Index
ACADIA. See Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture
AD (Architectural Design), 14, 19, 22, 42, 48, 52, 55, 65, 66, 73, 138, 160, 164, 180, 196, 200, 208, 223
adaptation, 31, 63, 118, 130, 138, 154, 169; environmental, 105, 137
Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems (Holland), 108, 218, 223
Advanced Virtual and Technological Architecture Research Group, 22–23
aesthetics, 5, 11, 28, 49, 65, 66, 68, 90; architectural, 52; emergent, 27, 30 (fig.); organic, 30
affect, using, 212 (fig.)
Aggregate Architectures (Dierichs): photo of, 56, 57
Ahlquist, Sean, 104
Alexander, Christopher, 58, 218–23, 220–25, 265n20
Algal Filter Machine (Benjamin, Smith, Managh, Smout, and Allen), 193
algorithms, 1–2, 52, 75, 116, 119, 121, 131, 137; biological, 81; customized, 251n32; digital, 171; epigenetic, 21, 105, 112, 136, 138, 140; eugenic, 122, 211; evolutionary, 108, 109 (fig.), 139, 236n2, 244n70; instructional, 77. See also genetic algorithms
Allen, Laura, 193
animals, 172, 181; machines and, 39
Antonelli, Paola, 83, 160, 171
Arabidopsis: xylem formation in, 85
Aradopsis thaliana, 81
Arbona, Javier, 159; work of, 160 (fig.)
Archigram magazine, 139
Architectural Association (AA), 7, 14, 27, 44, 89, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 345n82
architectural forms, 1, 58, 104, 159, 161, 223
“Architectural Genomics” (Besserud and Ingram), 16, 119, 120 (fig.), 140
Architectural History from a Performance Perspective (exhibit), 53
“Architectural Relevance of Cybernetics” (Pask), 219
Architectural Review, 209
architecture, 12, 14, 47, 64, 70, 86, 167; aggregate, 19, 74, 75, 76, 84; avant-garde, 6; biology and, 104; biometric, 20; biotic, 73; cell, 146–48; complexity, 221; engineered, 173; environmental, 11, 182; evolutionary, 59, 69, 138–41; fractal, 221; function of, 76; genetic, 174, 175–76, 177, 178, 181, 182; genome, 133; green, 13; homeostatic, 46; interior, 155; living, 181–82; material formations of, 13; model for, 35; morpho-ecological, 49, 53; near-living, 212; neo-biological, 163; parametric, 19, 62, 63, 150, 206, 229n2; postmodern, 221; rhetorical biologization of, 5–6; semi-living, 160, 163; spatial, 203; sustainable, 13, 14, 51, 54, 199; synthetic biology and, 4; tissue, 146–48, 161, 163, 174; vernacular, 13, 44, 53, 54
“Architecture and Ecology” (Armstrong and Fuller), 209
Architecture d’Aujourd’hui (Chenal): scene from, 205 (fig.)
Architecture Machine, The (Negroponte), 219
Architecture of Emergence: The Evolution of Form in Nature and Civilisation, The (Weinstock), 18–19, 40, 62
Architecture of the Jumping Universe, The (Jencks), 221
“Architecture That Repairs Itself?” (Armstrong), 13
Architecture without Architects (Rudofsky), 60
“Architect Walks into the Lab, An” (LabStudio), 157
“Are the Semi-Living Semi-Good or Semi-Evil?” (Zurr and Catts), 171
Aristotle, 31
Armstrong, Rachel, 13, 23, 163, 184–85, 192, 195, 196, 197–98, 199, 207; on ecosystems, 201; on ideal architecture, 162; protocell architecture and, 22, 186, 188, 200, 201, 206, 209, 259n38
Ars Electronica, 164
Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA), 16, 58, 119, 120, 149, 168, 176
associative models, 27, 43, 45, 50, 150, 160
athwart theory, 9, 11, 63, 64, 101
Autographics Ltd., 223
avant-garde, 6, 12, 58, 59, 154, 175, 182
Ayres, Robert, 97
bacteria, 132, 172, 180, 189, 213, 246n121; as chassis of choice, 193
Ball, Philip, 55, 56, 57, 73, 103, 107–8, 126
Bandiagara Escarpment, 60; village at, 61 (fig.)
Bartlett School of Architecture (University College London), 4, 22, 60, 160, 161, 224
Bateson, Gregory, 219
Bateson, William, 107
Beauty: The Cooper Hewitt Design Triennial (exhibition), 152
Bedau, Mark, 196
Beer, Stafford, 222
Beesley, Philip, 13, 18, 23, 152, 155, 185–86, 195, 212, 214
behavior, 45, 121, 135; collective, 43; dynamic, 89; emergent, 5; material, 53, 71, 73; natural organism, 32, 204; organizational, 74; physical, 71; social, 5; spatiotemporal, 75
Beijing National Aquatics Center, 1; photo of, 2–3
Beijing National Stadium Building, 1; photo of, 2–3
Belousov–Zhabotinsky oscillation, 55
Benjamin, David, 18, 19, 70, 83, 84, 86, 90, 119, 186, 193, 238n40, 239n58, 244n65, 248–49n1; biocomputing and, 79, 80, 81; biological structures and, 85; Federici and, 143; work of, 23, 23 (fig.), 25
Bentley, Peter, 104, 116, 128, 130, 140
Bernard, Claude, 232n9
Besserud, Keith, 16, 17, 119, 140, 231n35; architectural genomics by, 120 (fig.)
“Between Order and Chaos” (Crutchfield), 86
Biased Chains (Tibbits), 78
BioBrick, 80, 186, 189, 190, 238n40, 238n42
biocomputation, 12, 19, 69, 70, 79, 207, 249n1; architectural, 80–84
BioDesign: Nature, Science, Creativity (Myers), 84, 159, 193
Bioencryption (Myers), 84
“Bio Logic” (Benjamin and Federici), 19, 80
Biological Atelier (Congdon), 192
“Biologically Inspired Evolutionary Development” (Kumar and Bentley), 128
biological processes, 12, 20, 40, 64, 79, 92, 112, 136
biological systems, 12, 20, 21, 30, 39, 65, 85, 90, 95, 137, 150, 163; biological theories, 108, 115, 140, 215, 222; characteristics of, 213; complexity of, 127, 156, 157, 169, 173, 206; at equilibrium, 233n27; exploitation of, 257n98; material organization of, 54
biology, 12, 18, 20, 23, 69, 103, 109, 111, 122, 156, 201, 203, 218, 223; architecture and, 104, 248n1; building blocks of, 202; cell, 144, 206; computation and, 4, 112; construction method of, 77; contemporary, 136, 140; developmental, 20, 104, 105, 106, 112, 116, 123, 125, 139, 141, 145, 150, 237n2, 245n81; evolutionary, 7, 36, 112, 113, 237n2, 245n81; information technology and, 246n115; material formations of, 13; molecular, 113; principles of, 4; systems, 148, 154, 206
bioluminescence, 169, 193, 254n44, 258n20
biomimicry, 19, 59, 63, 69, 81, 90, 149
biomolecular, 69, 70, 80–84, 85, 136, 207
“Biomorphic Architecture” (Estévez), 112
bioprinting, 22, 165, 168, 169, 253n35
bioreactors, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 168, 170
biosynthesis, 12, 149, 150, 207
biotechnology, 136, 144, 161, 182, 189, 190, 209, 211; architectural/urban design and, 178; development in, 192
Bissell, Mina, 21, 145, 148, 149, 254n45; microenvironment and, 249n4; on tissue phenotype, 147
Blind Watchmaker, The (Dawkins), 110, 117
Bolker, Michael, 206
Boot Camp, 7, 19, 27, 36, 37, 38; component design for, 28 (fig.); component material for, 29 (fig.); emergent aesthetics by, 30 (fig.)
