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A Shadow over Palestine: Index

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table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Half Title Page
  3. Title Page
  4. Copyright Page
  5. Contents
  6. Prologue: James Baldwin in the Holy Land
  7. Introduction: Special Relationships
  8. 1. Specters of Genocide: Cold War Exceptions and the Contradictions of Liberalism
  9. 2. Black Power’s Palestine: Permanent War and the Global Freedom Struggle
  10. 3. Jewish Conversions: Color Blindness, Anti-Imperialism, and Jewish National Liberation
  11. 4. Arab American Awakening: Edward Said, Area Studies, and Palestine’s Contrapuntal Futures
  12. 5. Moving toward Home: Women of Color Feminisms and the Lebanon Conjuncture
  13. Epilogue: On Shadows
  14. Acknowledgments
  15. Notes
  16. Index
  17. Author Biography

Index

AACF. See Arab American Cultural Foundation

AAUG. See Association of Arab American University Graduates

Abraham, Nabeel, 160

Abu-Laban, Baha, 166, 173–74

Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim, 169; on Arab American assimilation, 170–71; Arab Studies Quarterly editorship, 167, 175; work with Said, 148, 149

ADC. See Arab American Anti-Discrimination Committee

ADL. See Anti-Defamation League

Adnan, Etel, 218; Sitt-Marie Rose, 219

Adorno, Theodor, 32; Minima Moralia, 33; “Research Project on Anti-Semitism,” 33

affirmative action: effect on Jewish equality, 116–18; versus meritocracy, 117

Africa: imaginative geography of, 258n100

Africa, sub-Saharan: in U.S. geopolitics, 187

African Americans: alternative epistemology for, viii; in Armed Forces, 46; effect of laboring-class immigration on, 67; equality for, 48; family structure, 45–46; immigrant analogy for, 45; incorporability of, vii; national assimilation of, 27–30, 45–46; premature deaths of, 61, 251n4; relationship with Arabs, 86–88; reparations for, 105, 119, 256n73; role in foreign policy, 100, 101. See also Black liberation; feminists, Black

African liberation movements: Israel and, 77

Afro-Asian Women’s Conference (Cairo, 1961), 89–90

Afro-Zionism, 252n10; and Black radicalism, 63

Agamben, Giorgio, 14

AJC. See American Jewish Committee

Ali, Muhammad, 93–94; conviction for draft evasion, 79

aliyah (immigration to Palestine), 106; Jewish radicals on, 127

alterity: humanist ethic of, 149, 150

Althusser, Louis, 152, 238n2

American Council for Judaism, 19, 39, 108

American Jewish Committee (AJC): alignment with U.S. imperialism, 129; Commentary Magazine, 47, 65; espousal of Jewish peoplehood, 263n22; on founding of Israel, 108–9; history of, 262n10; JDL and, 118; non-Zionism of, 106, 109; shift toward Zionism, 109; Studies in Prejudice, 32–34; support of racial liberalism, 129

American Jewish Congress, 73

American Studies Association (ASA), 228–29, 284nn24–25

Amin, Idi, 50; anti-Semitism of, 48–49

. . . And Bid Him Sing (Du Bois), 19, 61, 86–88, 101; Afro-Arab diaspora in, 86–88, 94; Afro-Arab solidarity in, 96, 97; American racism in, 96–97, 98; Black Americans in, 93–94; Cairene jazz in, 94–96; culture work of, 88; June war in, 97; Malcolm X and, 91; publication of, 93, 260n120; racial performance in, 94; translation in, 88, 93–98

And Not Surrender: American Poets on Lebanon, 212

anticolonialism: of Fatah, 86; international, 64; of Jewish secularism, 127, 129–30; of race radical movements, 187; Zionist framing of, 125–26, 225

anticolonialism, U.S., 60; of Black liberation, 18, 60, 86, 99, 248n51

Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 31; on Radical Left, 103–4; on SNCC, 73

antiracism, 36; feminist, 187, 196, 226; Palestinian, 21

anti-Semitism: American social science on, 32; versus anti-Zionism, 203; Arendt on, 15–16; “cultural” figures of, 181–82; delegitimized, 181; epidemiology model of, 30–31, 32, 33–34, 103, 110; eternal, 31, 32; European, 9; feminist, 197–200, 206, 278n32; intra-European, 43; “new,” 56, 250n88; organizational struggles against, 261n5; and orientalism, 182; permanent, 115; of postwar era, 30–35; race/religion relationship in, 34; racism and, 133, 206; of Radical Left, 103, 114; targeting of Arabs, 182; theories of, 30–31; of totalitarianism, 26, 53; as transhistorical disease, 198; United Nations framing of, 26, 34–35

antiwar movement: Black freedom movement and, 71; effect on Israel, 117

Anzaldúa, Gloria, 201

apartheid, South African, 7, 41, 54, 55, 74, 101, 171, 192, 193; United Nations on, 29, 35, 50, 197, 227

Arab American Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC), 207, 212

Arab American awakening, 148

Arab American Cultural Foundation (AACF), 212

Arab Americans: and African American rights, 21; ethnic relations paradigm of, 12; federal discrimination protections for, 161; heterogeneous lifeworlds of, 168; incorporability of, 159–60; intersubjectivity of, 179; and June war, 148, 165; knowledge production by, 20; media stereotyping of, 173; nonbelonging of, 173; prejudice against, 160, 174; probationary privileges of, 170, 178, 183; racial profiling of, 172; scholars, 158; surveillance of, 172–73; and U.S.–Israel relationship, 170–71. See also assimilation, Arab American

Arab American studies, 11–12; AAUG’s, 164–75; Black freedom movement’s influence on, 169; knowledge production in, 166. See also Association of Arab American University Graduates

Arab Information Center, 25, 41, 60

Arab–Israeli conflict: beginning of, 77; Black Panther newspaper coverage of, 93; effect on Arab Americans, 174; scholarship on, 7; state-sanctioned violence in, 144

Arab–Israeli relations: connecting links in, 158–62, 271n36; contrapuntal, 156–57; culture work of, 2; ethic of, 180; humanizing form of, 180; racism in, xi; relational approach to, 157, 178; shadow tropes for, 221–22; and U.S. race relations, xi, 2; U.S. representations of, 13

Arab League, 25, 29, 75, 148

“Arab Portrayed, The” (Said), 20, 148–49, 153, 175–82; on anti-Arab racism, 183; Arab/Jewish suffering in, 175–77, 178; Arab resistance in, 183; coexistence in, 181; Cold War geopolitics in, 180; constructive interhuman violence in, 180; decolonization in, 180; empire in, 177; intersubjective dependency in, 179–80; Israeli “realism” in, 179–80; June war in, 178; October war in, 180; race in, 159, 177, 184; relationality of, 184; relationship to Orientalism, 175; settler colonialism in, 180, 181; theory of Arab reality, 183–84; use of Sartre, 176

Arabs: as abstract antagonism, 181; African Americans’ relationship with, 86–88; anti-Semitism against, 182; bourgeois leadership of, 135; as constitutive absence, 176–77; migration to United States, 161, 183; misrepresentation in state discourse, 183; positivist knowledge concerning, 181, 184; racialized fears of, 125, 182, 187; as shadow of Jews, 176, 177, 182; stereotyping of, 160, 178; terrorist figuration of, 173; Zionist portrayal of, 176–77, 179

Arabs, Israeli: civil rights of, 92–93; discrimination against, x–xi, 39, 40; following June war, 147–48; living conditions of, 24, 40, 77; racialization of, 11; status of, 6

“Arabs Today: Alternatives for Tomorrow, The” (AAUG proceedings), 175

Arab Studies Quarterly: Said’s editorship of, 167, 175

Arab World (monthly magazine), 148; issue on the June war, 175; popular audience of, 178; Said’s contribution to, 184

Arafat, Yasser, 86; and Cleaver, 85; and Jesse Jackson, 258n95; meeting with Newton, 93

area studies, U.S., 162–64; and Arab American studies, 166; effect of Cold War on, 163–64; genealogical critiques of, 273n54; language studies in, 164; political development of, 164

Arendt, Hannah: on anti-Semitism, 15–16, 31; Eichmann in Jerusalem, 16; Origins of Totalitarianism, 16

ASA. See American Studies Association

Asian-African Conference (Bandung, 1955), 64

assimilation: African American, 27–30, 45–46; as alternative to Zionism, 107; Jewish American, 11, 28, 57, 104

assimilation, Arab American, 168; anti-Arab racism and, 173; fractured, 175; liberal process of, 170; transnational dimension of, 170

Association of Arab American University Graduates (AAUG), 20, 90; and African American rights, 166–67; analysis of race, 149; anti-Arab racism studies, 166, 167; on Arab American living conditions, 173; Arab American studies of, 164–75; Berrigan’s address to, 144, 145, 157; Black America Project of, 174; charter of, 165; collaboration with Freedomways, 253n27; commitment to political activity, 158, 171; conferences of, 144, 169–71; countering of stereotypes, 166; critique of Zionism, 35; documentary films of, 167; David Graham Du Bois and, 98; founding of, 163, 165; internationalism of, 171–72; intra-organizational differences in, 167; knowledge production by, 162–63, 174, 184, 269n10; liberal inclusion of, 160; portrayals of Palestinian life, 174–75; print advertisements of, 173; publications of, 165–66, 167–68, 169, 170; research on Arabic-speaking communities, 168; scholarship on, 269n10; state surveillance of, 172–73; support for Palestinian Revolutionary Movement, 171, 229

Aswad, Barbara, 168–69

Atlanta child murders, 209

atrocity: forensic documentation of, 208

Axelrad, Albert, 131

Azoulay, Ariella, 276n9

Bailey, Kofi: SNCC art of, 79

Baldwin, Davarian L., 84

Baldwin, James, 64, 209, 230; Another Country, vii–viii; on anti-Arab racism, 2; on Black Muslims, 111; controversy with Podhoretz, 111–12; “Down at the Cross,” viii, ix, 16; The Fire Next Time, viii; “Harlem Ghetto,” 65; “Letter from a Region in My Mind,” 111; and Nation of Islam, viii; “Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They’re Anti-White,” 66–67, 71; on racial genocide, 100; relationality of, ix; sense of homelessness, ix, x, 230; on U.S. racial formation, vii–viii; visit to Africa, 237n5; visit to Israel, vii–xi; on Young resignation, 100

