Notes

1. St. John’s High School Yearbook—1978, page 21. Delphos, Ohio, 1978. https://records.myheritagelibraryedition.com/research/record-10568-161248136/st-johns-high-school, U.S. Yearbooks, 1890–1979, MyHeritage.com.

2. Modesto High School Yearbook—1979, page 44. Modesto, Calif., 1979. U.S. School Yearbooks, 1900–1990 Ancestry.com.

3. Woys Weaver, “The Dark Side of Culinary Ephemera: The Portrayal of African Americans,” Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies 6, no. 3 (2006): 76–81.

4. “Franchise File,” Fast Food Magazine (October 1969).

5. Classified advertisement, Chicago Tribune, October 21, 1939, 26. Accessed October 11, 2017. https://www.newspapers.com/image/194920865.

6. M. M. Manring, Slave in a Box: The Strange Career of Aunt Jemima (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1998); Donald Bogle, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies & Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films,. 3rd ed. (New York: Continuum, 2000); “Aunt Jemima’s Kitchen Pancake Franchise Group Formed,” Fast Food Magazine (1960), 58.

7. Michael Omi and Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 1994).

8. Omi and Winant, 60.

9. Richard Delgado, and Jean Stefanic, Critical Race Theory: An Introduction, 3rd ed. (New York: New York University Press, 2017).

10. Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America, (New York: Knopf, 2003).

1. Micki McElya, Clinging to Mammy: The Faithful Slave in Twentieth Century America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007), 11.

2. David Pilgrim, Understanding Jim Crow: Using Racist Memorabilia to Teach Tolerance and Promote Social Justice (Oakland, Calif.: PM Press, 2015).

3. P. A. Williams-Forson, Building Houses out of Chicken Legs: Black Women, Food, and Power (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006).

4. Williams-Forson, Building Houses out of Chicken Legs.

5. Bogle, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, & Bucks.

6. Coon Chicken Inn Records and Graham Family Papers, 1913–1973, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Box 4, Folder 2. Undated. Restaurant menu.

7. Coon Chicken Inn Records and Graham Family Papers, Box 4, Folder 4. 1930. The Seattle Sunday Times, August 30, 1930, page 15.

8. Coon Chicken Inn Records and Graham Family Papers, Box 4, Folder 2. Undated. “Epicurean’s Guide” (newspaper infographic).

9. Angela Jill Cooley, To Live and Dine in Dixie: The Evolution of Urban Food Culture in the Jim Crow South (Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 2015), 75.

10. Cooley, 83.

11. James R. Ferguson, “THE COON CHICKEN INN Expands during Depression,” Western Restaurant, May 1933. Coon Chicken Inn Records and Graham Family Papers, Box 4, Folder 2.

12. Richmond Hurd, “Club Cotton–Another Hit for Coon Chicken Inn,” Western Restaurant, April 1934. Coon Chicken Inn Records and Graham Family Papers, Box 4, Folder 2.

13. Williams-Forson, Building Houses out of Chicken Legs.

14. Williams-Forson, Building Houses out of Chicken Legs.

15. Lorraine Miller, “De Coon Chicken Inn,” December 1972, Trolley Times, Coon Chicken Inn Records and Graham Family Papers, Box 6, Folder 4.

16. Delgado and Stefanic, Critical Race Theory, 82.

1. Cooley, To Live and Dine in Dixie.

2. McElya, Clinging to Mammy.

3. Nita Moser, 2016. “Field Review: Mammy’s Cupboard, Natchez Mississippi,” 2016, http://www.roadsideamerica.com/story/3344 (accessed December 6, 2017).

4. William Woys Weaver, Culinary Ephemera—An Illustrated History, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010).

5. “Tastes of Mammy’s Cupboard Linger,” The Clarion-Ledger Jackson Daily News, September 28, 1980, F; Margaret Nagle, “Adams County’s Grand Lady Still Cooking after 42 Years,” The Clarion-Ledger, October 14, 1982, https://www.newspapers.com/image/183583383 (accessed November 4, 2017).

6. Robert E. Weems Desegregating the Dollar: African American Consumerism in the Twentieth Century (New York: New York University Press, 1998).

7. “Tastes of Mammy’s Cupboard Linger,” F.