Boston Architectural Center, 219
Bottazi, Robert: on Armstrong/Fuller, 209
bottom-up, 32, 59, 60, 63, 64, 83, 178, 201, 204
Boulder Beer Company, 68
Branching Morphogenesis (Sabin), 152, 155
Brand, Stewart, 159, 162, 265n20
Breeding Architecture (FOA), 152
Bressani, Martin, 14
Brown, Jerry, 16
buildings: ecological impact of, 141; green, 49, 214; human-scale, 202; living, 18, 22, 159; morpho-ecological, 50; self-assembling, 83; smart, 44, 214
Burgess, Jeremy: soap bubble morphology of, 37 (fig.)
Burton, Michael, 187, 191, 192, 210, 212; work of, 187 (fig.), 259n31
Cache, Bernard, 174
CAD/CAM, 52, 64, 160, 165, 176, 251n32
Camazine, Scott: on emergent properties, 31
Canadian Pavilion (Venice Biennale), 185
capitalism, 65, 164, 180, 252n23, 257n98; theory of, 171
carbon dioxide, 11, 41, 72, 96, 99, 168, 181, 185, 200, 201
Carey, Will, 190
Carpo, Mario, 1
Carroll, Sean, 22, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 148, 245n84, 246n11, 246n112
Cassman, Marvin, 250n20
“Casting Spells with DNA” (Rothemund), 171
Castle, Helen, 52, 182, 234n67
CATE. See Computer-Aided Tissue Engineering
Catts, Oron, 4, 18, 22, 159, 163, 169, 170, 180, 191, 252n24; genetic engineering and, 172; genohype/DNA mania and, 176; leather jackets and, 165; living architecture and, 181; Pig Wings Project and, 164, 171; “top-down” process and, 164; work of, 160, 161
cells, 17, 138, 150, 163, 180; artificial, 204, 259n38; cultured bovine, 170; development of, 129, 195; endothelial, 148, 152; engineered, 206; epithelial, 149, 151; eukaryotic, 132, 172, 188; functioning of, 146; germ, 107, 112–13, 133, 160; inorganic, 202; living, 22, 169, 195, 203; mesodermal, 148; minimal, 184, 188; physiochemical basis of, 203; sex, 133; solar, 97; somatic, 106; synthesizing, 195; templates for, 35; types of, 134
cellular differentiation, 128, 135
Center for Fundamental Living Technology (FLinT), 195–96
central dogma, 105, 110, 112, 113, 114, 122, 123, 124, 133, 144, 149, 156, 203, 260n53, 262n92
“Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” (Crick), 110
Chaitin, Gregory, 219
chaos, 5, 39, 65, 66, 67, 86, 87, 94
chassis, 80, 172, 188, 189, 193, 206
“Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis, The” (Turing), 21, 38, 107
chemical supersystem, 194–95
chemoton concept, 194–95
Chieza, Natsai-Audrey, 192, 193, 210
Child Force (Wollersberger), 207
Chin, Jason, 195
chips, 11, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100
chromosomes, 114, 115, 123, 133, 172; histones and, 134
Civilian Conservation Corps, 179
Clear, Nic: protocell architecture and, 22
climate, 43, 44, 53, 131; modeling, 10; responsiveness, 72
climate change, 10, 11, 12, 41, 59, 209
Climbing Mount Improbable (Dawkins), 110
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 132
collaboration, 7, 145, 154, 157, 172; human–computer, 2–3
collagen, 148, 150, 170, 254n50
Collins, Harry, 10
Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation, 19, 84, 119, 193, 224, 238n40
Columbus, Christopher, 178, 256n89
communication, 39, 86, 217; modern theory of, 87; processes of, 88
complexism, 18, 60, 65, 68, 178, 187; allegiance to, 66; athwart theory and, 63; bottom-up/top-down, 202; generative architecture and, 6, 17, 30–36, 58; ideology of, 9, 85, 101; introduction to, 30–36; pervasive application of, 202; rhetoric of, 215
complexity, 5, 7, 12, 33, 37, 39, 42, 43, 59, 63, 68, 181, 203, 217, 218; biological, 124, 125, 127, 156, 157, 169, 173, 188, 206; environmental, 157; as explanatory tool/ideology, 9–10; genetic, 124; interpretation of, 67; organized, 75, 220; paradigm, 221; statistical, 86, 88; structural, 86; terminology of, 66, 69
Complexity: A Guided Tour (Mitchell), 31
Complexity and Contradcition in Architecture (Venturi), 220
complexity theory, 12, 14, 20, 31, 35, 36, 40, 59, 67, 68, 70, 73, 75, 85, 86, 201, 202, 204, 206, 220, 221; approaching, 9; described, 5; growth of, 58; language of, 4
complex systems, 12, 31, 33, 36, 44, 45, 64, 80, 87, 150, 151, 152, 203, 214, 220, 221; concepts/processes of, 38; dynamics of, 85–86; nonlinear processes of, 149; social/cultural manifestations of, 32
components, 1, 5, 27, 31, 32, 78; manipulation of, 45; material, 29 (fig.)
computation, 3, 40, 59, 69, 94, 103, 114, 154, 218, 221, 223; biology and, 4, 112; biomolecular, 70, 80–84, 85, 207; digital, 1, 95–101, 107, 155; evolutionary, 4, 12, 20, 104, 105, 108, 110, 111, 112, 121, 128, 131, 136, 139, 140, 191, 265n7; machine, 73, 75, 76; material, 12, 13, 19, 20, 69, 70–79, 82, 84, 85, 95, 207; material formations of, 13, 199; molecular, 19, 82, 237n2; natural, 2, 19, 20, 69, 70, 73, 84–90, 92–95, 199, 207, 236–37n2; parallel, 83; physical, 73; silicon-based, 82; theory of, 89, 222, 237n2
Computational Design Thinking (Menges and Ahlquist), 104
computational mechanics, 20, 84–90, 92–95
computational processes, 12, 64, 82, 104–5
Computer-Aided Tissue Engineering (CATE), 166, 167, 253n34; Tissue Engineering Lab, 176
“Computer-Aided Urban Design” studio (Negroponte and Groissier), 219
computer numerically controlled (CNC), 38, 71
computers, 11, 71, 73, 95, 214; biological, 82; chemical, 200; critical raw material potentials in, 101 (table); digital, 108; personal, 70, 75; removing parts from, 98; super, 83; using, 2–3, 70
computer science, 1, 12, 58, 77, 82, 104, 112, 129, 140, 186, 218
“Computing with Synthetic Protocells” (Courbet, Molina, and Amor), 84
“Constructions: An Experimental Approach to Intensely Local Architectures” (Cordua), 55
consumption, 6, 63, 77, 99, 213; cycle, 53; design production and, 10–11
Cordua, Hermansen: localism and, 67
Cotten, Joshua, 119, 120, 231n34
Crain, Madison, 97
Crick, Francis, 107, 110, 113, 124, 144
CRISPR/Cas9, 163, 192, 193, 207, 208
CRISPR Technology, 262n109
Cronenberg, David, 160
Crutchfield, James, 7, 85, 86, 88, 89, 89 (fig.); chaotic attractor and, 87; epsilon machine and, 87; natural computation and, 20
Cruz, Marcos, 4, 22, 160, 163, 180, 207
“Crystals, Cells, and Networks: Unconfining Territories” (Bressani and van Pelt), 14
culture, 5, 32, 40, 41; civilized, 60; concepts/materializations of, 9; expressing, 11; material, 60; nature and, 9, 62, 160; primitive, 60; three-dimensional, 249n16
cybernetics, 1, 4, 5, 36, 39, 112, 202, 217, 222, 223; origins of, 6; rise of, 58, 218
Cybernetics; or, Control and Communication in the Animal and Machine (Wiener), 217, 218, 219
Daimler AG/Mercedes-Benz, 150
Darwin, Charles, 58, 105, 113, 119, 121, 171; evolutionary theory and, 180; natural selection and, 112; pangenesis and, 107; sketch by, 118, 118 (fig.)