Balfour Declaration (1917), 28, 77, 245n13; exclusionary logic of, 106

Balibar, Étienne, 243n47, 272n47

Barghouti, Omar, 226, 227

Barkey, Jeanne, 204

Barthes, Roland, 152, 270n23

Bashshur, Rashid, 165, 166–67

Basle Conference (1897), 38, 42

Bassiouni, M. Cherif, 173

Beck, Evelyn Torton, 280n44; “No More Masks,” 205–6

Begin, Menachim, 74, 188–91, 208, 211–12, 248n55

Begin administration: justification of Lebanon massacre, 189; and PLO, 188

Bellow, Saul: during June war, 123; Newsday journalism, 123, 124; political views of, 124, 265n45; To Jerusalem and Back, 124–25. See also Mr. Sammler’s Planet

Ben-Gurion, David, 51, 74; on immigration, 109; support for American imperialism, 129

Berger, Elmer, 25, 54; anti-Zionism of, 143–44; Jewish Dilemma, 41

Bernadotte, Count Folke: assassination of, 64

Berrigan, Daniel, 139–40; address to AAUG, 144, 145, 157; articulation of Jewish morality, 144–45

Berrigan, Philip, 139

Bisk, Tsvi, 134

Black Arts movement, 83, 257n80

Black freedom movement: and African continent, 88–89; alliances of, 78; anticommunist domestication of, 64, 252n15; and antiwar movement, 71; engagement with human rights paradigm, 246n28; engagement with Palestine, 60–65, 68, 71–80, 98–101, 111, 130–38; global, 251n8; influence on Arab American studies, 169; internationalism of, 60, 73, 89, 225, 251n9; and Palestinian decolonization, 61, 71, 76; Radical Left’s solidarity with, 103; secular Jewish support for, 131; transnational culture of, 83. See also Black Panther Party; Black Power movement; Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Black–Jewish relations, U.S., 6, 73–74, 130; during civil rights movement, 263n27; division in, 60; in Harlem, 65–66; narrative of decline, 11. See also Black freedom movement: engagement with Palestine

Black liberation: anticolonial dimensions of, 18, 60, 86, 99, 248n51; and Palestinian liberation, xi

Black Muslims, 46; Baldwin on, 111; effect on integration, 112; inassimilability of, 47

Black National Economic Conference (BNEC), 119, 265n39

Blackness: pathologization of, 44; racialization of, 10

Black Panther Intercommunal News Service, 61, 83, 84, 131; David Graham Du Bois’s editorship of, 92–93; “Fat’h Speaks to Africa,” 85–86; Newton’s writings in, 260n120; Palestinian liberation in, 258n98; PLO fact sheet in, 75

Black Panther Party: Algeria offices of, 82, 84; bond with Fatah, 85–86; call for reparations, 256n73; civil rights leaders’ criticism of, 100; contribution to American political culture, 82; domestic struggle of, 132; iconography of, 84–85, 258n86; International Section of, 257n82; on June 1967 war, 81–82; at Pan-African Cultural Festival, 83–86, 257n82; politics of permanent war, 82, 84, 101; progressive Jewish support for, 131; on Resolution 3379, 24; Sacramento protest (1967), 71, 84; spatial politics of, 82; support for Palestinian liberation, 18–19, 61, 131–32, 133–34; survival strategies of, 131; ties to University of California, Berkeley, School of Criminology, 259n114

Black Power movement: cultural formations of, 253n29; cultural politics of, 71; FBI targeting of, 71–72, 172; internationalism of, 73; politics of relation, 99; translational practices of, 101

Black radicalism: and Afro-Zionism, 63; in Cairo, 87; critique of Jewish survival, 122; cultural production of, 88; Shirley Graham Du Bois’s work with, 89

Black Scholar (journal), 82, 83, 256n77

Blauner, Robert: Racial Oppression in America, 68

Blaustein, Jacob, 108–9

BNEC. See Black National Economic Conference

Boullata, Kamal, 212–13, 214

Boumediene, Houari, 83

Breira (Israeli organization), 144

Brennan, Timothy, 158, 159

Brickner, Balfour, 139

Brown, H. Rap, 74

Brown, W. Norman, 163–64

Bulkin, Elly, 278n32

Bunche, Ralph, 63–64, 71

Buruma, Ian, 283n10

Bush, George H. W., 56, 160

Bush, George W., 222–23, 224

Byrd, Jodi A., 70

Cacho, Lisa, 10

Cairo: Afro-Arab diaspora in, 86, 89–91; Black liberation in, 86–90; internationalism of, 89; jazz music of, 94–96, 260n124

Camp, Allen and Jeanne, 167

Camp David Accords (1978), 188

Camus, Albert, 155

capitalism: gendered, 195; global, 70; imperialist oppression in, 134–35; Israeli, 135; and U.S. race making, 70

capitalism, racial, 4–5, 47, 63, 90; exploitation in, 12; liberal inclusion and, 187; of Reagan administration, 208; violence of, 118; women of color feminism on, 193

Carmichael, Stokely, 62, 89; Black Power, 69–70; on “Third World Round-up,” 74–75; world tour of, 253n30

Carson, Clayborne, 73, 255n60

Carter, Jimmy, 100; on civil rights–Palestine link, 99

Chamberlin, Paul Thomas, 36

Charting the Journey (Black British anthology, 1988), 186

Chase, Chevy, 24

children: rights to sanctuary, 186; violence against, 209

children, Lebanese: UNICEF fund-raiser for, 212–16

Chomsky, Noam, 171, 207

civil rights: and Black power internationalism, 73; ethnic relations paradigm of, 11; long/short eras of, 251n8; radicalization narrative of, 253n29; U.S. legislation for, 161

Civil Rights Act (1964), 56

Civil Rights Congress: on anti-Black violence, 29

Clark, Kenneth, 69

Cleaver, Eldridge, 140, 256n77; and Arafat, 85; on land question, 68–69; at Pan-African Cultural Festival, 83; Soul on Ice, 83

Cleaver, Kathleen, 84, 85, 257n82

Clinton, Bill, 160

Cockburn, Alexander: “Annals of the Age of Reason,” 211

Cohen, Morris, 39; on secular incorporation, 108; “Zionism: Tribalism or Liberalism,” 106–8

COINTELPRO. See FBI Counter Intelligence Program

Cold War: American imaginary of, 125; anticommunist containment strategies of, 224; articulation of antitotalitarianism in, 282n5; cartographies of, 8; continuous present of, x, 225; diplomacy in, 1; effect on U.S. area studies, 163–64, 269n12; geopolitics of, 180; influence on racialized warfare, 283n11; liberal citizen subject in, 44; racialized aspects of, ix, 187, 221; U.S.–Israeli relations in, 54, 187

colonialism: agency of colonized in, 151; Black theorizations of, 69–70; oil, 129; conceptual apparatus of, 17; relationship to racism, 50, 69. See also settler colonialism

colonialism, internal, 67–70; BNEC on, 119; history of, 252n24; and Israeli occupation of Palestine, 81; sociospatial control through, 68; of U.S., 81, 100

Committee for a Progressive Middle East (CPME), 134–36; anticapitalist politics of, 136; socialism of, 135

Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA): cultural wing of, 127

comparativity, 12–14; and comparative frames, 15, 45, 70, 99, 143, 157, 199, 216, 243n50

Conference of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Non-Aligned Countries (1975), 23

Congressional Black Caucus: on U.S. and Israeli links to South Africa, 101

Congress on Racial Equality, 60

conjunctural analysis, 22, 238n2, 243n64

Conrad, Joseph, 178

constructivism in race theory, 154

conviviality, 145, 216, 219

Conyers, John, 213

counterpoint: in Arab–Israeli relations, 156–57; in music, 155–56

CPME. See Committee for a Progressive Middle East

CPUSA. See Communist Party of the United States of America

Creighton, Jane, 204

criminality, racialized, 10, 66, 67, 92, 190

Critical Inquiry (journal), 154

Cruse, Harold: Crisis of the Negro Intellectual, 68, 71; “My Jewish Problem—and Theirs,” 263n27

Cullen, Countee: “Yet Do I Marvel,” 87

cultural production, 1–3; American Jewish, 110; Black radical, 60, 83, 88; decolonization and, 83; geopolitical importance of, 213; Palestinian, 212; post–civil rights, 60

Dachau: as metonym, 78–79

Darwish, Mahmoud, 36, 213–14

Davidson, Lawrence, 272n42

Davis, Sammy, Jr., 24

décalage: in Black internationalism, 254n37

decolonization, 143–45; and cultural production, 83; exilic practice of, 145; noncoercive, 149; ruptures following, 10; unfinished work of, 194; and U.S. racial justice, 3; U.S. role in, 47–48

decolonization, Palestinian, 61, 71, 76; ethical obligation of, 180

Deir Yassin massacre (1948), 24

democracy, American: multiracial, 239n19; post–civil rights failures of, 6; race consciousness of, 3; white rhetoric of, 218; Zionism and, 107, 108

democracy, Jewish: indigenization of, 143

democracy, liberal: conception of national identity, 169; inassimilable other of, 44; suffering produced by, 216; Zionism as expression of, 110–11

Derrida, Jacques, 14

desegregation, 2, 8, 27, 28, 61

diaspora, Afro-Arab, 86–89; in Cairo, 86, 89–91

diaspora, Black: Zionist analogy for, 62

diaspora, Jewish: African American identification with, 67; Egypt in, 142; future in United States, 142; multiparticularism of, 229; revolutionary, 136–43; scholarship on, 262n7; state formation and, 142; territorial solution for, 133

difference: colonial, 15; minority, 261n4; relationality of, 15, 155, 262n7; Said on, 154–55, 156

dispossession, Palestinian, 2, 6, 26, 37–38, 42; becoming in the face of, 186; and figure of Native Americans, 198; Holocaust memory and, 211; as last taboo, 229; state-sanctioned, 41