8. “Tastes of Mammy’s Cupboard Linger,” F.

9. “Tastes of Mammy’s Cupboard Linger,” F; Nagle, “Adams County’s Grand Lady Still Cooking after 42 Years.”

10. Dewey Webb, “Tracking the Elusive ‘Look at Me!’ Buildings,” The Courier Journal, July 25, 1988, https://www.newspapers.com/image/110510957 (accessed November 22, 2017).

11. Nicholas Powers, “Why I Yelled at the Kara Walker Exhibit,” Indypendent, June 30, 2014.

12. “Mammy’s Menu: Lunch, Memories,” Clarion Ledger, February 21, 1996.

13. Moser, “Field Review.”

14. Margaret Mitchell, Gone with the Wind, (1936; New York: Scribner, 2011), 43.

15. Advertisement, “Coal Black Mammy.” Evening Public Ledger, October 27, 1922.

16. Moser, “Field Review.”

17. “Welcome to Mammy’s Cupboard.” 2017, https://www.mammyscupboard.com/home.html.

18. “In Search of American Pie,” The Journal News, August 5, 1988, https://www.newspapers.com/image/164394479 (accessed November 4, 2017).

19. Moser, “Field Review.”

1. James W. Loewen, Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of Segregation in America (New York: New Press, 2005), 311.

2. Loewen, Sundown Towns.

3. Social Explorer. “Census Tract Data.” https://www.socialexplorer.com/c4e465154d/view.

4. Loewen, Sundown Towns.

5. Classified advertisements. Chicago Tribune, November 14, 1965, https://www.newspapers.com/image/201664572, (accessed November 4, 2017).

6. George Bliss, “3D Bomb for Cafe Owner,” Chicago Tribune, September 2, 1964.

7. Roy Dehn, “A Reputation for Excellence: Richard’s Lilac Lodge,” Chicago Tribune, May 16, 1974, https://www.newspapers.com/image/201435104 (accessed June 16, 2018); Sally McCormick, “It’s an Adventure Dining in the Safari Room! Richard’s Lilac Lodge,” Chicago Tribune, September 30, 1971, https://www.newspapers.com/image/196848447 (accessed June 16, 2018).

8. Bud Marker, “Display Ad 118-Enjoy the Many Moods of Dining at RICHARD’S 30th and Harlem,” Chicago Tribune, October 22, 1964.

9. Classified ads. Chicago Tribune, August 16, 1964, https://www.newspapers.com/image/201582741 (accessed July 12, 2017).

10. Chicago’s Yellow Pages (Chicago: The Reuben H. Donnelly Telephone Directory Co., 1971).

11. “Richard’s Restaurant and Lounge, 3011 S. Harlem, Berwyn, Ill.,” Chicago Tribune, July 22, 1976, W7.

12. “Richard’s Restaurant and Lounge, 3011 S. Harlem, Berwyn, Ill.,” Chicago Tribune, March 19, 1977, W12.

13. “Helen T. Wilkos Kramer,” Chicago Tribune, April 8, 1992, Obituaries, https://www.newspapers.com/image/389702778 (accessed May 30, 2018).

14. “John A. Vallerugo Jr.,” Chicago Tribune, May 18, 1976, Obituaries, https://www.newspapers.com/image/383905949 (accessed May 30, 2018); “Joseph Wilkos,” Chicago Tribune, April 26, 1973, Obituaries, https://www.newspapers.com/image/376840716 (accessed May 30, 2018); “Robert E. Wilkos” Chicago Tribune, May 8, 1971, Obituaries, https://www.newspapers.com/image/197527629 (accessed May 30, 2018).

15. Mick Tierney, “A Restaurant for Diners of All Tastes and Parties of All Sizes: Richard’s Restaurant & Lounge, 3011 S. Harlem, Berwyn,” Chicago Tribune, January 13, 1979.

1. “Black Ad Agency Leads Way to Sales for Negro Market,” Chicago Daily Defender, November 11, 1969,

2. W. Alvin Pitcher, Papers, [Box 1, Folder 8], Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library, Operation Breadbasket Black Expo Program, 1969.