Darwinism, 111, 122, 132, 245n104
Darwinism Evolving (Depew and Weber), 113
Darwin’s Dangerous Idea (Dennett), 110
Davenport, Charles, 122
Dawkins, Richard, 110, 117, 123; biological evolution and, 111; genetic reductionism and, 116; selfish-gene theory and, 12, 111, 114
death, biological logic of, 192
Death and Life of Great American Cities, The (Jacobs), 220
De Decker, Kris, 100
“Defining New Architectural Design Principles with ‘Living’ Inorganic Materials” (Cronin), 202
del Campo, Matias, 22, 166, 167, 168, 169, 176, 177
Deleuze, Gilles, 39
Dennett, Daniel, 110, 111, 122
Depew, David, 112, 113, 116, 239n54; digital printouts and, 110; digital tropology and, 163; on genes, 123; natural selection and, 111; quasi-genetics and, 122
design, 6, 12, 30, 73, 79, 89, 153, 156, 182, 217; agency, 58; algorithmic, 150, 218–23; biomolecular computing-based, 82; cell surface, 150; critical, 182; cyber eco-fusion, 176; digital, 71, 77, 116, 139, 165; ecologic-environmental, 14, 175; education, 213; generative, 130, 139, 154; limitation, 199; modern, 55, 191; mycelium-based, 25; ornamental, 66–67; paradigms, 100–101; parametric, 45, 46, 52, 54, 66, 72; production, 8, 10–11; protocells and, 209; streamline, 67, 68; studies, 10, 11; surface, 21; sustainable, 14, 59; urban transportation, 33; wooden, 52
Design and the Elastic Mind (exhibition), 22, 83, 150, 159, 170, 191, 209
Design Anthropology: Theory and Practice (Murphy), 7
Design Fictions (Chieza), 192, 210
Design for a Brain (Ashby), 222
“design for debate,” 182, 187, 188, 191, 197, 207
Designing for the Sixth Extinction (Ginsberg), 187, 191
development, 58, 116, 138, 153, 181; algorithmic, 130; computational, 20, 128; cross-disciplinary, 82; embryological, 106, 112, 130; evolutionary, 12, 39, 41, 171; land, 75; morphogenetic, 68, 92, 105, 126; organismal, 131; phylogenetic, 106; scientific, 157; tissue, 144
De Vries, Hugo, 107
Dierichs, Karola, 55, 73, 74, 76, 84; aggregate architecture and, 19; complexity theory and, 75; work of, 56 (fig.), 57 (fig.)
Digital–Botanic Architecture (Dollens), 164
Digital Grotesque II (Hansmeyer and Dillenburger), 5, 154
digital technology, 1, 13, 20, 45, 60, 70, 79, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 111, 176; economic growth of, 54; transistors/chips and, 95
Digital Turn in Architecture, The (Carpo), 1
Dillenburger, Benjamin, 5, 154
Directed Hamiltonian Path (DHP) problem, 82
disease, 16, 136, 144, 145, 146, 148, 150, 208
Disembodied Cuisine (Catts and Zurr), 164
DNA, 11, 12, 14, 77, 85, 105, 107, 115, 118, 128, 133, 138, 149, 188–89, 190, 193, 195, 207, 208; chain, 163, 176; as code of life, 84, 239n54; complementary, 124; computation, 19, 82; as database, 83; design, 153; editing, 163; efficacy of, 144; fetishizing, 213; functional, 114; information storage density of, 82–83; intergenetic, 173; isolating, 144; junk, 114, 135; mania, 170, 171, 176; manipulation of, 112; minimal, 184; mitochondrial, 132; nucleotide bases of, 134; plasmids, 204; polymer, 83; popular views of, 143; reorganization, 176; RNA and, 123–24, 243n25; robotized manipulation of, 4; sequence, 124, 133, 172, 173, 176; strings, 80, 82; synthetic, 170, 184; X-ray diffraction image of, 143–44, 143 (fig.)
DNA Origami (Rothemund), 170
Doernach, Rudolph, 139
Dosier, Ginger Krieg, 238n42
Douglas, Kate, 210
Douglis, Evan, 174
Dunne, Anthony, 23, 182, 191, 207
“Dynamic Array: Protocells as Dynamic Structure” (Iwamoto), 200
ECM. See extracellular matrix
ecology, 21, 40, 41, 45, 47, 52, 141, 156, 164, 175; multi-species, 65
Econic Design: A New Paradigm for Architecture (Hollwich, Kuchner, and students), 22, 162, 173, 175, 178, 197
Ecotec, 14
EDS. See evolutionary developmental systems
EFRI. See Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innovation
Egash, Ron, 236n88
Einstein, Albert, 203
electricity, 78, 173, 174, 240n91
Electronics Goes Green conference, 99
embryo geography, logic of, 126–27 (fig.)
embryos, 106, 107, 112, 125, 128, 130, 210
emergence, 4, 6, 12, 18, 31, 35, 59, 68; architecture of, 36–44; concept of, 206; principles of, 199; theory of, 38–39
Emergence and Design Group, 44
“Emergence: Morphogenetic Design Strategies” (AD), 14
Emergence seminar (Weinstock), 7, 230n25
Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software (Johnson), 31
emergent aesthetics, 27, 30 (fig.)
