Index
ACADIA. See Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture
AD (Architectural Design), 14, 19, 22, 42, 48, 52, 55, 65, 66, 73, 138, 160, 164, 180, 196, 200, 208, 223
adaptation, 31, 63, 118, 130, 138, 154, 169; environmental, 105, 137
Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems (Holland), 108, 218, 223
Advanced Virtual and Technological Architecture Research Group, 22–23
aesthetics, 5, 11, 28, 49, 65, 66, 68, 90; architectural, 52; emergent, 27, 30 (fig.); organic, 30
affect, using, 212 (fig.)
Aggregate Architectures (Dierichs): photo of, 56, 57
Ahlquist, Sean, 104
Alexander, Christopher, 58, 218–23, 220–25, 265n20
Algal Filter Machine (Benjamin, Smith, Managh, Smout, and Allen), 193
algorithms, 1–2, 52, 75, 116, 119, 121, 131, 137; biological, 81; customized, 251n32; digital, 171; epigenetic, 21, 105, 112, 136, 138, 140; eugenic, 122, 211; evolutionary, 108, 109 (fig.), 139, 236n2, 244n70; instructional, 77. See also genetic algorithms
Allen, Laura, 193
animals, 172, 181; machines and, 39
Antonelli, Paola, 83, 160, 171
Arabidopsis: xylem formation in, 85
Aradopsis thaliana, 81
Arbona, Javier, 159; work of, 160 (fig.)
Archigram magazine, 139
Architectural Association (AA), 7, 14, 27, 44, 89, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 345n82
architectural forms, 1, 58, 104, 159, 161, 223
“Architectural Genomics” (Besserud and Ingram), 16, 119, 120 (fig.), 140
Architectural History from a Performance Perspective (exhibit), 53
“Architectural Relevance of Cybernetics” (Pask), 219
Architectural Review, 209
architecture, 12, 14, 47, 64, 70, 86, 167; aggregate, 19, 74, 75, 76, 84; avant-garde, 6; biology and, 104; biometric, 20; biotic, 73; cell, 146–48; complexity, 221; engineered, 173; environmental, 11, 182; evolutionary, 59, 69, 138–41; fractal, 221; function of, 76; genetic, 174, 175–76, 177, 178, 181, 182; genome, 133; green, 13; homeostatic, 46; interior, 155; living, 181–82; material formations of, 13; model for, 35; morpho-ecological, 49, 53; near-living, 212; neo-biological, 163; parametric, 19, 62, 63, 150, 206, 229n2; postmodern, 221; rhetorical biologization of, 5–6; semi-living, 160, 163; spatial, 203; sustainable, 13, 14, 51, 54, 199; synthetic biology and, 4; tissue, 146–48, 161, 163, 174; vernacular, 13, 44, 53, 54
“Architecture and Ecology” (Armstrong and Fuller), 209
Architecture d’Aujourd’hui (Chenal): scene from, 205 (fig.)
Architecture Machine, The (Negroponte), 219
Architecture of Emergence: The Evolution of Form in Nature and Civilisation, The (Weinstock), 18–19, 40, 62
Architecture of the Jumping Universe, The (Jencks), 221
“Architecture That Repairs Itself?” (Armstrong), 13
Architecture without Architects (Rudofsky), 60
“Architect Walks into the Lab, An” (LabStudio), 157
“Are the Semi-Living Semi-Good or Semi-Evil?” (Zurr and Catts), 171
Aristotle, 31
Armstrong, Rachel, 13, 23, 163, 184–85, 192, 195, 196, 197–98, 199, 207; on ecosystems, 201; on ideal architecture, 162; protocell architecture and, 22, 186, 188, 200, 201, 206, 209, 259n38
Ars Electronica, 164
Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA), 16, 58, 119, 120, 149, 168, 176
associative models, 27, 43, 45, 50, 150, 160
athwart theory, 9, 11, 63, 64, 101
Autographics Ltd., 223
avant-garde, 6, 12, 58, 59, 154, 175, 182
Ayres, Robert, 97
bacteria, 132, 172, 180, 189, 213, 246n121; as chassis of choice, 193
Ball, Philip, 55, 56, 57, 73, 103, 107–8, 126
Bandiagara Escarpment, 60; village at, 61 (fig.)
Bartlett School of Architecture (University College London), 4, 22, 60, 160, 161, 224
Bateson, Gregory, 219
Bateson, William, 107
Beauty: The Cooper Hewitt Design Triennial (exhibition), 152
Bedau, Mark, 196
Beer, Stafford, 222
Beesley, Philip, 13, 18, 23, 152, 155, 185–86, 195, 212, 214
behavior, 45, 121, 135; collective, 43; dynamic, 89; emergent, 5; material, 53, 71, 73; natural organism, 32, 204; organizational, 74; physical, 71; social, 5; spatiotemporal, 75
Beijing National Aquatics Center, 1; photo of, 2–3
Beijing National Stadium Building, 1; photo of, 2–3
Belousov–Zhabotinsky oscillation, 55
Benjamin, David, 18, 19, 70, 83, 84, 86, 90, 119, 186, 193, 238n40, 239n58, 244n65, 248–49n1; biocomputing and, 79, 80, 81; biological structures and, 85; Federici and, 143; work of, 23, 23 (fig.), 25
Bentley, Peter, 104, 116, 128, 130, 140
Bernard, Claude, 232n9
Besserud, Keith, 16, 17, 119, 140, 231n35; architectural genomics by, 120 (fig.)