Douglas, Emory, 83; Black Panther artwork of, 84, 257n85

Dreirer, Peter, 132

Du Bois, David Graham, 19, 61, 69; on Afro-Arab solidarity, 98; and Association of Arab American University Graduates, 98; at UC Berkeley School of Criminology, 91–92; Black freedom essays of, 92; Cairo residence of, 87, 90–91; career of, 90–92, 98; collaboration with Malcolm X, 91; editorship of Black Panther Intercommunal News Service, 75, 92–93; Ghanaian citizenship of, 260n125; during June war, 97; Oakland residence of, 91–92; on Palestine question, 90. See also . . . And Bid Him Sing

Du Bois, Shirley Graham: on Afro-Arab solidarity, 98; and Association of Arab American University Graduates, 171; Cairo residence of, 87, 89–90; Ghanaian citizenship of, 260n125; Ghana residence of, 89, 91; and Malcolm X, 91; on racial capitalism, 90

Du Bois, W. E. B., 62, 89, 90; Afro-Zionism of, 64; Pan-Africanism of, 87; The Souls of Black Folk, 61

economy, U.S.: flexible accumulation in, 4. See also political economy

Edwards, Brent Hayes, 88; on décalage, 254n37

Egypt: war with Israel (1973), 92, 97, 157, 180

Egyptian Gazette, 86, 97; David Graham Du Bois’s work with, 90–91, 94

Eichmann, Adolf: trial of, 2, 16

Einstein, Albert: critiques of Zionism, 39, 248n55

Eisenhower, Dwight, 268n5

Elia, Nada, 196, 278n34

Elkholy, Abdo, 170

Elkins, Stanley, 46

Ellington, Duke: “Things Ain’t What They Used to Be,” 95

Ellison, Ralph, 113

Elmessiri, Abdelwahab, 24, 245n13; “Distinctive Traits of Zionist Settler Colonialism,” 55

emancipation, political and human, 12, 25, 46, 57, 105, 140, 261n4

empire: AAUG analysis of, 166; cultural hegemony of, 149; racial otherness in, 150; transnational analysis of, 149, 161, 174, 184, 269n10. See also imperial culture

Engel, Kathy, 212, 214

Entebbe: Israeli raid on, 53, 162

Epstein, Benjamin, 103–4; The New Anti-Semitism, 104

Epstein, Itzhak, 133–34

ethnicity, 7, 27, 49, 107; conflation with race, 45; liberal nationalist ideas of, 11

ethnic studies, U.S., 7, 149–50; influence of Orientalism on, 149–51

ethno-nationalism, Jewish, 143

Eurocentrism: academic interventions into, 150; Arab critique of, 184; knowledge regimes of, 151; third world colleges and, 151

exceptionalism: Israeli, 14, 154, 188; U.S.–Israeli, 26

exceptionalism, American, 14; cultural pluralism and, 108; dissents from, 104; Israel in, 118; Jewish security and, 19, 105; Jews in, 105; liberal inclusion in, 106; melting pot of, 107; Zionist narrative of, 126

exceptional relations, 14–16

exclusion, racial, 65–70; American Jews’ role in, 66; in Zionism, 38

exile: James Baldwin and, x; Jewish, 109, 127, 143–45; Palestinian, 85, 188, 204; in Said’s works, 157–58; in Zionist foundational myth, 132–33; Zionist negation of, 143. See also dispossession, Palestinian

Falashas, 42

Fanon, Frantz, 73, 155; on Négritude movement, 83; Wretched of the Earth, 69

Farsoun, Samih, 174

Fatah: Algiers office of, 84–85; anticolonialism of, 86; bond with Black Panther Party, 85–86; feda’i of, 85

FBI Counter Intelligence Program (COINTELPRO), 71–72, 92, 172

Featherstone, Ralph, 72

feminism: antiracist, 187, 196, 226; Arab Canadian, 196; second-wave, 187; third world, 21

Feminist Arab-American Network: Preliminary Statement of Purpose, 205

feminists, Arab American, 196; as forgotten minority, 202–5; on Holocaust memory, 204

feminists, Black: discord with Jewish feminists, 197–98; internationalism of, 186–87, 276n6; spatial imaginary of, 214

feminists, Jewish, 195; Ashkenazi, 199; discord with Black feminists, 197–98; lesbian, 195, 196, 199, 200; NWSA conference on, 197; on racial privilege, 196; Spanish, 200–201; Zionism and, 197. See also Vilde Chayes, Di

feminists, U.S.: and anti-Arab racism, 203–5, 210, 278n32; on racism, 21; split among, 218; and Zionism, 197

feminists, women of color: Palestine question and, 195–96, 207; on racial capitalism, 193; racial meanings of, 194; situated identity of, 191–92

Ferguson, Roderick, 191, 193, 196

Flowerman, Samuel, 33–34

Food for Our Grandmothers (1994), 196

foreign policy, U.S.: Arab racialization and, 174; Black American role in, 100, 101. See also imperial culture, U.S.

Forman, James, 119, 265n39

Forster, Arnold, 73, 103–4; The New Anti-Semitism, 104

Foucault, Michel: on adjacency, 153; on power relations, 5; Said on, 152, 153; on subjugated knowledge, 222

Freedom Seder, 139–43; logic of relationality, 140–41; multiparticularist diaspora of, 140; presentism of, 141

Freedomways (periodical), 62; Palestine question in, 253n27

Friedman, Thomas, 247n48

Furman, Andrew, 124

Garment, Leonard, 50

Gemayel, Bashir: assassination of, 189

gender: in Black poverty, 47–48; in capitalism, 195; “New Manliness” tropes of, 217; racialization of, 112–13, 124, 125, 192, 216, 219, 282n8. See also masculinity

genocide: anti-Black violence and, 29; discrepant sites of, 141; Euro-American, 10; normative rubrics of, 13; social-psychological heuristic of, 32

genocide, Nazi, 12; conceptual categories of, 13; humanitarian response to, 63; and imperial culture, 16; Israel as response to, 6, 26, 40, 218

Gerson, Michael, 112

ghettos: as economic colonies, 69; relationship to prisons, 67, 70

Gilmore, Ruth Wilson, 190, 251n4

Gilroy, Paul, 14, 282n4

Glazer, Nathan: Affirmative Discrimination, 116–17; Beyond the Melting Pot, 44–45, 115; deradicalization of, 115–16; “The Exposed American Jew,” 116–17; on meritocracy, 118; “Negroes and Jews,” 46

“global 1968,” 3, 238n8

Goldberg, David Theo, 10

Goldburg, Robert E., 131–32

Gould, Glenn, 156

Gowan, Peter, 4

Graham, Stephen, 226

Grandin, Greg, 217

Gregory, Derek, 223, 282n4

Gromyko, Andrei, 128

Grossberg, Lawrence, 243n64

Grossman, Lawrence, 263n22

Group of 77, 47

Guha, Ranajit, 158, 159

Gulf War, first: anti-Arab racism following, 160

Guttman, Allen, 121

Haddad, Carol, 204, 210; “Arab-Americans: The Forgotten Minority,” 202–3, 205

Haganah (Jewish parliamentary organization), 128–29

Hagopian, Elaine, 148, 173

halutziut (pioneering), 109

Hamilton, Charles: Black Power, 69–70

Hammad, Suheir: Born Palestinian, Born Black, 186

hamzat al-wasl (grammatical concept), 159

Haney-López, Ian, 45, 118

Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 159

Harap, Louis, 128, 129–30

Hare, Nathan, 82

Harlem: Black/Jewish antagonism in, 65–66

Hart-Cellar immigration reform act (1965), 161

Hassidism: ecstatic tradition of, 142

Hentoff, Nat, 211

Hervé, Julia Wright, 83

Herzl, Theodor, 38, 39, 42, 51, 68–69, 74; Der Judenstaat, 42

heteropatriarchy, racialized, vii

Hezbollah: conflict with Israel, 222–23, 282n3

Hicks, James, 64

Higashida, Cheryl, 186

Himmelfarb, Milton, 118

historiography: culture work in, 5

history: conjunctures in, 238n2

Hochberg, Gil Z., 271n36

Holocaust: effect on racial liberalism, 30; and founding of Israel, 78; incommensurable relationships of, 14; liberal norms following, 10; in PRC publications, 40; relational engagement with, 157; as sacralized paradigm, 141

Holocaust memory: American Jewish engagements with, 2, 110, 238n5; Arab abjection and, 125; Arab American feminists on, 204; Israeli security and, 210–11; Moynihan’s use of, 49; Palestinian dispossession and, 211; in United States, 7, 21, 240n24; Di Vilde Chayes on, 204

homeland security, U.S.: Israeli security corporations’ work with, 226

homo sacer, 14–15

Hong, Grace Kyungwon, 193, 277n25

Hoover, J. Edgar, 71–72

Horkheimer, Max, 32; Dialectic of Enlightenment, 33; theory of anti-Semitism, 33–34

Hoyt, Edwin, 64

humanism, 92, 121, 149–50; relational, 21

humanity, 29, 73, 91, 116, 121, 186; gendered categories of, 218; Palestinian, 187, 227, 229; racial relationality of, 222

ICO. See International Congress of Orientalists

identity, 55, 157–58, 161, 217; Arab American, 161, 169, 179; comparison and, 13–14, 70, 216; ethnic, 133; Israeli nationalist, x; Jewish feminist, 195; in liberal democracy, 169; politics of, 80; religious, 39; of women of color feminists, 191–92

IDF. See Israeli Defense Forces

immigration policy, U.S., 161; Ideological Exclusion Clause of, 213–14

imperial culture, U.S., 7–9, 16; anti-Arab racism in, 202–3; cartography of, 8; forms of knowledge in, 8; frontier violence in, 177–78, 179; gendered oppression in, 193; global, 2; Holocaust and, 25; Israel in, 149; Jewish Left on, 125; of late twentieth century, 193–94; manifest destiny in, 181; narrative of Jewish security, 125; neoconservatism of, 125; and Palestinian liberation, 18; Podhoretz’s contribution to, 112; of post–civil rights era, 104, 184; race in, 25, 158–59, 160, 221–22; relational analysis of, 229; Said’s critique of, 269n10; state violence in, 19, 62, 177–78; Zionism and, 25

imperialism: liberal feminist justifications of, 193; orientalist logic of, 224; in Western culture, 155

imperialism, U.S.: apologias for, 126; Vietnamese struggle against, 136; “workshops” of, 217