emergent architecture, 5, 19, 27, 28, 31, 35, 58–60, 62–68; explication of, 36; theory of, 40
Emergent Design + Creative Technologies in Medicine, 148
Emergent Technologies and Design program (EmTech), 7, 14, 19, 28, 29, 30, 35, 36, 38, 44, 63, 74, 89, 90, 221; curriculum of, 27; evo-devo at, 21
Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innovation (EFRI), 154, 155, 157
ENCODE Project (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements), 135, 173, 247n142, 255n61
Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo (Carroll), 22, 124, 130, 246n111
endosymbiogenesis, 172, 252n23
energy, 44, 62, 69, 78, 96, 240n91; alternative, 173; consumption, 77; embedded, 214; flow, 41; high-embedded, 12; mass of, 98; materials and, 5; passive, 78–79; solar, 49, 119, 120, 202; systems, 40
Energy Futures Lab, 192
energy minimization, 154
engineering, 3, 69, 82, 203, 218; bottom-up, 22; computer, 188; mindset, 210; molecular, 139; tissue, 168 (fig.); top-down, 22, 186
Engineering and Physical Science Research Council, 80, 259n28
engineering synbio, 22, 25, 80, 111, 186, 254n44, 258n19; genetic engineering and, 23; handheld instruments of, 205 (fig.); top-down, 187, 188–93, 190, 204
Enriquez, Juan, 208
entropy, 65, 66, 75, 86, 87, 88, 94, 97, 209
Entropy (journal), 33
environment, 8, 44, 52, 53, 68, 140, 196; architects and, 48–49; building, 35; caring for, 175; complex, 45, 138; external, 43; living, 214; marine, 13; natural, 65; social, 45; unnatural, 180
environmental conditions, 14, 35, 46, 48, 49, 54, 55, 168; digital analysis of, 53
environmental impact, 6, 8, 10, 11, 59, 63, 82, 96, 97, 101, 179, 215; producing, 9
environmental issues, 11, 14, 115, 173, 175, 178
epigenetics, 7, 12, 21, 106, 131–38, 140, 144, 145, 148, 165, 166, 168, 169, 181, 202, 203, 206; defined, 136; modern, 135; theory of, 105; understandings of, 112
epsilon-machine, 87, 94, 95, 239n58
equilibrium, 39, 75, 209, 233n27
Escherichia coli, 123, 189, 254n44
Escuela Arquitectura (ESARQ), 4, 164, 174, 176
Estalella, Adolfo, 8
Estévez, Alberto, 18, 112, 176, 190, 192, 193; colonial “hero” and, 177; generative architecture and, 22; genetic architecture and, 174; on genetic engineers, 4; on imperialist instinct, 177; sustainability and, 13
Eugene (software), 211
Eugenic Design: Streamlining America in the 1930s (Cogdell), 6, 14, 58, 122
eugenics, 12, 14, 17, 42, 58, 64, 68, 106, 107, 114, 118, 119, 122, 208–11; function of, 6; negative, 16, 211; positive, 16, 211
Eureqa (software application), 81
European Center for Living Technology, 185, 195
European Commission, 209
European Union, 99
evo-devo. See evolutionary developmental biology
Evo DeVO Project, 105, 246n115
evolution, 14, 40, 104, 107, 109, 113, 130, 137, 207, 233n36; biological, 4, 108, 112, 202, 242n7; charts, 15 (fig.), 67; conception of, 115; controlling, 210; Darwinian, 121; genetics of, 68, 122; Lamarckian, 12; model of, 122; natural, 109 (fig.), 139; neo-Darwinian, 12; reconfiguration of, 114; rules of, 110; strategies, 108; theory of, 39, 58, 106, 132, 171, 195
Evolutionary Architecture, An (Frazer), 112, 116–17, 138, 222
“Evolutionary Architecture? Some Perspectives from Biological Design” (Turner), 48
evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo), 20, 21, 121, 132, 144, 150, 241n5, 245n81, 246n115; evolutionary computation and, 131; theories of, 105; turn-of-the-millennium, 124–31; understandings of, 112
evolutionary developmental systems (EDS), 128, 129, 130
evolutionary theory, 127, 131–38, 243n39, 243n40; developments in, 104–5; extension of, 58; neo-Darwinian, 112–19, 121–24
Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life (Jablonka and Lamb), 21, 149
“Evolution of Tower Form with No Adjacent Context,” 120 (fig.)
Evolution: The Modern Synthesis (Huxley), 113
Evolving Ourselves: How Unnatural Selection and Nonrandom Mutation Are Changing Life on Earth (Enriquez and Gullans), 208
eXistenZ, 160
Experimental Collaborations: Ethnography beyond Participant Observation, 8
experimentation, 17, 29, 45, 71, 92, 105, 118, 119, 127, 148; biological, 21, 133; digital, 27; laboratory, 18, 150, 156
exposomics, 140
Expulsions: Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy (Sassen), 33, 62, 64
extracellular matrix (ECM), 143, 152, 166, 169, 249n4
fabrication, 76, 77, 139, 154, 155, 156
Facciotti, Marc, 254n44
FAZ Pavilion, photo of, 50
Federici, Fernan, 18, 19, 83, 86, 90, 186, 238n40, 239n58, 248n1, 249n1; Benjamin and, 143; biocomputing and, 79, 80, 81; biological samples and, 81; biological structures and, 85; biomolecular computation and, 70; work of, 23, 25, 80
feedback, 39, 73, 108; digital, 43; negative/positive, 48; real-time, 138; relationships, 45
Feldman, David, 85
fetal bovine serum (FBS), 169
fetal calf serum (FCS), 169, 170, 207
Feynman, Richard, 82
fitness, 14, 17, 42, 109, 121, 211
FLinT. See Center for Fundamental Living Technology
Fluid Assembly: Chairs (Self-Assembly Lab), 78, 79 (fig.)
Foreign Office Architects (FOA), 14, 18, 117, 152, 153
Foreign Office Architects: Breeding Architecture (exhibition), 14, 117, 118
Forgacs, Andras, 170
Forgacs, Gabor, 170
fossil fuels, 41, 98, 99, 100, 174, 214, 240n91
Franklin, Rosalind, 143–44
Frazer, John, 21, 58, 105, 112, 116–17, 124, 266n26; drawing/sculpture by, 116 (fig.); epigenetic algorithms and, 138–39; reptile seed system and, 222–27
Frazer, Julia, 222
free coils, 90, 92, 93, 95; passion flower, 92 (fig.)
Free Fab Hab (Joachim, Greden, and Arbona), 159, 160
Freeform Construction, 47
Fthenakis, Vasilis, 155
Fu, Pengcheng, 19, 82, 83, 206
Fuller, Steve, 209
functionalities, life, 194 (fig.)
Future Farm (Burton), 187, 191, 210
Future Venice (Armstrong), 23, 185 (fig.), 197, 198 (fig.), 199 (fig.)
Galanter, Philip, 1
Galton, Francis, 106
GAs. See genetic algorithms
Gaudi, Antoni, 74
Gehring, Walter, 245n84
gelatinous-fiber (g-fiber) cell contraction, 94
general systems theory, 36, 218, 220
General Systems Theory (von Bertalanffy), 220
generation, theory of, 124
generative: explanation of, 4; genetic and, 4
generative architects, 17–18, 35, 101, 104, 188, 213; animalish structures and, 161; genetic algorithms and, 21; innovations by, 105; living buildings and, 22; work of, 139, 143
generative architecture, 1, 7, 9, 16, 21, 63, 84, 85, 90, 100, 103, 112, 139, 175, 178, 182, 190, 222, 223, 224; challenges for, 140; characterization of, 18; complexism and, 6, 17, 30–36, 58; development of, 58, 221; evaluating, 11, 12; formalist focus of, 81; foundation for, 6; generative approaches in, 104; idolization of, 68; literature in, 163; neo-Darwinian, 143; practicing, 202; rhetoric of, 161; sustainable, 13; synthetic biology and, 22; teaching, 14; terminology of, 4, 12; themes of, 5; writings of, 38
Generative Components, 2, 150, 156; digital curriculum vitae by, 153 (fig.)
Generator project, 222
genes, 12, 20, 40, 107, 114, 115, 124, 129, 134, 150, 195, 204, 207; activation of, 127, 128; bad, 121; efficacy of, 144; environment and, 48, 123; homeotic, 105; identity crisis of, 135; jumping, 123, 133; protein-coding, 125; regulatory, 123, 132, 133; swapping, 132, 193
genetic algorithms (GAs), 14, 16, 17, 21, 104, 108, 110, 112, 115, 116, 119, 121, 156, 203, 222; evolutionary, 129–30; as problem-solving design tools, 144; using, 117, 122
Genetic Architectures (Estévez), 14, 174, 190
Genetic Architectures II (Estévez), 174
Genetic Architectures III (Estévez), 174
Genetic Architectures graduate program, 4, 164, 174, 175
Genetic Barcelona Pavilion (Estévez), 177
genetic engineering, 4, 12, 22, 25, 136, 139, 144, 163, 172–87, 189, 190, 191, 208, 212, 253n41; engineering synbio and, 23; improving, 173, 174; natural, 138; standard, 172
genetic information system (XNA), 195
genetic modification, 25, 188, 189, 193, 208
genetic programming, 58, 108, 132
genetics, 14, 40, 68, 104, 113, 114, 123, 132, 133, 202, 207, 248n145; architectural, 175–76, 222; cybernetic–digital resources and, 4; Darwinian theories of, 21; data of, 140; early, 12; evolution and, 122; living cells and, 22; Mendelian, 113; population, 105, 113; quasi-, 122
Genetic Trace (Soares), 209
Gen(H)ome Project, The, 14, 105
genomes, 114, 119, 129, 133, 134, 181, 203, 208, 247n134, 247n142, 248n145; architectural, 120 (fig.); cell, 132, 135; human, 115, 125; minimal, 184, 186; organization/reorganization of, 137 (fig.); population of, 17
genotypes, 14, 115, 116, 118, 130, 207; phenotypes and, 136
Gershenfeld, Neil, 78
Ghrist, Robert, 145
Giedion, Siegfried, 218
Gierer, Alfred, 108
Ginsberg, Alexandra Daisy, 187, 191, 193, 204, 211, 213; Synthetic Aesthetics and, 190
glass: carbohydrate, 165, 242n32; CRT, 98, 99; enclosures, 168
Golinski, Jan, 8
Googol Puddles (Robitz), 84, 193
Gorbet, Robert, 212; affect and, 212 (fig.)
