, v, 178n13
- Tolan, John V., 62, 102, 186n9, 192n42
- Toletano-Clunaic corpus (Collectio toletana), 102
- Torquemada, Tomás de, 48
- Torres, Hiram, 61
- Trachtenberg, Joshua, 101
- Tratado curioso y docto de las grandezas de la Nueva España (Real), 163
- Tremlett, Giles, 181n71
- Tríana, Rodrigo de (Rodrigo de Lepe), 69
- “tribal Twenties,” 136
- Trinidad: African Muslim community, 76
- Tueller, James B., 183n25
- Turkey: fear of Turks, as staple of moros y cristianos festivals, 163; status of Jews, 97–98; treatment of Moriscos by Turkish rulers, 38
- Turner, Henry McNeal, 76–77
- Turner, Richard Brent, 74, 75, 79, 178n15, 188n41
- Twelve Years’ Truce, 40
- Ubeda, Mora de, 34
- Umar I, Caliph, 99
- Underdevelopment Is a State of Mind: The Latin American Case (Harrison), 148
- undesirable aliens, 123–59; in Europe, 149–54; Hispanic immigrants as, in United States, 123–24, 126–27, 140–49, 154–55; nativism and, in United States, 128–37; in United States, 126–49, 154–55
- “Unfortunate Moor, The” (Griffin), 74
- United States: Anglo-Protestant culture of, Huntington on, 124–25, 127, 129–30; changing demographics of, 126–27, 139–40, 146–47; culture clash in Southwest, 127; English as national language, 21–23; fear of Catholics in, 130–33, 135, 137–38; Iberian exploration and settlement before Anglo-Saxons, 169–70; immigration laws, 19–24, 124–25, 135–36, 145–47; Muslim immigrant population, 3; Muslim slaves, 28; nationalist view, 3, 130, 131–32, 136; as nation of minorities, 139–40; similarities between sixteenth-century Spain and, 45–47; treatment of its Latin American neighbors, 142–49. See also Hispanic immigration/ immigrants to United States; nativism, American
- U.S. Census Bureau, 140
- U.S. Congress: first Muslim elected, 84–85
- U.S. Supreme Court: on affirmative action, 125
- Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights (1996), 171
- Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 78
- Unto Thee I Grant (Rosicrucian text), 79
- Updike, John, 127, 195n14
- Vacca-Mazzara, Ahmed Giamil, 92
- Valencia, Pedro de, 37
- Vallat, Xavier, 53
- Valor of Ignorance, The (Lea), 135
- van Gogh, Theo, 152
- van Linschoten, Jan Huyghen, 64, 187n13
- Van Salee, Abraham, 75
- Van Salee, Anthony Jansen, 75
- Varadarajan, Tunku, 178n29
- Varisco, Daniel Martin, 7, 177n9
- Vasconcelos, José, 131
- Vatican II, 52, 101
- Vega, Lope de, 49
- “veil mania” in Europe, 152–53, 154
- Verdonk, Rita, 22 Viaje de Turqía, 38
- Vicente, 150
- Vichy France: purity-of-blood doctrine, 52–53
- Vida del Escuedro Marcos de Obregón
- (Espinel), 50
- Vienna: first Ottoman siege of (1529), 105
- Vienna-Leopoldstadt synagogue, 112
- Villanueva, Francisco Márquez, 49
- Villena, Spain: fiesta of moros y cristianos, x–xi, 164–65
- Vincent, Bernard, 67, 187n21
- violence: archaic genealogy of, at heart of European culture, 55; nationalism and, 46–47, 48, 128
- Vives, Juan Luis, 49
- Voltaire, 15, 42, 183n43
- Wade, Nicholas, 186n2, 191n25
- Wahrmund, Adolf, 119, 194n107
- Wakin, Daniel J., 186n6
- Walker, David, 77, 81–82, 189n53
- Walker, Francis A., 134
- Walker, Robert, 143
- war: vital role in nation making, 128 War of the World, The (Ferguson), 3, 155 Washington Post, 140, 151
- Watanabe, Teresa, 180n47
- Watson, Tom, 135
- Wazzan ez-Zayati, Al-Hassan ben Mohammed al- (Leo Africanus), 48
- Webb, Mohammed Alexander Russell, 78
- Weber, Max, 46, 184n53
- Weckmann, Luis, 66, 187n18
- Weisl, Wolfgang von, 91, 121
- Weisman, Jonathan, 179n43
- Weiss, Leopold, 118
- Wendell, Barrett, 134
- West, the: descent of, 2–3; future of diminished control over people of non-European heritage, 3; options of declining, 8. See also Europe; France; Spain; United States
- Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages
- (Southern), 105
- Westphalia, Treaty of (1648), 45
- Westphalian model: questioning suitability of, 172
- Wheatcroft, Geoffrey, 194n108
- whiteness: European identity and, 65, 167
- White Russians, 89, 90
- white supremacy, 145; Anglo-Saxonism merged into, 134–35
- Whither? (Feierberg), 115
- Whitman, Walt, 173
- Who Are We? (Huntington), 8, 13, 123, 124, 139
- Why Europe Leaves Home (Roberts), 136
- Wiesel, Elie, 92, 190n16
- Wilders, Geert, 122
- Wilgoren, Jodi, 186n5
- Wilson, James Key, 112
- Wilson, Peter Lamborn, 79, 189n61
- Wilson, Woodrow, 147–48
- witchcraft, 48
- Wolf, Friedrich, 107–8, 192n57
- Wolf, Simon, 11, 178n16
- Wolofs, 72
- World’s Columbian Exposition (1893), 77–78
- World’s Parliament of Religions, 77–78
- World War I: persecution of German Americans, 135–36; Protestant fundamentalism and, 137–38
- World War II: FBI harassment of Drew Ali and followers, 79–80
- Zakaria, Fareed, 2, 177n1
- Zangwill, Israel, 125, 133
- Zaragoza, Spain: moros y cristianos, 162
- Zarfati, Isaac, 97
- Zayas, Rodrigo de, 52–53, 54, 182n15, 183n35
- Zeleny, Jeff, 181n66
- Zeller, Tom, Jr., 199n94
- Zemmouri, Mustafa (Esteban the Moor), 70–73
- Zenequi, Francisco, 38
- Zevi, Shabbetai, 97
- Zionism, 113–22, 194n108; Arab-Jewish Palestinian country imagined in, 119–21; association with long history of European imperialism in Arab lands, 119; association with the West, 178n19; coexistence with full Palestinian rights, possibility of, 121–22; hybrid ideology of, 117; modeled on German nationalism, 116; presence of oriental Jew as Other in fabric of modern, 116–17; project read as reunion of Asiatic races, 115, 120–21; Weiss’s (Asad’s) rejection of, 118–19. See also Jews
- Zmirro, Abraham Ben, 25–26
- Zolberg, Aristide R., 45, 123, 128, 139, 168, 171, 173, 184n52, 195n16, 201n19, 202n26