INCITE! Women of Color against Violence, 196, 279n35

inclusion, viii, 17, 45, 99, 101, 142, 161, 169; AAUG and, 160; in American exceptionalism, 106, 116; civic, 27, 104, 118, 125; Israeli, 6, 9; liberal, 28, 80, 142, 187, 222; racial capitalism and, 2, 187. See also racial liberalism

incorporability: Arab American, 159–62, 173; Black, vii, 101; indigenous Arab, 17, 128; Jewish, 11, 105–9, 113–14, 142, 190–91; multiculturalism as, 193; racial liberalism’s investment in, 12, 18, 194; settler national, 279n34

individualism, American, 49, 121

infrahumanity, 14, 223, 282n4

Institute for Palestine Studies, 35

Institute for Social Research, 32

integration, racial: Black Muslims’ effect on, 112; failures of, 137; role in Cold War, 27

intellectuals, Arab: on ethnic relations paradigm, 12

intellectuals, Black: on Zionism, 62–63

International Congress of Orientalists (ICO): Ann Arbor Conference (1967), 163–64, 165; name changes of, 273n53

International Convention on Human Rights (April 1968), 51

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 34–35, 37, 171

International Humanitarian Law: U.S. circumvention of, 226

internationalism: anticolonial, 64; of Cairo, 89; “imperial,” 29; Israeli racialization and, 44

internationalism, Black, 60, 89, 251n9; and civil rights, 73; décalage in, 254n37

International League for the Rights of Man, 32

International Organization for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (EAFORD): “Zionism and racism” symposium, 54–57

intifada, second, 196, 278n34

Iraq: U.S. sanctions against, 160

Irgun movement, 120

Islam: debasing portrayals of, 161, 179, 182; expert knowledge about, 162; Nation of, viii, 46, 74, 79, 84, 93, 94; as pathology, 223; as totalitarianism, 282n7

Islamo-Fascism, 222–26; George H. W. Bush on, 223; origin of term, 224; as race war, 223, 225; and Russian–American relations, 224–25

Israel: accountability to international law, 227; and African liberation movements, 77; Agricultural Settlement Law, 43; in American imagination, 6; in American imperial culture, 149; American Left and, 6; American public opinion on, 117; Anglo-American sovereignty and, x; boycott, divestment, and sanctions (BDS) against, 227–28; carceral regime of, 188; conflict with Hezbollah, 222–23, 282n3; construction of peoplehood, 12; Covenant of 1961, 42; as defense against Arab violence, 125; discourse of Palestinian terrorism, 190; discrimination in, x–xi, 24, 38, 39–40, 77; exclusions in, 6, 9, 143; existential threat to, 104, 130, 156, 188, 195; foundational narratives of, 118, 126; and global liberation movements, 3; global perceptions of, 105; “Greater Israel” project, 190, 191; identification with third world, 133, 135, 141; immigration to, 106, 109; infrastructure of control, 276n9; intra-Jewish racism in, 24, 190; invasion of West Beirut (1982), 37; Keren Kayemeth Law, 42; Labor Party, 144, 190–91, 277n22; Law of Return, 42; Likud government of, 3; at Madrid Peace Conference, 56; meaning making in, 9; as metaphor for democracy, 53–56; military strength of, 9, 104, 148; as multiracial society, 52; national geographies of, 9; Nationality Law, 42; negotiations with PLO, 144; October war with Egypt (1973), 92, 97, 157, 180; political cynicism concerning, x; racial distinctions in, 24, 35, 42, 190; sacralization by genocide, 6, 26, 218; scholarly boycotts of, 228–29; shadow tropes for, 221–22; Soviet denunciation of, 129; survival of, 104, 130; symbolism for United States, 9; ties to South Africa, 7, 23, 25, 40, 41, 55–56, 101; U.S. journalists’ coverage of, 168; U.S. military aid to, 190; vulnerability of, 104, 130, 143; Western alliances of, 129–30, 135, 137; as white imperialist state, 206; withdrawal from Sinai, 188. See also Arab–Israeli relations; Lebanon invasion; settler colonialism, Israeli; state violence, Israeli; Zionism

Israeli Black Panther Party, 42

Israeli Defense Forces (IDF): bombing of Beirut, 188; U.S. police consultation with, 226

Israeli Peace Now movement, 209

Jabara, Abdeen: FBI surveillance of, 172–73

Jabotinsky, Vladimir Ze’ev: “Iron Wall” ideology of, 120

Jackson, Jacqueline, 174

Jackson, Jesse: and Arafat, 258n95; PUSH coalition of, 174

Jacobson, Matthew Frye, 80

Jahin, Salah, 95–96

Jameson, Fredric, 5

Japanese Americans: internment during World War II, 172

JDL. See Jewish Defense League

Jerusalem Conference on International Terrorism, 53–54, 162

Jewish American Reform movement, 39

Jewish Cultural Club: anti-imperialism of, 129

Jewish Currents (magazine), 127–32; anti-imperialist narrative of, 128–29; “The Black Panthers, Jews, and Israel,” 130–31; Communist sponsorship of, 127; non-Zionism of, 128, 129, 132

Jewish Defense League (JDL), 118–19, 122

Jewish establishment: anticommunism of, 136; critique of JLP, 133; response to Ocean Hill strike, 119; role in U.S. imperialism, 136

Jewish Liberation Journal, 134

Jewish Liberation Project (JLP), 132–34

Jewish Life (magazine), 127, 128

Jewishness: Cold War, 195; definitions of, 52; and political Zionism, 28, 104; as whole life process, 136

Jewish question: and conceptions of minority difference, 261n4

Jewish Radicalism (anthology, 1973), 132

Jewish radicals: anti-imperialism of, 127; militant, 118–20; on racial liberalism, 127; on settler colonialism, 125–27; on U.S. state violence, 126

Jewish Social Studies (journal), 130

Jewish Voice for Peace (organization): support for Palestine, 229

Jews: as adventurer-pioneers, 177, 179, 182; comparativity of, 13; deterritorialized world community of, 141; intergenerational fears of, 205; Oriental, 39, 40, 42, 182; racial definition of, 51; racialization during Reconquista, 151; as religious community, 108

Jews, American: in American exceptionalism, 105; Ashkenazi-descended, 112; assimilation into American life, 11, 28, 57, 104, 137; and Black freedom, 60, 73–74; conversions to Zionism, 109–11; culture work and, 19; defense organizations of, 31, 73, 106, 261n5; engagement with Holocaust, 2, 110; in ethnonational resurgence, 262n9; incorporability of, 105–9, 113–14, 279n34; in neoconservative imaginary, 113; non-Blackness of, 28; in post–civil rights period, 113; relationship to liberal ideologies, 261n3; role in racial exclusion, 66; threats to, 19, 104, 105, 110, 122, 125, 134, 139, 198; vulnerability feelings of, 115

Jews, Ashkenazi: feminist, 199–200; racism of, 190

Jews, Black: deportation of, 42

Jews, Mizrahi: marginalization of, 190

Jews, non-European, 182–83; Israeli recognition of, 191

Jews, Sephardic: Israeli racism against, 24

Jews for Urban Justice (JUJ), 229; anti-imperialism of, 136–37; Freedom Seder of, 139–43; internationalism of, 140; “Jewish Campaign for the People’s Peace Treaty,” 136; politics of adjacency, 140

Jiryis, Sabri, 36, 37

JLP. See Jewish Liberation Project

Jordan, June, 230; “Apologies to All the People of Lebanon,” 205, 210–12; “Life after Lebanon,” 217–19; Living Room, 209, 216, 218; “Moving towards Home,” 21, 185–86, 209, 211, 215–16; at “Moving towards Home” fund-raiser, 214; on “New Woman,” 217–18, 219; “Poetry for the People” project, 186; “Problems of Language in a Democratic State,” 207–8; “The Test of Atlanta 1979,” 209; “To Sing a Song of Palestine,” 209, 214–15; use of Holocaust memory, 210; writings on Lebanon, 208–9, 218; writings on Palestine, 276n8. See also “Moving towards Home”

Joseph, Peniel, 74

Judaism: as liberation theology, 139; prophetic, 142

Judaism, Reform: opposition to Zionism, 108

JUJ. See Jews for Urban Justice

June war (1967), 61; aftermath for Palestinians, 147–48; Arab Americans following, 165; Arab victims of, 123–24; Black Panther Party on, 81–82; colonialist description of, 254n32; David Graham Du Bois during, 97; media portrayals of, 178; in Mr. Sammler’s Planet, 122; rhetoric preceding, 114

justice: racial, 3, 21; spatial imaginary for, 208. See also social justice, U.S.