Gosling, Ray, 143–44
Gray, William Alexander, 136, 207
Greden, Lara: work of, 159, 160 (fig.)
Greene, David, 139
green fluorescing protein (GFP), 181
greenhouse gases, 11, 41, 99, 214
Griaule, Marcel: photo by, 61
Groissier, Leon, 219
Grushkin, Daniel, 170
GSD. See Harvard Graduate School of Design
Guattari, Félix, 39
Gullans, Steve, 208
Gutierrez, Maria-Paz, 155
habitation, 53, 75, 76, 139, 181
Haeckel, Ernst, 58, 106, 124, 241n5
Haldane, J. B. S., 209
Hanczyc, Martin, 196, 197, 206
Harold, Frank, 195
Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD), 44, 72, 218, 219, 221
Hawkins, Anne, 235n82
“Hegemonic Parametricism Delivers a Market-Based Order” (Schumacher), 65
Heller, Miriam, 97
Helmreich, Stefan, 8, 9, 10, 63, 101
Hensel, Michael, 13, 20, 25, 30, 35, 59, 174, 223, 234n67, 235n82; biochemistry and, 54; bottom-up and, 64; building strategies and, 53; complexity theory of, 68; heterogeneous space and, 45; instrumentalizing and, 52; localism and, 67; mimicry and, 63; morpho-ecologies and, 19, 31, 44–57, 140–41; photovoltaic silicon-based technologies and, 52; sustainability and, 35–36, 44–45, 49, 59; tensile forces and, 74
heredity, 54, 105, 107, 113, 118, 132, 135, 136, 195, 203
Hermansen Cordua, Christian, 44, 55, 59
heterogeneity, 19, 35, 55, 67, 68
HGP. See Human Genome Project
Hine, Christine, 8
Holland, John, 58, 118, 218; genetic algorithm and, 108, 116, 222
Holliday, Robin, 136
Hollinger, Philipp, 195
Hollwich, Matthias, 22, 162, 173, 174, 197, 255n67
Hollwich Kushner (HWKN), 22, 162, 162 (fig.)
homeobox genes, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 144, 145, 148, 151, 181
homeostasis, 34, 35, 41, 42, 48, 49, 54, 138, 144, 147, 195, 217, 260n53
Hooker, Cliff, 206
Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT), 132, 246n121
Housefield, James, 236n87
HSBC advertising campaign, 34 (fig.)
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (2008), 16, 210
Human Genome Project (HGP), 114, 115, 124, 134, 135, 144
Humanity 2.0. What It Means to Be Human Past, Present, and Future (Fuller), 209
hydroscopic properties, 50, 53, 71, 72
Hy-Fi (Benjamin), 25, 186; photo of, 23
HygroScope: Meteorosensitive Morphology (Menges and Reichert), 50; photo of, 51
Hylozoic Ground (Beesley), 18, 152, 185, 196, 197, 212
Hyung Chul Kim, 155
ICA. See Institute of Contemporary Art
iGEM. See International Genetically Engineered Machine
Ihida-Stansbury, Kaori, 151, 153
Iles, Alastair, 98
IndieBio, 25
inequalities, socioeconomic, 98, 212, 213, 214
information theory, 86, 89, 94, 107, 110, 219
infrastructure, 10, 42, 43, 44, 77, 82, 100, 174, 188, 189, 197, 214, 215
Ingber, Donald, 146
Ingram, Joshua, 16, 17, 119, 140, 231n34, 231n35; architectural genomics by, 120 (fig.)
inheritance, theory of, 106, 107
Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, An (Smith), 171
installations, 13, 18, 25, 27, 152, 155, 156, 206; environmental, 23; interactive, 138, 196; prototype, 174
Institute for Computational Design, 19, 44, 55, 223
Institute for Lightweight Structures, 74
Institute for Medicine and Engineering (IME), 145
Institute of Contemporary Art (ICA), 14, 117, 118
instrumentalization, 52, 53, 139, 172, 215
integration, 43, 48, 63, 72, 181, 206; differentiation and, 37
intelligence, 5, 42, 43; artificial, 36, 109, 218, 237n2
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 10
International Design Center (MIT), 79
International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM), 84, 186, 189
International Human Epigenome Consortium, 135
International Science and Engineering Visualization Challenge, 152
International Social Service (ISS), 207
Isabella, Queen, 178
Istanbul, masterplan for, 66, 66 (fig.)
Iwamoto, Lisa, 200
Jablonka, Eva, 7, 21, 134, 136, 149
Jacob, François, 123, 132, 133
Jacobs, Jane, 220
Jamieson, James, 146
J. Craig Aventer Institute, 184
JCVI-syn1.0, 204
JCVI-syn3.0, 184
Jeronimidis, George, 7
Joachim, Mitchell, 159
Johannsen, Wilhelm, 107
Jones, Peter Lloyd, 7, 18, 81, 90, 104, 140, 150, 153, 154, 157, 213, 238n40, 249n1, 250n20, 254n45; ACADIA and, 149; epigenetic algorithms and, 105, 138; generative architecture and, 21; research of, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151, 156
Justice Now, 16
Kac, Eduardo, 181
Kangaroo, 90
Kapoor, Anish, 90; work of, 91 (fig.)
Kartal-Pendik masterplan, 66 (fig.)
Katavolos, William, 139
Kay, Lily, 110
Keller, Evelyn Fox, 7, 32, 123, 135, 217
Kepes, György, 218
Kerrigan, Christian, 23, 197; drawing by, 185 (fig.), 198 (fig.), 199 (fig.)
Killing Ritual, The (Catts and Zurr), 161
Kirchoff: equations of, 92
knowledge: bases, 210; biological, 92, 128, 131, 140; popular, 124; scientific, 8, 10, 40, 63, 68
Kolesky, David, 165
Kolmogorov, Andrey, 219
Konstantatou, Marina, 90
Kotnik, Toni, 73
Krugman, Paul, 33
Kudless, Andrew, 223
kudzu, 173, 174, 197; descriptions of, 179–80
Kulic, Dana, 212; affect and, 212 (fig.)
Kumar, Sanjeev, 104, 116, 128, 130, 140
Kushner, Marc, 173, 174, 197, 255n67
Kwinter, Sanford, 73
Lab for Computer-Aided Tissue Engineering, 22
Laboratory for Integrated Prototyping and Hybrid Environments (LIPHE), 71, 105
Laboratory of Life (Latour and Woolgar), 8
LabStudio (University of Pennsylvania), 7, 18, 22, 140, 145, 146, 154, 238n40, 249n1; work by, 143, 148–51, 156, 157
lac operon model, 125, 129, 132, 133
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 58, 106
Lamb, Marion, 21, 134, 136, 149
Langer, Robert, 163
Language of Vision (Kepes), 218
Latour, Bruno, 8
Laughon, Allen, 245n84
Laugier, Marc-Antoine, 236n87
Laurence, Peter, 220
Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Diseased Offspring (1933), 16
LCAs. See life cycle assessments
Le, Felix, 97
Leach, Neil, 174
Learning Channel, The (Crutchfield), 89 (fig.)