3. John A. Jakle and Keith A Skulle. Fast Food: Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).

4. “Little Black Sambo Still Liked,” The Courier-Journal, November 24, 1946. https://www.newspapers.com/image/107122843 (accessed October 12, 2017).

5. Joseph Lelyveld, “Now Little White Squibba Joins Sambo in Facing Jungle Perils,” New York Times, August 4, 1966.

6. Henry Pidding, “Massa Out. ‘Sambo Werry Dry.’” Paper mezzotint etching, 1828. London. The British Museum, #1935,0522.3.195

7. George Cruikshank, “George Cruikshank’s Omnibus” (Frank Heartwell). Paper etching, 1842. London: Charles Tilt. The British Museum, #1978, U.2569

8. “Choice Juvenile Books,” New York Tribune, December 15, 1900, https://www.newspapers.com/image/88137045 (accessed October 11, 2017).

9. Pilgrim, Understanding Jim Crow.

10. Esther Cleophes Quinn, “‘Jumped Jim Crow,’ Reminiscences of Rice, the Father of Negro Minstrelsy,” Washington Post, August 25, 1895; Frederic R. Sanborn, “‘Jump Jim Crow!’ The Opening of an Era,” New York Times, November 13, 1932.

11. Pilgrim, Understanding Jim Crow.

12. Pilgrim, Understanding Jim Crow.

13. Pilgrim, Understanding Jim Crow.

14. Bogle, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies & Bucks, 7.

15. “Mother Goose Hit for Racial Slurs,” Courier-Post, April 3, 1969, https://www.newspapers.com/image/181354608 (accessed October 12, 2017); The Guardian, October 22, 1889, https://www.newspapers.com/image/259033721 (accessed October 12, 2017).

16. Wilkes-Barre Times Leader, The Evening News, February 29, 1912, https://www.newspapers.com/image/133098664 (accessed October 12, 2017).

17. Melissa F. Weiner, “(E)racing Slavery: Racial Neoliberalism, Social Forgetting, and Scientific Colonialism in Dutch Primary School History Textbooks,” Du Bois Review 11, no. 2 (2014): 329–51.

18. Lelyveld, “Now Little White Squibba Joins Sambo in Facing Jungle Perils.”

19. “Sambo’s Off for the Land of the Kangaroo,” Topeka State Journal, April 22, 1911, http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016014/1911-04-22/ed-1/seq-20/ (accessed December 6, 2017).

20. “Sambo and His Funny Noises,” Topeka State Journal, March 6, 1909, http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016014/1909-03-06/ed-1/seq-9/ (accessed December 6, 2017).

21. M. Genevieve Silvester, “Little Black Sambo,” Bradford Evening Star and the Bradford Daily Record, March 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 1928, https://www.newspapers.com/image/75897011 (accessed October 11, 2017).

22. Silvester, “Little Black Sambo.”

23. “M’Kinley 6A to Stage 2 Plays,” The Times, February 13, 1936. https://www.newspapers.com/image/306501468 (accessed October 11, 2017).

24. “Jackson Pupils Act Story of Little Black Sambo.” Green Bay Press-Gazette, January 6, 1940, https://www.newspapers.com/image/187566916 (accessed October 11, 2017).

25. The Cincinnati Enquirer, September 5, 1942, https://www.newspapers.com/image/100453945 (accessed October 11, 2017).

26. “Big Monkey Makes a Try for Booze,” Petaluma Shopper, November 23, 1960, https://www.newspapers.com/image/255409790 (accessed October 11, 2017); “Photo,” Los Angeles Times, February 23, 1967, https://www.newspapers.com/image/165930746 (accessed October 11, 2017).

27. “Business Name Filed,” Corvallis Gazette-Times, July 10, 1958, https://www.newspapers.com/image/146810494 (accessed October 12, 2017); classified advertisement,” Eugene Guard, July 24, 1959, https://www.newspapers.com/image/146810494 (accessed October 12, 2017).

28. “Sambo Turns White,” Statesman Journal, August 15, 1966, https://www.newspapers.com/image/198820501 (accessed October 12, 2017).

29. “Coast Group Plans Events,” The Capital Journal, October 18, 1966, https://www.newspapers.com/image/316198532 (accessed October 12, 2017).