Kach movement: on Jewish “purity,” 120

Kahane, Meir: on Jewish establishment, 119; Kach movement of, 120; Never Again!, 118

Kallen, Horace, 39; cultural pluralism of, 107, 108, 262n15

Kaplan, Amy, 126

Katz, Emily Alice, 108

Kazarian, Richard, 73

Kennan, George: “Sources of Soviet Conduct,” 224, 282n8

Kennedy, John F., 1, 2, 13, 238n1

Kerim, Osman (Mac X Spears), 94–95, 260n125; “Yayeesh Nasser,” 95

Kerner Commission: on white racism, 51

Khalidi, Rashid, 85

kibbutzim, Israeli, vii, 6, 127, 135, 136

King, Martin Luther, Jr.: “Beyond Vietnam,” 71; comparison to Yasir Arafat, 99; Freedom Seder and, 139, 140; “Martin Luther King Defines ‘Black Power,’” 72, 255n46; at National Conference for New Politics, 80; and nonviolence, 145; on racial liberalism, 72; on “Third World Round-up,” 73

Kissinger, Henry, 48

knowledge: conceptual apparatus of, 17; contested, 5; relationship to power, 149; subjugated, 222; symbolic architecture of, 153

knowledge production: by AAUG, 162–63, 174, 184, 269n10; Arab American, 20, 166; concerning BDS movement, 228; in ethnic studies, 150; exceptional relations of, 14; heterogeneous forms of, 222; “objective,” 164; concerning Palestine, 37, 75, 76, 121; Said’s challenge to, 154; by women of color, 194

Koenig, Shulamith, 209, 217

Kristol, Irving, 121

Labor Bund: socialism of, 142

“Lament of the Children of Israel in Rome” (poem), 65

Latin America: liberation movements in, 5, 36; solidarity with, 60, 74, 85, 127, 171, 186; structural adjustment programs in, 4; U.S. military intervention in, 8, 193, 194, 207

League of Nations, 29; paternalism of, 28

Lebanon: civil war in, 124; gendered violence in, 219

Lebanon invasion (1982), 3, 7, 154, 187–91; Arab American protests against, 207; Arab poetry on, 213; Israeli protests against, 208, 211; mobilization of Americans against, 217–18; NWSA response to, 203–5; Palestinian question and, 188; Di Vilde Chayes on, 203–4

Left, American: coalitions of, 80; Israel and, 6; split in, 218

Left, Jewish, 19–20, 141–42; anti-imperialism of, 143; at Berkeley, 126; Black Power and, 130; conversion narratives of, 136–39; critiques of U.S. imperial culture, 125; government concessions to, 116; Zionist support in, 132–36

Left, Radical: ADL on, 103–4; anti-Semitism of, 103, 114; JDL on, 119

Lerner, Michael, 126; CPME leadership of, 134, 135

Lester, Julius, 129

Lewin, Yitzhak, 34–35

Lewis, Bernard, 49, 224, 282n7; “The Anti-Zionist Resolution,” 51–52; historical approach of, 249n69; “Palestinians and the PLO,” 50

liberalism, American: African American assimilation in, 27; complicity with racism, 49; dilemma of, 105; incorporative impetus of, 107; Jewish outlooks toward, 104; minority rights and, 19; structural violence in, 105

liberalism, Cold War: exclusions of, ix; race question in, 18, 26–27; state violence and, 19

liberalism, racial, 26–30; AJC support of, 129; Black radical critiques of, 225; civic inclusion in, 27, 57; defense of liberal democracy, 35; domesticating narrative of, 60; effect of Holocaust on, 30; exceptionalist discourse of, 70; global, 47–53; and international governance, 28–29; Jewish radicals on, 127; in Moynihan’s works, 44; nation of immigrants in, 45; neoconservative tenor of, 65; philosophical lineaments of, 245n16; post–World War II, 194; and spatial transformations, 67, 252n23; support of Zionism, 52–53, 63

liberation, geographies of, 3. See also Black liberation; Palestinian liberation

liberty as civic religion, 26

Liebman, Charles, 109

Likud government (Israel), 3; populism of, 190

literary culture: circulation of, 88, 258n101

literary theory, U.S.: modes of address, 153–54

literature, Arab American, 212; American audience for, 213

literature, U.S.: post-Holocaust, 121

Lorde, Audre: response to racism, 201–2

Lover from Palestine, A (anthology, 1970), 212

Lowe, Lisa, 15, 270n14

Lowen, Marilyn, 141

Lowery, Joseph, 174

Lubin, Alex, 3

Malcolm X, 64, 73, 133; assassination of, 74, 97; collaboration with David Graham Du Bois, 91; debate with Baldwin, viii; at OAU conference, 90, 91; visit to Cairo, 87, 91; “Zionist Logic,” 91

manifest destiny, American, 126, 181; globalized, 225

Marcus, Kenneth, 250n88

Markaz al-Abhath al-Filastini. See Palestine Research Center

Mart, Michelle, 6

Marx, Karl: “On the Jewish Question,” 261n4

masculinity: nationalist, 276n6; in U.S. settler colonialism, 217

masculinity, black, 46–47, 124; fetishization of, 112; hypersexualized, 121–22

masculinity, Jewish, 111–13, 118–20, 122–23, 195

Maslow, Will, 73

Mazower, Mark, 29

Mbembe, Achille: “Necropolitics,” 14

McAlister, Melani, 74, 79, 126

McCone Commission, 68

McGranahan, Carole, 12

Mead, Margaret, xi

meaning making: beginnings in, 153; in Israel, 9; in Orientalism, 152; post-structuralism and, 153

Meir, Golda, 1, 2

memory: multidirectional, 199; regenerative power of, 201. See also Holocaust memory

meritocracy, American: versus affirmative action, 117; color-blind, 143; denaturalizing of, 115; immigrant success in, 114; and race neutrality, 118; redressing of anti-Semitism, 116

Middle East Coordinating Committee: cycle-of-violence narrative of, 125; “Did You Know?,” 75

Middle East Studies Association of North America (MESA), 165

milchemet chova (defensive war), 131

Miles, Sara, 212

Minor, Ethel, 74, 75, 78, 256n60

miscegenation, 113; racial politics of, 264n30

Mitchell, Timothy, 4–5

modernity: colonial, 15; discursive productivity of, 152, 153; liberal, 126

modernity, Euro-American: Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen in, 16; Israel and, 6; Nazi genocide in, 12–13; oppression of other, ix–x; Palestine and, 17; race in, 9–10, 14, 17; sociality in, 17

Moraga, Cherríe, 196, 201; “Refugees of a World on Fire,” 192–94

Morales, Rosario, 200–201

“Moving towards Home” (UNICEF fund-raiser), 21, 212–16; June Jordan’s poetry at, 185, 214–16; participants in, 212

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 18; Beyond the Melting Pot, 44–45, 115; on civil rights/Palestine link, 99; defense of racial liberalism, 48; “Employment, Income, and the Ordeal of the Negro Family,” 254n32; formalism of, 52; framing of race, 27; government service of, 47, 48; media appearances of, 48; “The Negro Family,” 44, 45–47, 49; on power of language, 249n72; Senate campaign of, 53, 54; speech against Resolution 3379, 27, 43–44, 48, 49–52, 53; “Totalitarian Terrorists,” 53; trip to Israel (1976), 53; “The United States in Opposition,” 47, 52; UN ambassadorship, 27, 43, 48, 53; use of Holocaust memory, 49

Mr. Sammler’s Planet (Bellow), 120–25; black masculinity in, 124; Black pickpocket of, 122–23, 265n51; critical reception of, 121; gendered racialization in, 124; Holocaust in, 122, 123, 124; humanism of, 121; Jewish toughness in, 121, 122–23; June war in, 122, 123–24; publication of, 121; violence in, 123–24; witnessing in, 124

Ms. Magazine: “Anti-Semitism in the Women’s Movement,” 197–98, 205; forum on anti-Semitism, 198

Muhammad, Elijah, 91

Munich Olympics (1972), 172

Muslims: and Muhammad Ali, 79–80; Arab American discourse on, 20, 168, 202; James Baldwin on Middle Eastern, xi; discourse of terror concerning, 3, 21, 161, 172, 224–26; Hollywood stereotyping of, 160; Moynihan on, 52; racialization of, 10, 12, 44, 46, 112; during Reconquista, 151

“My Negro Problem—and Ours” (Podhoretz), ix, 111–15, 283n10; amalgamation in, 113; disavowal of racism, 116; gendered racialization in, 112–13; Jewish toughness in, 114; Jewish vulnerability in, 113, 114; Ocean Hill–Brownsville strike in, 115; reprint of, 263n27

Myrdal, Gunnar, 105

Naber, Nadine, 160

Najjar, Fauzi, 169

Nakba (catastrophe), Palestinian, 9, 110, 147–48; incommensurable relationships of, 14; ongoing structure of, 210

Naksa (setback), Palestinian, 9

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 2; Shirley Graham Du Bois’s biography of, 258n100; Pan-Arabism of, 64, 79, 94

Nasserism, 36

National Conference for New Politics (NCNP, 1967), 229; Black caucus of, 80–81, 137–38; Zionism debate at, 81

National Defense Education Act (NDEA), 163; legislative history of, 273n54; Title VI (“Language Development”), 164

nationalism, Israeli: identity in, x; Zionism as, 42

nationalism, masculinist, 276n6

nationalism, Palestinian: AAUG’s, 166; historical roots of, 249n69; Reagan administration and, 189

nationalism, Pan-Arab, 165; AAUG’s support for, 171

nationalisms, competing, 197–98

national security, U.S., 8–9; racial difference and, 12

National Women’s Studies Association (NWSA), 230; conference on Jewish feminism, 197; position on anti-Semitism, 205; “Race, Class, and Sex Interactions” (conference session, 1982), 202; “Racism and Anti-Semitism in the Women’s Movement” (conference session, 1983), 205–6; response to Lebanon invasion, 203–5; Third World Caucus of, 201, 202, 203; Women of Color caucus, 206; “Women Respond to Racism,” 200–201

nation-states: indigenous peoples of, 16; race making in, 10

Nazism: comparativity of, 13; use of exceptionality, 15; and Zionism, 40–41, 51, 55. See also genocide, Nazi

NCNP. See National Conference for New Politics

NDEA. See National Defense Education Act

Neal, Larry, 257n80

Négritude movement, 83

neoconservatism, U.S., 5, 65, 112, 121, 162, 195; American Jews and, 110, 113; color-blind ideologies of, 52; emergence of, ix, 3, 112–13, 125

neoliberalism, racialized, 5

Netanyahu, Benjamin, 162

Newark Black Power Conference, 81

New Jewish Agenda, 144

Newton, Huey P., 92; “In Defense of Self-Defense,” 61–62; meeting with Arafat, 93; trial of, 68; writings of, 260n120

New York Police Department: mapping of Arab/Muslim communities, 226

Ngai, Mae, 161

NGO Forum: on racial domination, 227

Nixon, Richard: “law and order” policies, 136; “peacemaker” aspirations of, 168, 274n64; on urban crime, 254n33

Nixon administration: Black Panther newspaper coverage of, 92; Moynihan’s service in, 47–48; relations with OPEC, 4; surveillance of Arab/Muslim populations, 172–73