Le Corbusier’s Hands: photo of, 205
Lee, Suzanne, 170
Levine, Mike, 245n84
life cycle assessments (LCAs), 11, 13, 95–96, 155
Lim, Wendell, 190
Line Array (Iwamoto), 200
LIPHE. See Laboratory for Integrated Prototyping and Hybrid Environments
Liu, Chun-Feng, 90
Living Architecture (firm), 196
living cells, 5, 17, 85, 146, 164, 169, 183, 184, 188, 195, 203; characteristics of, 260n53; genetics and, 22; manipulating, 177
Loewy, Raymond, 14; evolution charts by, 15 (fig.), 67
Logic Matter (Tibbits), 78
London Olympic Observation Tower, 90
Loos, Adolf, 174
Lorenz attractor, 87
Luisi, Pier Luigi, 194
machines, 217; animals and, 39; organisms and, 111
macroscales, 146; scaling up to, 151–57
Made by the Office for Metropolitan Architecture: An Ethnography of Design (Yaneva), 8
Managh, Geoff, 193
“Manipulation and Control of Micro-Organic Matter in Architecture” (Pike), 178
Manninger, Sandra, 22, 166, 168, 169, 176, 177
manufacturing, 45, 46, 47, 64, 72, 78, 96, 97, 98, 99, 192; additive, 5, 48, 71; chip, 100; computer-aided, 52, 160; digital, 165, 176
“Manufacturing Performance” (Menges), 46–47
Marcus, George, 8
Margulis, Lynn, 132, 171, 180, 252n23
Massachusetts General Hospital, 164
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 7, 19, 76, 77, 78, 186, 218, 219
“Material Computation” (AD), 19, 73, 76
materialism, 9, 20, 41, 60, 161, 202
materials, 6, 40, 54, 62, 69, 73, 76, 78, 95, 214; biological, 18; building, 53, 70, 168; energy and, 5; raw, 77, 96, 101 (table); synthetic biodegradable, 166; 2-D, 71, 77, 81, 85, 87
“Mathematical Theory of Communication, A” (Shannon), 219
mathematics, 20, 36, 38, 39, 82, 103, 150, 218
matrix protein tenascin-C (TN-C), 148, 151
Matsuda, Eiichi, 235n82
Mayoral Gonzalez, Eduardo, 192, 193
McCoy Cell Line, 164
McCullough, Warren, 219
McGinnis, Bill, 245n84
McKnelly, Carrie, 79
Mead, Margaret, 219
meat, synthetic, 164, 166, 170
Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity, The (Morgan), 107
mechanobiology, 146
mechanotransduction, 146
Meinhardt, Hans, 108
Mellon Foundation, 6–7
MENACE, 223
Menges, Achim, 13, 25, 30, 70, 71, 73–74, 84, 85, 104, 105, 112, 155, 223; aggregate architecture and, 19; articles by, 76; biochemistry and, 54; bottom-up and, 64; climate responsiveness and, 72; complex environments and, 45; complexity theory and, 75; environmental virtues and, 72; evo-devo and, 131; external environment and, 130; heterogeneous space and, 45; instrumentalizing and, 52; material computation and, 20; mimicry and, 63; morpho-ecologies and, 19, 31, 44–57, 140–41, 156; natural computation and, 73; pavilion by, 50 (fig.); sustainability and, 35–36, 49, 59; tensile forces and, 74; work of, 50, 51 (fig.), 70,72
metabolism, 31, 40, 41, 48, 54, 184, 194 (fig.), 195, 266n53
metals, 184; critical, 99, 100; rare earth, 99
methodology, 6, 11, 12, 189, 210, 258n20
methylation, 134, 135, 136, 172
MEtreePOLIS, 162, 173, 174, 255n67
Microalgerium (Sawa), 192
microclimates, 53, 54, 149, 191
microprocessors, 43, 44, 52, 70, 196, 214
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 177
Miller, Geoffrey, 210
Minsky, Marvin, 218
“Missing Piece of the Puzzle? Measuring the Environment in the Postgenomic Moment, The” (Shostak and Moinester), 140
MIT. See Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Mitchell, Melanie, 31, 108, 109, 114, 115, 118–19, 123, 220; on evolutionary computation, 110; genetic algorithm and, 116; work of, 160 (fig.)
mobile genetic elements (MGEs), 133
modeling, 49, 90, 92, 110, 145, 153, 154, 156, 164, 213; associative, 43, 50, 160; climate, 10; computer, 27, 31, 38, 95, 148; digital, 38, 89; epsilon-machine, 94; mathematical, 188; parametric, 45; physical, 38, 74
modernism, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66, 67, 147, 204, 205; homogeneity of, 55, 68
Modern Meadow, 170
modern synthesis, 12, 112, 113, 245n104
Moinester, Margot, 140
Mol, Annemarie, 8
molecular biology, 22, 81, 112, 122, 144, 203
MoMA. See Museum of Modern Art
Moore’s law, 97
Moral-Correa, Mara, 27; assembly logic by, 29 (fig.); component design by, 28 (fig.); component material by, 29 (fig.); emergent aesthetics by, 30 (fig.)
Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 107
morpho-ecologies, 13, 19, 31, 35, 44–57, 59, 140–41, 156; concept of, 45–46, 49; sustainability and, 49, 52
Morpho-Ecologies (Menges and Hensel), 45
morphogenesis, 12, 14, 21, 39, 45, 64, 81, 103, 105–8, 112, 123, 124, 125, 128, 130, 131, 133, 144, 146–48, 149, 163, 202, 207, 222; biological, 20, 104; modeling of, 38; normal/pathological, 145; vascular tissue, 152
“Morphogenesis and the Mathematics of Emergence” (Weinstock), 5, 38, 118
morphology, 48, 52, 103, 113, 121, 125, 144, 150, 167, 233n36, 241n5; biological, 156; breast cancer tissue, 152; granular, 55; malignant, 147; soap bubble, 37 (fig.); spatial envelope, 131; urban block, 131
Moses, Robert, 220
Moussavi, Farshid, 117
Murphy, Keith, 8
Murphy, Michelle, 140
Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), 22, 80, 83, 150, 159, 170, 171, 244n59
Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) Young Architects Program at PS-1, 23, 25, 80, 186
Music Genome Project,” 17
mutation, 17, 115–16, 119, 122; gene, 127, 208; random, 125, 137
Mutation Theory, The (de Vries), 107
Mycoplasma mycoides, 184; photo of, 205
Mycoworks, 25
Myers, William, 84, 159, 186, 187, 188, 193
nano-bio-info-cogno (NBIC), 69, 112, 209, 210, 212
nanofabrication, 150, 153, 154, 155
nanoscales, 146; scaling up from, 151–57
Nanotopia (Burton), 187, 187 (fig.), 191, 210, 212
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 135
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Roadmap Epigenomics Mapping Consortium, 169
National Office of Genomic Research, 174
National Science Foundation (NSF), 80, 145, 151, 153, 154, 155, 157, 209, 259n28
Natural Computation and Self-Organization (NCASO), 20, 85, 86
“Natural Computation and Self-Organization: The Physics of Information Processing in Complex Systems” (seminar) (Crutchfield), 7
Natural Computing, 69
natural selection, 58, 103, 105, 110, 111, 119, 223; Darwinian, 121, 137; rational selection and, 122
natural systems, 9, 36, 40, 42, 86; self-organization of, 5
nature, 40; concepts/materializations of, 9; culture and, 9, 62, 160; dominance of, 255n67; protecting, 191; technology and, 70
Nature Biotechnology, 262–63n112
“Nature/Culture/Seawater” (Helmreich), 9
Nature Physics, 86
NBIC. See nano-bio-info-cogno
NCASO. See Natural Computation and Self-Organization
negative-space models, 48; photo of, 47
Negroponte, Nicholas, 219
Nelson, Celeste, 249n4
neo-Darwinism, 111, 112, 113, 114, 119, 121, 124, 131, 132, 134, 139, 144, 147
“Neoplasmatic Architecture” (Cruz and Pike), 22, 207
“Neoplasmatic Design” (AD), 160, 163, 182
New Czech National Library, 45; competition model for, 46 (fig.)