30. Loewen, Sundown Towns; “A Largely Attended Meeting of the Ku Klux Klan Was Held at Santa Rosa Friday Night. A Klan was Organized at Ukiah Earlier in the Week,” Petaluma Argus-Courier, December 15, 1924, https://www.newspapers.com/image/222916779 (accessed November 4, 2017); Loewen, “Sundown Towns.” http://sundown.tougaloo.edu/sundowntowns.php (accessed November 27, 2017).

31. “To Avoid Racial Problems,” Medford Mail Tribune, May 9, 1962, http://www.newspapers.com/image/96795288 (accessed November 4, 2017).

32. Loewen, “Sundown Towns.”

33. “To Avoid Racial Problems.”

34. “Sundown’ No More,” Medford Mail Tribune, July 18, 1963, https://www.newspapers.com/image/96845127 (accessed November 4, 2017).

35. Loewen, Sundown Towns.

36. Victor Green, The Negro Travelers’ Green Book: The Guide to Travel and Vacations, facsimile edition.(1954; Camarillo, Calif.: About Comics, 2017).

37. Loewen, Sundown Towns.

38. Classified advertisement, Medford Mail Tribune, April 21, 1961, https://www.newspapers.com/image/96657067 (accessed October 12, 2017); classified advertisement, Eugene Guard, October 3, 1962, https://www.newspapers.com/image/109298831 (accessed October 12, 2017).

39. “Where’s Black Sambo?,” Fast Food Magazine, April 1960.

40. Classified advertisement, Eureka Humboldt Standard, January 27, 1962, https://www.newspapers.com/image/17544931 (accessed October 11, 2017); classified advertisement, Eureka Humboldt Standard, May 11, 1963, https://www.newspapers.com/image/17488155 (accessed October 11, 2017).

41. “Restaurant Chain Seeking Site,” Statesman Journal, April 24, 1963, https://www.newspapers.com/image/80542755 (accessed October 12, 2017).

42. “53rd Sambo Restaurant Opens Here,” The Capital Journal, April 18, 1966, https://www.newspapers.com/image/316288226 (accessed October 12, 2017); “Foreclosure Asked for Cafe,” Statesman Journal, https://www.newspapers.com/image/198228708 (accessed October 12, 2017).

43. Medford Mail Tribune, April 9, 1963, https://www.newspapers.com/image/96939769 (accessed October 12, 2017); “Men at the Top: Founder’s Son Elected President of Sambo’s,” Los Angeles Times, October 2, 1967, https://www.newspapers.com/image/164798948 (accessed October 12, 2017).

44. “New Sambo’s Restaurant to Open in S.B., San Bernadino County Sun, August 4, 1965, https://www.newspapers.com/image/55337877 (accessed October 11, 2017).

45. Robert Metz, “Market Place: Why Sambo’s Is in Trouble,” New York Times, November 27, 1981.

46. “Sambo’s Restaurant Chain Plans Greely Operation,” The Greely Daily Tribune, September 24, 1969,

47. United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit. 1981. Sambo’s Restaurants, Inc., v. The City of Ann Arbor, 663 F.2d 686.

48. Russell Kirk, “The Victim—Little Black Sambo.” The Los Angeles Times, November 5, 1964, https://www.newspapers.com/image/165955451 (accessed October 12, 2017).

49. “Awfully Juvenile,” The Fresno Bee, September 23, 1973, https://www.newspapers.com/image/25767137 (accessed October 12, 2017).

50. Metz, “Market Place”; Pamela, G. Hollie, “A New Shake at Sambo’s: Motel 6 Team Seeks to Turn Chain Around,” New York Times, December 3, 1979; “Sambo’s Must Pay Ex-employee $925,000 over Charge of Fraud,” Wall Street Journal, July 21, 1981.

51. Metz, “Market Place”; “Sambo’s Replaces Battistone as Chief,” The Journal Times, July 12, 1979, https://www.newspapers.com/image/343585658 (accessed November 4, 2017).

52. “Sambo’s Asked to Change Name,” The Baltimore Afro-American, September 30, 1978; 1978. “Children’s Story Trips Up Restaurant Chain,” Ironwood Daily Globe, August 9, 1978; “What’s in Sambo’s Name?” Annapolis Capital, September 27, 1978.