Nkrumah, Kwame, 89

Non-Aligned Movement, 47

NWSA. See National Women’s Studies Association

OAAU. See Organization of Afro-American Unity

OAU. See Organization of African Unity

Obama, Barack, 56

Occupied Territories, Palestinian: under Begin administration, 191; colonial expansionism in, 227; Israeli administration of, 3, 148, 188; Israeli justification for, 144; Jewish settlements in, 7, 148, 198; settlement movement, 190–91, 277n22; social terrain of, 35; U.S. divestment from, 228; U.S. imperialism and, 26

Ocean Hill–Brownsville teachers strike (1967), 114–15; Jewish establishment response to, 119

October war (1973), 92, 97, 157; U.S. media coverage of, 180

O’Dell, Jack, 62, 68, 174

Office of Civil Rights, U.S.: on religious discrimination, 250n88

Off Our Backs (OOB, magazine), 199, 202, 204–5, 210

oil companies, American: anti-Arab racism of, 203

Omi, Michael, 107; Racial Formation in the United States, 254n34

OPEC. See Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

Operation Boulder: anti-Zionist dossiers of, 173; post-9/11 surveillance regimes and, 275n83; targeting of AAUG, 172–73

Operation Peace for Galilee, 188, 189. See also Lebanon invasion

Ophir, Adi, 276n9

Orfalea, Gregory, 212

Organization of African Unity (OAU), 23; Cairo conference (1964), 90, 91

Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU), 29, 246n28; Cairo chapter of, 97; Malcolm X and, 91

Organization of Arab Students, 172

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): oil embargo of, 4, 92, 165, 181

orientalism: anti-Semitism and, 182; cultural domination in, 182. See also Orientalism (Said)

Orientalism (Said), 20, 55; analysis of race, 149; anti-essentialism of, 150–51; contrapuntal readings of, 158; critique of scholarly neutrality, 150–51; on epistemic violence, 183; fetishization of expertise in, 181; on meaning making, 152; omissions from, 151–52; place in knowledge production, 158; on portrayals of Islam, 179; postcolonial feminists on, 151; publication of, 269n12; role in ethnic studies, 149–51; scholarly reaction to, 269n9; theorization of race, 151

orientalism, U.S., 151, 270n19; Arab American subjects in, 160

other: racial, 150, 177; in Zionism, 17

Palestine: absent presence of, 17, 194–96, 206–7; alternative knowledge concerning, 18; in American imperial culture, 149; antiracist relation to, 21; Black freedom’s engagement with, 60–65, 68, 71–80, 98–101, 111, 130–38; British Mandate for, 28, 38, 40, 77; cultures of resistance, 9; Defense Emergency Regulations (1945), 39, 40; effects of racism in, 158; ethos of inclusion for, 156; and Euro-American modernity, 17; exceptional status of, 17; intellectual solidarity with, 3; Israeli occupation of, 1, 2, 3, 7, 76, 238n7; partition (1947), 30, 63, 77, 128; post–civil rights Jewish response to, 143; in post-Holocaust discourse, 17; razing of towns, 147; relationality of, 21, 149, 219; shadow tropes for, 17, 221–22; solidarity with, 162, 190; U.S. engagement with, 187. See also dispossession, Palestinian; Occupied Territories, Palestinian

Palestine Affairs (quarterly), 36

Palestine Is the Issue (documentary), 167

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): Black Panther Party and, 61, 131–32; devastation of, 191; equation with terrorism, 99; exile in Tunis, 188; Fatah in, 85; Israeli negotiations with, 144; and Lebanon invasion, 188; NCNP stance on, 81; UN recognition of, 44; Andrew Young’s meeting with, 99–100; on Zionism, 36

Palestine question: culture work about, 12; effect of Sabra and Shatila massacre on, 191; as epiphenomenon of race, 11; Freedomways on, 253n27; Lebanon invasion and, 188; production of knowledge concerning, 37, 75, 76, 121; in Said’s work, 153; SNCC on, 71–80; UN on, 30; women of color feminism and, 195–96, 207, 279n34

Palestine Research Center (PRC), 18, 51, 229; critique of Zionism, 35; destruction of, 37, 189, 247n49; Do You Know?, 59–60, 75, 80; “Facts and Figures” series, 37, 247n51; “Israeli Racism,” 39–40; Israeli targeting of, 247n48; leadership of, 247n50; publications of, 36–41; on settler colonialism, 26, 41, 52, 75–76

Palestinian Human Rights Campaign: Afro-Americans Stand Up for Middle East Peace, 174

Palestinian liberation: and Black liberation, xi; Black Panther support for, 18–19, 61, 131–32, 133–34; race and, 18; as totalitarian threat, 189; transnational narratives of, 2; U.S. imperialism and, 18

Palestinian National Liberation Movement. See Fatah

Palestinian Revolutionary Movement: AAUG support for, 171

Palestinians: alternative future for, 216; departure from Lebanon, 188–89; exceptional relations of, 14; exclusion of, 24, 128, 187, 222, 229; following June war, 147–48; human status of, 187; nonviolent movement for, 145; as paradigm for atrocity struggles, 208; racialization of, 11, 195; refugee camps of, 9; representational reality of, 153; revolutionary iconography of, 85; right of return, 99, 227; scholarship on, 7; self-determination for, 37–38, 128, 227; UN support of, 18, 38. See also dispossession, Palestinian; Sabra and Shatila massacre

Palestinians: Holding On (documentary), 167

Palestinian Wedding, The (anthology, 1982), 212

Pan-African Cultural Festival (Algiers, 1969), 19, 82–86, 133, 229; attendees at, 83; Black Panther Party at, 83–86, 257n82; Palestine activists at, 84; press coverage of, 85

Pan-Africanism: David Graham Du Bois’s, 87; nontransferability of, 86; Zionism and, 70

patriarchy: ethnonationalist investments in, 192; racism’s relations to, 195

peoplehood, Jewish: AJC’s espousal of, 263n22; American expression of, 133; Israeli construction of, 12

Perez, Julia, 201

personhood: Arab, 195; Jewish, 143

Pianko, Noam, 262n15

Pifer, Ellen, 121

Piterberg, Gabriel, 126, 132

PLO. See Palestine Liberation Organization

pluralism, cultural, 107; in American exceptionalism, 108; Zionism and, 262n15

pluralism, liberal: equality in, 46; exceptionalism of, 143; Jewish defense of, 113–18; Jewish incorporability into, 105–9, 113–14; race-conscious critiques of, 115; universal values of, 105

Podhoretz, John, 121

Podhoretz, Norman: contribution to neoconservatism, 112; controversy with Baldwin, 111–12; on conversions to Zionism, 109–10; on meritocracy, 118; neoliberalism of, ix; “Now, Instant Zionism,” 110; on structural interventions, 117; work with Moynihan, 47, 49, 50; World War IV, 224–25, 283n10. See also “My Negro Problem—and Ours” (Podhoretz)

“Poetry for the People” (literary project), 186

Pogrebin, Letty Cottin: “Anti-Semitism in the Women’s Movement,” 197–98; responses to, 198–99, 203

political economy, 4–5, 67, 82, 164, 222

Porter, Jack Nusan, 132

post-structuralism: French, 152; meaning making and, 153; subject production in, 184

Powell, Adam Clayton, 81

Prakash, Gyan, 149

PRC. See Palestine Research Center

prisons: anti-citizenship in, 82; growth of, 8, 190; and political prisoners, 36, 72, 140, 144, 257n82; relationship to ghettos, 8, 13, 67, 70, 71; and UC Berkeley School of Criminology, 259n114; use by Israel, 40, 168, 188

Puar, Jasbir, 70

Quest, Matthew, 74

race: AAUG analysis of, 166; American expertise on, 18, 27; conflation with ethnicity, 45; in Euro-American modernity, 10; formalist understanding of, 25–26; in knowledge of Israel, 221–22; liberal nationalist ideas of, 11; Orientalism on, 151; and Palestinian liberation, 18; postwar-era meanings of, 56–57; relational analysis of, xi, 12, 222, 229; transnational analyses of, 149, 174, 184; in U.S. imperial culture, 25, 158–59, 160, 221–22

race making, 158–59, 161

race radical movements: anticolonial frames for, 187

race relations, American, 120; and Arab–Israeli relations, xi, 2

racial formation: Baldwin on, vii–viii; exceptional relations of, 14

racialization: Arab, 161, 206; of Arab-Islamic culture, 162; of Blackness, 10; of colonial difference, 15; comparative processes of, 10; of national identity, 161; sexualized, 192; of space, 65, 66

racialization, gendered, 192, 216, 282n8; of imperial violence, 219; of Israeli militancy, 125; in Mr. Sammler’s Planet, 124; in “My Negro Problem—and Ours,” 112–13

racial liberalism, 27–30, 43, 52, 57, 63–64, 122, 127, 129, 194, 222, 245n16; Black radical critiques of, 60, 62, 65, 67, 70, 72, 98, 225; Moynihan’s global imaginary for, 47–53

racism: anticolonial writers on, 5; anti-Semitism and, 133, 206; in Arab–Israeli relations, xi; complicity with liberalism, 49; cultural, 160, 162; genetic nature of, 55; imperial, 160, 162; legitimization of, 11; nation-based, 160, 162; political, 160; relationship to colonialism, 50; relationship to patriarchy, 195; settler colonialist, 24; state-sanctioned, 251n4; UN discourse of, 35; Webster’s definition of, 51; in women’s movement, 197–200, 201–2

racism, anti-Arab: AAUG on, 166, 167; in American military-industrial complex, 203; and anti-Black racism, xi, 2; Arab American assimilation and, 173; following first Gulf War, 160; following June war, 165; Said on, 152, 183; stereotypes of, 181–82; in U.S. feminism, 203–5, 210, 278n32; in U.S. imperial culture, 202–3

racism, anti-Black: and anti-Arab racism, xi, 2; and Resolution 3379, 24

racism, structural: Jewish secularism and, 130; NWSA on, 201; race-conscious remedies for, 116; white disavowal of, 111–12; of white supremacy, 113, 130; in women’s movement, 201–2

racism, U.S.: benign neglect of, 48, 248n64; effect on women of color, 226; feminist analyses of, 199, 229–30; and Israel security, 206