Newell, Catie, 235n82
New Landscape in Art and Science, The (Kepes), 218
New Organs of Perception (Soares), 209
New York Times, 31, 129, 160, 164
nonlinear dynamics, 85, 92 (fig.), 93 (fig.)
Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: With Applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry, and Engineering (Strogatz), 87
“Nonlinear Systems Biology and Design: Surface Design” (Sabin and Jones), 149
Nonlinear Systems Organization (NLSO), 145
nonuniform rational basis spline (NURBS), 67
Notes on the Synthesis of Form (Alexander), 218–23, 220–25
“Now: The Rest of the Genome” (Zimmer), 129
NSF. See National Science Foundation
nutrient media, 144, 170, 189, 207, 254n48
Obitko, Marek, 119
OCEAN, 44, 45, 52; competition model by, 46 (fig.)
Olson, Arthur, 79
On Growth and Form (Thompson), 21, 39, 103, 104, 106, 107
On Growth, Form, and Computers (Kumar and Bentley), 128, 130
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 105, 118, 132
OPEC, 174
Open Source Architecture, 33, 71
optimization, 81, 121, 137, 138, 207
Orbit (Kapoor), 90; photo of, 91
organisms, 34, 126, 133, 138, 150, 161, 163, 169, 172, 207, 217; behavior of, 32, 204; biological, 63, 111, 131; bottom-up, 170; complex, 136; diploid, 115; distant, 124; experimental, 184; higher, 124; homeostatic, 43; host, 166, 168; living, 18, 40, 132, 139, 144; machines and, 111; micro-, 132, 178, 193; multicellular, 137; observation of, 124–25; organization/design of, 217; single-celled, 183, 188; super, 42; unicellular, 137; urban, 43
organization, 40; interaction and, 36; model, 73; natural processes of, 9
origin of life theory, 137
Oxitec Ltd., 211
Oxman, Neri, 70, 76, 77, 84, 223
Packard, Norman, 183, 194, 196
Pandora’s Music Genome Project, 17, 144
Papadopoulou, Athina, 79
parametricism, 19, 35, 45, 59, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 104, 150, 206, 229n2
“Parametricism 2.0: Rethinking Architecture’s Agenda for the 21st Century” (Schumacher), 65
participant observation, 6, 7, 11
Pask, Gordon, 58, 219, 221, 222, 266n26
pattern, 56, 87; formation, 5, 57, 63, 128; free-coiling, 93; making, 35; mathematical expression of, 239n58; morphogenetic, 92; structure and, 86
“Pattern Formation in Nature: Physical Constraints and Self-Organising Characteristics” (Ball), 55
Pattern of Language, A (Alexander), 219
Penn Gazette, 157
“Perceptions of Epigenetics” (Bird), 136
performance, 72, 73; ecological, 173–74; environmental, 76; functional, 77; material, 30, 46; optimization, 53; structural, 27, 46, 77
“Performance-Oriented Design Precursors and Potentials” (Hensel), 53
Periyasamy, Sathish, 136, 138, 207
Pfeiffer, Peter, 150
phenotypes, 14, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 129, 132, 139, 165, 204, 207; building, 138; genotypes and, 136; organismal, 133–34; tissue, 147; visual, 121
Philadelphia Sesquicentennial Exposition, 179
“Philosophy of Emergence” (seminar) (Griesemer), 7
photovoltaics, 52, 54, 119, 120
Phylogenesis: FOA’s Ark (FOA), 117
phylogenetic tree, 14, 105, 118, 132, 152
Physical Review Letters, 75
Picasso, Pablo, 181
pig organs, matrices of, 166
Pike, Steve, 22, 160, 180, 207, 214; bioterrorism and, 163; symbiosis/sustainability and, 178
pollution, 41, 52, 70, 96, 99, 214
PolyThread Knitted Textile Pavilion (Sabin), 152, 155
population control, voluntary/societal commitment to, 42
Post, Mark, 254n49
postmodernism, 66, 90, 220, 221
“Power of Tissue Engineering, The” (Kuntz): illustration for, 167 (fig.)
Preissner, Paul, 197, 199, 200
pre-protocells, 13, 17, 85, 183, 184, 188, 195, 198, 206
Prigogine, Ilya, 39
Principles of Life, The (Gánti), 54
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 245n81
production, 6, 8, 75; cultural, 60, 61, 62; design, 10–11; digital modes of, 207; economic, 213; sustainable modes of, 163; technological, 161
Prohaska, Sonja, 129
prokaryotes, 132, 184, 188, 252n23
proteins, 111, 114, 128, 129, 132; functional/structural, 133; photosynthetic, 174; repressor, 123; tool-kit, 125–26, 127
protocell architecture, 188, 199, 200, 201, 202, 206, 209; bottom-up, 186; promoters of, 22–23
Protocell Architecture (Armstrong and Spiller), 196
protocells, 5, 13, 23, 84, 136–37, 185, 188, 206–7, 208, 259n38, 260n50; bottom-up, 12, 183, 187, 193–97, 199–202, 203, 204; building, 22, 200; design and, 209; programming, 183, 201
Protocells: Bridging Nonliving and Living Matter (Rasmussen, Bedau, Chen, Deamer, Krakauer, Packard, and Stadler), 194 (fig.), 196
Prx1: 148, 151
PTW Architects, 3
Python, 90
Race, The (Burton), 191
Rael, Ronald, 253n39
randomness, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 93, 94, 137
Rasmussen, Steen, 196
Ratio Club, 222
rational selection, 58, 106, 180; natural selection and, 122
Raw Materials Initiative, 99
Reale, Vincenzo, 27; assembly logic by, 29 (fig.); component design by, 28 (fig.); component material by, 29 (fig.); emergent aesthetics by, 30 (fig.)
recapitulation, theory of, 106, 124, 241n5
recombination, 110, 113, 115, 125, 131, 135, 189
reductionism, 90, 169, 193; genetic, 114, 116, 121
Registry of Standard Biological Parts, 186
Registry of Synthetic Biology Applications, 186
Reichert, Steffen: work of, 50, 50 (fig.), 51 (fig.)
reproduction, 16, 35, 55, 65, 106, 131; asexual, 38; self-replication for, 77; sexual, 115, 119, 133
reptile structural system, 116 (fig.)
Riechers, Paul, 90, 92, 94, 95, 100–101
RNA, 135, 195, 260n53; DNA and, 110, 123–24, 243n25
robots, 49, 50, 55, 56, 60, 62, 63, 75, 78, 109, 139, 237n2
Roche, François, 174
Rockefeller Foundation, 219, 220
Ross, Phil, 25, 186; work of, 24 (fig.)
Rothemund, Paul, 83, 170, 171, 176
Rudofsky, Bernard, 60
Rural Studio, 59
Sabin, Jenny, 7, 18, 22, 81, 90, 104, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 150, 213, 238n40, 249n1, 250n20; ACADIA and, 149; building skin and, 155; digital curriculum of, 152; generative architecture and, 21; models by, 151; practice diagram by, 153 (fig.); process of, 152–53; work of, 154, 156
Sabin Design Lab, 148
Sadao, Shoji, 161
Sagan, Dorion, 132
Samadani, Ali-Akbar, 212; affect and, 212 (fig.)