53. Ted Walsh, “Sambo’s Sign under Attack,” Syracuse Post Standard, September 1, 1979.

54. 1978. “Tiger’s Tale Gives Restaurant Chain a Bad Name,” The Ithaca Journal, August 10, 1978, https://www.newspapers.com/image/255142380 (accessed October 12, 2017); Eureka Humboldt Standard, November 7, 1961, https://www.newspapers.com/image/25712861 (accessed October 12, 2017); 1979. “Sambo’s Issue Conceived by Cornell ‘Ultra-Liberals,’” The Ithaca Journal, November 14, 1979, (accessed October 12, 2017); “Shame on You, Sambo’s,” The Ithaca Journal, October 25, 1979, https://www.newspapers.com/image/255148178 (accessed October 12, 2017).

55. Gerald Horne, “Boycott as a Weapon, a Lesson of Sambo’s,” The Amsterdam News, January 2, 1982.

56. William Raspberry, “‘Sambo’s: Is There No Shame in the Name?” The Washington Post, November 14, 1977.

57. United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit. 1981. Sambo’s Restaurants, Inc., v. The City of Ann Arbor, 663 F.2d 686.

58. Cheryl I. Harris, “Whiteness as Property,” Harvard Law Review 106, no. 8 (1993): 1707–91.

59. Metz, “Market Place: Why Sambo’s Is in Trouble”; Horne, “Boycott as a Weapon.”

60. Pamela, G. Hollie, “Sambo’s Files More Lawsuits: Discord Looms at Its meeting,” New York Times, June 26, 1980; “Two Ex-top Officials of Sambo’s, 3 Others Are Indicted for Fraud,” Wall Street Journal, November 25, 1981.

61. “Denny’s Remodeling Sambo’s,” Daily Press, March 2, 1983, https://www.newspapers.com/image/234100161 (accessed May 30, 2018).

62. “Spring Break 24 Hrs.,” 2018. https://www.hotelmilosantabarbara.com/blog/santa-barbara-spring-break-24-hours/.

63. Valerie Burgher, “Sambo’s Owner Plans Comeback for Eatery,” Los Angeles Times, January 12, 1998, https://www.newspapers.com/image/160089821 (accessed November 4, 2017).

64. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States, 2nd ed. (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006).

65. “Yelp: Sambo’s Restaurant,” 2017 https://www.yelp.com/biz/sambos-restaurant-santa-barbara.

1. Omi and Winant, Racial Formation in the United States.

2. McElya, Clinging to Mammy.

3. Delgado and Stefanic, Critical Race Theory.

4. Dolores Hayden and Jim Wark, A Field Guide to Sprawl (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004).

5. Webb, “Tracking the Elusive ‘Look at Me!’ Buildings.”

6. Sacha Hilhorst and Joke Hermes, “‘We Have Given Up So Much’: Passion and Denial in the Dutch Zwarte Piet (Black Pete) Controversy,” European Journal of Cultural Studies 19, no. 3 (2016): 218–33 at 278.

7. Sabrina Strings, “Obese Black Women as ‘Social Dead Weight’: Reinventing the ‘Diseased Black Woman,’” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 41, no. 1 (2015):107–30 at 108.

8. Strings, “Obese Black Women as ‘Social Dead Weight.’”

9. Cooley, To Live and Dine in Dixie, 5.

10. Hilhorst and Hermes, “‘We Have Given Up So Much’”; Yvon van der Pijl and Karina Goulordava, “Black Pete, ‘Smug Ignorance,’ and the Value of the Black Body in Postcolonial Netherlands,” New West Indian Guide 88 (2014): 262–91.

11. Lelyveld, “Now Little White Squibba Joins Sambo in Facing Jungle Perils.”

12. Hilhorst and Hermes, “’We Have Given Up So Much,’” 283.

13. Hilhorst and Hermes, “‘We Have Given Up So Much.’”

14. Hilhorst and Hermes, “‘We Have Given Up So Much,’” 224.

15. Hilhorst and Hermes, “‘We Have Given Up So Much.’”

16. Hilhorst and Hermes, “‘We Have Given Up So Much,’” 230.