Ragab, Salah, 260n124

Rap on Race, A (Baldwin/Mead), xi

Reagan, Ronald, 92; Wild West persona of, 217

Reagan administration: incarceration policy of, 190; intervention in Latin America, 193; militarization under, 201, 207; on Palestinian nationalism, 189; racial capitalism of, 208

reason, enlightenment, 106

Reconquista in (1492), 100, 151

Reddy, Chandan, 57

refugees: Hannah Arendt on, 15–16; Jewish, 130, 131; Palestinian, 9, 13, 30, 85, 92, 100, 147, 174, 227; as relational figures, 192–94, 278n30; survival practices of, 194. See also Sabra and Shatila massacre

relationality, 9–12; in . . . And Bid Him Sing, 96; in analysis of difference, 15, 70, 152, 262n7; Arab American analysis of, 169, 174; Baldwin’s, ix; in distribution of human value, 222; in enactment of home, 186; in feminist and queer critical praxis, 191, 193, 206, 209, 216; in the Freedom Seder, 140–41; heterogeneous, 230; and the Holocaust, 41, 43; humanist, 21; of Palestine, 21, 145, 149, 219; potentiality of, 243n50; in race, xi, 12, 15, 25, 55, 222, 229; in Edward Said’s work, 155–57, 175–82, 184; in SNCC’s “Third World Round-up,” 72, 79–80

Renan, Ernst: on the “Semitic,” 182

Revisionism, Jewish, 120

Rich, Adrienne, 202, 203

Ridgeway, James: “Annals of the Age of Reagan,” 211

Right, New: geopolitical imaginary of, 189, 190

al-Rihani, Amin: concept of hamzat al-wasl, 159; Palestine advocacy of, 159, 272n42

Robeson, Paul, 62; Afro-Zionism of, 63; Freedom newspaper of, 253n27; meeting with Bunche, 63–64

Rogin, Michael, 28

Roonstrasse Synagogue (Cologne): defacing of, 31

Rose, Jacqueline, 264n31

Rose, Sharon, 136

Rosenberg, M. Jay: “To Uncle Tom and Other Jews,” 134

Rosenfelt, Deborah, 203

Rothberg, Michael, 199

Rubin, Gary E., 73–74

Sa’b, Hasan: “Zionism and Racism,” 38–39, 40–41, 107

Sabra and Shatila massacre (Lebanon, 1982), 185, 189, 223, 247n48, 253n27; effect on Palestine question, 191; Israeli protests against, 208; in “Moving towards Home,” 215; number of dead, 276n12; in This Bridge Called My Back, 193, 195

sabras, Israeli, 13

Sahtein (Middle East cookbook), 213

Said, Edward W., 15; “Age of Reagan,” 154; Arab American identity of, 158; “Arab and Jew,” 157, 175, 178–79; “Bases for Coexistence,” 157; Beginnings: Intention and Method, 152–53; “Between Worlds,” 157–58; contrapuntalism of, 155–57, 178, 184; critique of Renan, 182; critique of U.S. imperial culture, 269n10; on cultural racism, 161–62; Culture and Imperialism, 152, 155; culture work of, 158; decolonization theory of, 145; on difference, 154–55, 156; editorship of Arab Studies Quarterly, 167, 175; engagement with post-structuralism, 158; on exile, 157–58; humanist ethic of, 149, 150; identity production of, 157–58; on June war, 152, 158; on Lebanon invasion, 281n64; “Nasser and His Canal,” 268n5; on Palestine, 20–21; on Palestine taboo, 229; “The Palestinian Experience,” 156; “Permission to Narrate,” 208; on Western imperialism, 155; work with AAUG, 171, 175, 183. See also “Arab Portrayed, The” (Said); Orientalism (Said)

Sandoval, Chela, 201, 202, 206

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 176

Saydah, George, 159

Sayegh, Anis, 36, 37, 247n50

Sayegh, Fayez, 18, 26, 50, 51; color-line argument of, 52; and EAFORD, 54; PRC leadership of, 37; on racial discrimination, 249n70; “Racism and Racial Discrimination Defined,” 55–56; remarks to United Nations, 41–43; “Zionist Colonialism of Palestine,” 37–38, 40, 284n30

Sayegh, Yusuf, 247n50

Sayigh, Rosemary, 247n50

Schappes, Morris U., 128, 129, 130; on Black Panthers, 131

Scheer, Robert, 81

Schmitt, Carl, 15

Scott, David, 101

Seale, Bobby, 71

secularism, Jewish, 127–32; anticolonialism of, 127, 129–30; goals of, 127; and structural racism, 130; support for Black freedom, 131; on Zionism, 127–28

segregation, 28, 29, 107; de jure and de facto, 67; in UN debates on racism, 35, 36, 38, 50, 55

Self, Robert O., 82

self-determination: Euro-American paradigms of, 6; Israeli, 142; Palestinian, 37–38, 128

September 11 attacks: militarized policing following, 226; surveillance following, 275n83

settler colonialism: racial aspects of, 24; removal of indigenous people, 271n28; South African, 40; violence in, 243n46; and white supremacy, 5, 29

settler colonialism, Israeli, 6; anomaly of, 35–41; anti-imperialism as, 125–27; Arab indigeneity in, 176–77; imperialism of, 144; and Jewish American assimilation, 57; Jewish radicals on, 125–27; permanence of, 180; racial dimensions of, 17, 26, 35, 39–40, 52, 227, 229; racialized labor in, 239n20; revolutionary promise of, 135; sacralization of, 137; socialist aspects of, 135; spatial imaginary of, 76; U.S. racial state and, 104; violence in, 12, 135

settler colonialism, U.S., 20, 70; American imaginary of, 177; domesticity in, 241n27; figure of Indian in, 198; genocidal logic of, 279n34; links to Israeli state violence, 199; masculinist tropes of, 217; normalized violence of, 181; symbolic architecture of, 181

Settler Colonial Studies (journal), 284n30

shadows, 221–22

Shagara (Cairo club), 95

Shahak, Israel, 157

Sharon, Ariel: and Palestinian massacre, 189

Sharpeville Massacre (1960), 29

Shepp, Archie, 83, 257n81

Shohat, Ella, 10, 193, 269n12

Shu’un Falastiniya (PRC journal), 213

Singh, Nikhil Pal, 82, 251n8

Sing, Whisper, Shout, Pray! (anthology), 278n34

Sirhan Sirhan, 162, 172, 274n79

Six Day War. See June war (1967)

slavery, 45, 48, 67, 96, 130, 151; and Nazi concentration camps, 46, 70

Smith, Barbara, 201, 206

Smith, Beverly, 201

SNCC. See Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

social formations, racialized, 3. See also racial formation

socialism, British parliamentary, 47

socialism, Jewish, 127–32; non-Zionism of, 127–28; in settler colonialism, 135

social justice, U.S., 253n27; ASA’s, 228; Jewish engagement with, 137, 139. See also justice

South Africa: antiracist struggle in, 36; apartheid in, 29, 101, 193, 227; ties to Israel, 7, 23, 25, 40, 41, 55–56, 101

Southeast Asia: antiracist struggle in, 36; U.S. actions in, 5

Southwest Asia: Arab communities of, 20

sovereignty: Anglo-American, x; and Black Power, 68; colonial, 15, 69; exceptionality, 15; indigenous, 70; Israeli, 17, 104, 129; settler, 5, 16, 55

Soviet Union: collapse of, 56; Jewry, 119; Jewish radicalism and, 137, 140; support for Palestine, 128, 129; U.S. Cold War framing of, 18, 26, 27, 28, 34, 52, 63, 73, 110, 117, 163, 223–25

space, x, 82; contrapuntal analysis of, 155, 158; deindustrialization of urban, 70; home, 186, 216; and race, 8–9, 15, 27, 65–70

Stam, Robert, 10

Stampnitzky, Leah, 189–90

state violence: countermodality of witness for, 209; global, 186; normality of, 226–27; racial, 16

state violence, Israeli, 12, 78, 124–25, 144, 256n63; Jewish establishment and, 126; justifying language for, 215–16; links to U.S. settler colonialism, 199; settler, 12, 145; U.S. implication in, 209–10

state violence, U.S., 8, 104, 107; criticisms of, 115; desegregation and, 2; in District of Columbia, 139; in imperial culture, 19, 62, 177–78; Jewish radicals on, 126

Staub, Michael, 110, 136

Steinberg, Lisa, 186

Stoler, Ann Laura, 5, 12

Stone, I. F., 69, 254n32

Stromberg, Vivian, 217

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC): ADL on, 73; anti-Semitic tropes of, 76; Black antidraft initiative, 60, 250n2; civil rights leaders on, 100; conference (May 1967), 60; expulsion of white members, 71; figuration of permanent war, 61; loss of influence, 82; at NCNP, 80–81; newsletter of, 59, 75; and Palestinian liberation, 18–19, 62; police raid on (San Francisco), 60; political program of, 60, 72; reading group of, 74, 78. See also “Third World Round-up”

subject formation: historico-political, 156; in post-structuralism, 184; under state formation, 152

subjects, Western: and oriental objects, 183

Suez Crisis (1956), 64

suffering, Arab: and Jewish suffering, 175–77, 178

suffering, black: exceptionality of, 15

Sundquist, Eric, 74

Svonkin, Stuart, 31, 261n5

“swastika epidemic,” 30–35

Takaki, Ronald, 151

terrorism: globalized war against, 44, 223, 225, 226; as totalitarian threat, 53–54; white rhetoric of, 218

Terrorism: How the West Can Win (1986), 162

Terzi, Zehdi, 99–100, 174

Third World and Progressive People’s Coalition, 207

Third World Liberation Front, 259n114

“Third World Round-up,” 59–60, 71–80, 100; authorship of, 75; composition of, 75, 255n60; on June war, 78; lynching imagery in, 79; multigenre character of, 80; Palestine in, 61; question structure of, 76–77; readership of, 76; responses to, 72–73; on Rothschild family, 77, 78; sources for, 75, 78; visual elements of, 78–79; on Zionist violence, 77, 78