San Fratello, Virginia, 253n39
Santa Fe Institute, 85, 196, 221
Sassen, Saskia, 33, 62, 64, 215
Savig, Erica, 151
SB 1135, 16
Scarcity and Creativity Studio, 44, 52, 55
Scheffler + Partner, 45; competition model by, 46 (fig.); pavilion by, 50 (fig.)
Schmidt, Mario, 100
Schrödinger, Erwin, 110, 242n8
Schumacher, Patrik, 19, 25, 35, 64, 204, 221, 223; aesthetic preferences of, 66; biological/physical systems and, 65; complexity and, 66, 68; garbage spill urbanism and, 67; parametricism and, 65, 67
science and technology studies (STS), 6, 8, 9, 10, 12; rubric for, 7; second-/third-generation, 11
Science magazine, 152
SEA. See Sustainable Environment Association
Second Industrial Revolution, 190, 213
self-assembly, 34, 56, 62, 77, 79, 83, 154, 171, 195, 201, 202, 203; bottom-up, 165; energy sources for, 78
Self-Assembly Lab (MIT), 78, 79 (fig.)
Selfidge, Oliver, 218
selfish gene theory, 12, 111, 114
self-organization, 4, 6, 7, 12, 18, 19, 31–35, 39, 41–44, 49, 54, 55–56, 57, 58–60, 62–68, 63, 69, 73, 75, 76, 84, 100, 136, 150, 154, 170, 171, 187, 201–4, 217, 218, 221, 222; biological, 36; bottom-up, 122, 178, 220; concept of, 206; emergence and, 36; pattern, 3, 61; rhetoric of, 122; self in, 62
Self-Organization in Biological Systems (Camazine), 31
Self-Organizing Economy, The, 33
self-organizing systems, 204, 218
Serer, Maria, 177
Shalizi, Cosma, 88
Shannon, Claude, 87–88, 89, 94, 219, 222
Shapiro, James, 137–38
Shostak, Sara, 140
Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty (Murphy), 140
Silicon + Skin: Biological Processes and Computation, 16, 149
Simon, Herbert A.: on complex system, 221
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, 16
Smith, Adam, 171
Smith, Alva Ray, 139
Smith, Nathan Williams, 193
Smout, Mark, 193
Snelson, Kenneth, 146
soap bubble morphology, 37 (fig.)
Soar, Rupert, 47, 48, 49, 50, 60
software, 38, 40, 217; natural, 256n89
Space, Time, and Architecture (Giedion), 218
spatial arrangements, 45–46, 53, 74, 76
species, 14, 65, 132, 207; evolutionary relatedness of, 103
“Speculations on Tissue Engineering and Architecture” (del Campo and Manninger), 168
Spiller, Neil, 22, 196, 200, 209
Sprecher, Aaron, 71, 105, 130, 246n115
Spryopoulos, Theodore, 221
standardization, 11, 189, 206, 213, 258n20
starchitects, 59
Steenson, Molly, 219
stem cells, 133, 135, 164, 253n35, 253n41
sterilization, 161, 178; forced, 16, 211, 230n29; laws, 211, 263n126
Sterling, Bruce, 197–98
Stevens, Hallam, 111
stochasticity, 78, 92, 204, 206
Strogatz, Steven, 87
structure, 27, 45, 52, 71, 74, 76, 81, 85, 87, 131; chemical libraries of, 202; environmentally responsive, 31; self-organizing, 200; sustainable, 13
STS. See science and technology studies
Sullivan, Louis, 147
Sun, Wei, 22, 166, 167, 169, 253n34
sustainability, 8, 11, 13, 14, 18, 23, 35–36, 44–45, 63, 169, 170, 175, 188, 213, 214; advanced, 49, 58, 59, 68; architectural, 162; dismissal of, 19; enhancing, 41; environmental, 6, 52; future-oriented, 43; morpho-ecologies and, 49
Sustainable Environment Association (SEA), 44, 53, 234n55
Swedish Design: An Ethnography (Murphy), 8
symbiosis, 172, 178, 180, 252n23
SymbioticA, 164, 172, 180, 252n23
symmetry, 107, 125; bilateral, 133; embryonic, 126; radiant, 133
synbio. See synthetic biology
synbiodesign, 23, 188–93, 209, 210, 211, 213, 259n28, 264n140
Synthetic Aesthetic (Ginsberg), 204, 211, 259n28
Synthetic Aesthetics: Investigating Synthetic Biology’s Designs on Nature (Benjamin and Federici), 80, 186
synthetic biology (synbio), 12, 25, 54, 68, 80, 84, 150, 186–91, 193, 202, 204, 210, 211, 252n12, 253n41, 257n104, 262n92, 262n96; approaches to, 183; architecture and, 4; bottom-up, 183; (fig.); challenges of, 203; defined, 184; generative architecture and, 22; industrialization of, 213; top-down, 183 (fig.), 184, 206, 207–8
“Synthetic Neoplasms” (Cruz), 161
“System City” (Weinstock), 42
systems theory, 6, 40, 64, 86, 87, 89, 237n2
Tamby, Mathieu, 151
Teague, Walter Dorwin, 67
TEAM Molecular Prototyping and BioInnovation Laboratory (UCD), 254n55
technology, 41, 69, 98, 163, 171, 179, 187, 192, 208, 209, 213; advanced, 44, 59, 63; computer-based, 70; development of, 124; digital, 1, 13, 20, 38, 45, 52, 54, 60, 63, 70, 79, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101; genetic, 207, 210; living, 174, 196, 202; manufacturing, 64; nature and, 70; tissue, 167; urban information, 62
Temin, Howard, 123
tendril coiling, 90, 92, 94, 95; passion flower, 93 (fig.); photo of, 92
“Tensegrity, Cellular Biophysics, and the Mechanics of Living Systems” (Ingber), 146
tensegrity system, 27, 144, 146, 148, 152, 157, 249n5
terminology, 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 20, 40, 66, 73, 116, 129, 188, 199; biological, 114, 115, 140; generic, 32
termite mounds, 34, 36, 43, 46–48, 54, 56, 60, 62, 63, 231n7; architecture of, 48; cast of, 47 (fig.), 48
Thompson, D’Arcy, 21, 105, 106, 139, 141, 146; evo-devo and, 128; Turing and, 107; Weinstock and, 39; work of, 103–4
Thousand Plateaus, A (Deleuze and Guattari), 39
3-D printing, 5, 67, 150, 151, 165, 166, 167, 176, 253n39
3-D structures, 77, 78, 85, 87
Tibbits, Skylar, 19, 62, 76, 77, 78, 79, 83, 84, 214
tiling, 83
Times-Picayune, 16
Tinkerer’s Accomplice: How Design Emerges from Life Itself, The (Turner), 48
Tissue Culture and Art Project (TC&A), 163, 180
Tissue Engineered Steak No.1, 164
tissue engineering, 4, 12, 163–72, 176, 253n41; bottom-up/top-down, 166; test no. 1: 168 (fig.)
Tissue Engineering and Organ Fabrication Laboratory, 164
TN-C. See matrix protein tenascin-C
tools, 125–26, 127; computational, 1, 69; design, 144; digital, 27; explanatory, 9–10; parametric, 45
top-down, 32, 35, 43, 49, 60, 62, 63, 64, 178
Torpiano, Giancarlo, 90
Towards a New Architecture (Le Corbusier), 59
transistors, 11, 20, 52, 70, 95, 96, 97
“Traveling Salesman” problem, 82