This Bridge Called My Back (anthology), 192, 194–96, 201

This Bridge We Call Home (anthology), 278n34

totalitarianism: American intervention against, 32; and anti-Semitism, 26, 53; Palestinian liberation as, 189; Positivist critique of, 33; terrorism in, 53–54; U.S.–Israeli relations and, 54

toughness, Jewish, 113–18, 121; of Cold War era, 195; in Mr. Sammler’s Planet, 121, 122–23; in political Zionism, 264n31

transnational American studies, 7–8

trauma, intergenerational, 46

Traverso, Enzo, 15

Tree, Marietta, 34

tribalism, violent, 219

Turé, Kwame. See Carmichael, Stokely

Union of American Hebrew Congregations (UAHC), 108

United Federation of Teachers strike (1967), 114–15

United Front Against Fascism conference (Oakland, 1969), 133, 229

United Nations: antidiscrimination pledge of, 35; anti-Semitism charges against, 24; Center against Apartheid, 29; Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, 30; debates on Zionism, 47; Decade for Action, 23–24, 30; Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, 247n39; Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD, 1963), 18, 23, 26, 30–31; decolonization efforts of, 29, 35; definition of apartheid, 227; framing of anti-Semitism, 26, 34–35; Mid-Decade Conference on Women (1980), 197; Palestine Commission, 63; Palestine Partition Plan, 77; racial liberalism and, 28; racism debates of, 50–51; recognition of PLO, 44; resolution on racial persecution (1946), 29, 50–51; Sayegh’s remarks to, 41–43; Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural Affairs Committee, 34–35; Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 34

United Nations Resolution 3379: anti-Black racism and, 24; Black Panthers on, 24; epidemiological discourse of, 35; movement for reinstatement of, 226, 227; Moynihan’s opposition to, 27, 43–44, 48, 49–52, 53; precedents for, 30, 197; revocation of, 56, 226–27; sponsorship of, 244n3; U.S. Congress on, 23–24; U.S. media on, 24; U.S. view of, 25–26; Zionism/racism in, 23, 25, 48–49

United States: Asian exclusion in, 107; counterinsurgency practices of, 2; culture wars in, 3; discourse of Palestinian terrorism, 190; educational funding in, 163–64; gendered normativities of, 206; links to Middle East, 8; manifest destiny of, 126, 181, 225; penal state of, 190, 194; post–civil rights era, 2, 6, 60, 104, 113, 184; racial exclusion in, 65–70; racialized social formations of, 3; racialized warfare in, 191; racial normativities of, 206; racial/spatial reorganization of, 65; relationship with Arab world, 165, 170–71; relations with oil-producing states, 4–5; riots of 1967, 62, 71, 163; spatial imaginaries of, 8; ties to South Africa, 101; triumphalism of, 54; westward expansion of, 177. See also exceptionalism, American; imperial culture, U.S.; state violence, U.S.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 30

University of California (Berkeley) School of Criminology: David Graham Du Bois at, 91–92; ties to Black Panthers, 259n114

Until Return (Al-Awda newsletter), 186

Uris, Leon: Exodus, 126

U.S.–Israeli relations: Arab Americans and, 170–71; during Cold War, 54, 187; emergence of support in, 18, 239n18; geopolitical imaginaries of, 126; race in, 11; under Reagan administration, 190; SNCC on, 79; “special,” 1, 2, 8, 13; statecraft of, 7; strategic alliances of, 225; totalitarianism and, 54

U.S. State Department: on Zionism, 129

victimhood: feminist competitions over, 198, 199, 206

Vietnam: U.S. imperialism in, 24, 48, 71, 79, 92, 126, 129, 132, 136, 144, 177, 250n2

Vilde Chayes, Di (Jewish feminists): dispute with WAI, 199–200; on Holocaust memory, 204; on Lebanon invasion, 203–4; members of, 280n44

Village Voice: coverage of Lebanon invasion, 210, 211

violence: evisceration of home-spaces, 186; gendered, 186; intra-Arab, 125. See also state violence

violence, imperial: academic freedom and, 229; accountability for, 216; apologists for, 141; and area studies, 150; complicity in, 209; Jewish critiques of, 132; racialized gender norms of, 219; relational analysis of, 7, 80, 178, 186, 194, 229

violence, racial, 16, 60, 61, 79, 107, 131, 196; genocide and, 29, 30, 78; spatialized, 69–70

Wacquant, Loïc, 67

Wald, George, 130

Walker, Alice: response to Jewish feminists, 198–99

Wallerstein, Immanuel, 150, 163

war: as object/method, 6

war, permanent, 61–65; Black Panther Party and, 82, 84, 101; Israeli, 5–6; political economy and, 4–7; SNCC counterhistory of, 78; state coercion in, 5

warfare, globalized: against terrorism, 44, 223, 225, 226; U.S. hegemony in, 223

warfare state, racialized, 191, 277n23, 283n11. See also state violence

Waskow, Arthur, 20, 136–43

Weaver, Suzanne, 50

Weheliye, Alexander, 15, 243n50

Weisbord, Robert, 73

whiteness: in American settler genocide, 279n34; and Arab American incorporability, 160, 170; ethnic, 45–46; multiethnic, 44; nation-of-immigrants paradigm of, 44; as privileged category, 11; probationary privileges of, 170; single-category for, 116; spatial stratification of, 66; in U.S. census, 160; and Zionism, 194

white supremacy: Baldwin on, viii; Jewish secular opposition to, 130; of postwar era, 10; and settler colonialism, 5, 29; structural racism of, 113, 130

“Will History Repeat Itself?” (Center for Jewish Studies conference, 2007), 283n9

Williams, Michael W., 64–65

Williams, Randall, 29

Winant, Howard, 10, 107; Racial Formation in the United States, 254n34

Winthrop, John, 9

Women Against Imperialism (WAI): dispute with Di Vilde Chayes, 199–200; “Taking Our Stand against Zionism and White Supremacy,” 199

women of color: analysis of war, 194; combating oppression, 193; critiques of Zionism, 196, 278n34; impact of racism on, 226; Palestine question and, 279n34; spatial imaginaries of, 192; in white feminist movement, 201. See also feminists, women of color

Women of the Fertile Crescent (anthology, 1978), 212

women’s movement: anti-Semitism in, 197–200, 206, 278n32; racism in, 197–200, 201–2. See also feminism

women’s studies: disobedience, in work of, 202. See also National Women’s Studies Association

World Conference against Racism (2001), 56, 226–27

World Conference of the International Women’s Year (Mexico City, 1975), 23

World War II, x, 4, 6, 10, 14, 18, 32, 38, 56, 63, 70, 78, 105, 108, 121, 151, 164, 175, 177, 194, 223; Atlantic Front, 28

World Zionist Organization (WZO), 38, 127

“Wrapping the Grapeleaves” (Arab American poetry anthology), 212

Yaqoub, Malik Osman Karim, 94–95

Young, Andrew: engagement with PLO, 99–100; resignation from UN, 99, 100, 101, 174; work on racial conflict, 101

Zeadey, Faith, 173–74

Zionism: Afro-diasporic, 18; American democracy and, 107, 108; and American Jewishness, 19; American Jews’ conversion to, 109–11; Amin on, 48–49; analogy for Black diaspora, 62; anticolonial framing of, 125–26, 225; anti-imperialist, 110, 126, 128; Arab critiques of, 35–41, 43, 53, 110, 159; Arendt on, 16; articulation of liberal freedom, 2; versus assimilation, 107; as colonialist movement, 36; comparativity of, 13; conversions to, 109–11; and cultural pluralism, 262n15; decolonization under, 38; discrimination in, 43; and Euro-American imperialism, 16; European racialist doctrine in, 39; Evangelical Christian, 190; exclusion in, 24, 38, 128; as expression of liberal democracy, 110–11; as expression of national spirit, 262n15; feminism and, 196, 197; foundation myth of, 132–33; imperialist alliances of, 128; and indigenous dispossession, 26; “instant,” 109–11, 114; institutions of, 38; intellectual origins of, 55; in Israeli law, 24; Jewish critics of, 38–39; Jewish Left support for, 132–36; and Jewish moral thought, 74; Jewish organizations supporting, 109–10; Jewish race and, 38–39; Jewish secularists on, 127–28; as liberation movement, 20, 51, 110, 134; middle-class professionals of, 128; militaristic expansionism of, 74; and Nazism, 40–41, 51, 55; negation of exile, 143; other in, 17; and Pan-Africanism, 70; population transfer in, 41, 42; post-Zionism, 277n14; racial dimensions of, 17, 25, 38–39, 50, 56, 189, 200, 226, 229; racial liberal support of, 52–53; racial others in, 177; Reform Judaism on, 108; scholarship on, 7; secular, 25, 42; separation from Jewishness, 36; and settler colonialism, 25; socialist, 110; and South African racism, 23; state-centered telos of, 142; territorializing aims of, 107–8; UN debates on, 47; U.S. State Department on, 129; whiteness and, 194; women of color critiques of, 196, 278n34

Zionism, political, 17, 19, 36, 154; Jewishness and, 28, 104; Jewish toughness in, 264n31; separation from Judaism, 41

Zuckoff, Aviva Cantor, 133

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The University of Minnesota Press gratefully acknowledges financial assistance for the publication of this book from the John C. Flanagan Dissertation Fellowship and the Graduate School at the University of Washington.

Publication made possible in part by support from the Berkeley Research Impact Initiative (BRII) sponsored by the UC Berkeley Library.

Poems by June Jordan are reprinted in chapter 5. All poems copyright 2005 by the June M. Jordan Literary Estate. Reprinted with permission. www.junejordan.com.

An earlier version of part of chapter 2 was published as “Representing Permanent War: Black Power’s Palestine and the End(s) of Civil Rights,” CR: New Centennial Review 8, no. 2 (Fall 2008): 193–231; copyright 2008 by Michigan State University; reprinted by permission. Another part of chapter 2 was previously published as “Towards an Afro-Arab Diasporic Culture: The Translational Practices of David Graham Du Bois,” ALIF: Journal of Comparative Poetics 31 (2011): 152–72; reprinted with permission.

Copyright 2015 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota

A Shadow over Palestine: The Imperial Life of Race in America is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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