“Between Order and Chaos” (Crutchfield), 86
Biased Chains (Tibbits), 78
BioBrick, 80, 186, 189, 190, 238n40, 238n42
biocomputation, 12, 19, 69, 70, 79, 207, 249n1; architectural, 80–84
BioDesign: Nature, Science, Creativity (Myers), 84, 159, 193
Bioencryption (Myers), 84
“Bio Logic” (Benjamin and Federici), 19, 80
Biological Atelier (Congdon), 192
“Biologically Inspired Evolutionary Development” (Kumar and Bentley), 128
biological processes, 12, 20, 40, 64, 79, 92, 112, 136
biological systems, 12, 20, 21, 30, 39, 65, 85, 90, 95, 137, 150, 163; biological theories, 108, 115, 140, 215, 222; characteristics of, 213; complexity of, 127, 156, 157, 169, 173, 206; at equilibrium, 233n27; exploitation of, 257n98; material organization of, 54
biology, 12, 18, 20, 23, 69, 103, 109, 111, 122, 156, 201, 203, 218, 223; architecture and, 104, 248n1; building blocks of, 202; cell, 144, 206; computation and, 4, 112; construction method of, 77; contemporary, 136, 140; developmental, 20, 104, 105, 106, 112, 116, 123, 125, 139, 141, 145, 150, 237n2, 245n81; evolutionary, 7, 36, 112, 113, 237n2, 245n81; information technology and, 246n115; material formations of, 13; molecular, 113; principles of, 4; systems, 148, 154, 206
bioluminescence, 169, 193, 254n44, 258n20
biomimicry, 19, 59, 63, 69, 81, 90, 149
biomolecular, 69, 70, 80–84, 85, 136, 207
“Biomorphic Architecture” (Estévez), 112
bioprinting, 22, 165, 168, 169, 253n35
bioreactors, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 168, 170
biosynthesis, 12, 149, 150, 207
biotechnology, 136, 144, 161, 182, 189, 190, 209, 211; architectural/urban design and, 178; development in, 192
Bissell, Mina, 21, 145, 148, 149, 254n45; microenvironment and, 249n4; on tissue phenotype, 147
Blind Watchmaker, The (Dawkins), 110, 117
Bolker, Michael, 206
Boot Camp, 7, 19, 27, 36, 37, 38; component design for, 28 (fig.); component material for, 29 (fig.); emergent aesthetics by, 30 (fig.)
Boston Architectural Center, 219
Bottazi, Robert: on Armstrong/Fuller, 209
bottom-up, 32, 59, 60, 63, 64, 83, 178, 201, 204
Boulder Beer Company, 68
Branching Morphogenesis (Sabin), 152, 155
Brand, Stewart, 159, 162, 265n20
Breeding Architecture (FOA), 152
Bressani, Martin, 14
Brown, Jerry, 16
buildings: ecological impact of, 141; green, 49, 214; human-scale, 202; living, 18, 22, 159; morpho-ecological, 50; self-assembling, 83; smart, 44, 214
Burgess, Jeremy: soap bubble morphology of, 37 (fig.)
Burton, Michael, 187, 191, 192, 210, 212; work of, 187 (fig.), 259n31
Cache, Bernard, 174
CAD/CAM, 52, 64, 160, 165, 176, 251n32
Camazine, Scott: on emergent properties, 31
Canadian Pavilion (Venice Biennale), 185
capitalism, 65, 164, 180, 252n23, 257n98; theory of, 171
carbon dioxide, 11, 41, 72, 96, 99, 168, 181, 185, 200, 201
Carey, Will, 190
Carpo, Mario, 1
Carroll, Sean, 22, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 148, 245n84, 246n11, 246n112
Cassman, Marvin, 250n20
“Casting Spells with DNA” (Rothemund), 171
Castle, Helen, 52, 182, 234n67
CATE. See Computer-Aided Tissue Engineering
Catts, Oron, 4, 18, 22, 159, 163, 169, 170, 180, 191, 252n24; genetic engineering and, 172; genohype/DNA mania and, 176; leather jackets and, 165; living architecture and, 181; Pig Wings Project and, 164, 171; “top-down” process and, 164; work of, 160, 161
cells, 17, 138, 150, 163, 180; artificial, 204, 259n38; cultured bovine, 170; development of, 129, 195; endothelial, 148, 152; engineered, 206; epithelial, 149, 151; eukaryotic, 132, 172, 188; functioning of, 146; germ, 107, 112–13, 133, 160; inorganic, 202; living, 22, 169, 195, 203; mesodermal, 148; minimal, 184, 188; physiochemical basis of, 203; sex, 133; solar, 97; somatic, 106; synthesizing, 195; templates for, 35; types of, 134
cellular differentiation, 128, 135
Center for Fundamental Living Technology (FLinT), 195–96
central dogma, 105, 110, 112, 113, 114, 122, 123, 124, 133, 144, 149, 156, 203, 260n53, 262n92
“Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” (Crick), 110
Chaitin, Gregory, 219
chaos, 5, 39, 65, 66, 67, 86, 87, 94
chassis, 80, 172, 188, 189, 193, 206
“Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis, The” (Turing), 21, 38, 107
chemical supersystem, 194–95
chemoton concept, 194–95
Chieza, Natsai-Audrey, 192, 193, 210
Child Force (Wollersberger), 207
Chin, Jason, 195
chips, 11, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100
chromosomes, 114, 115, 123, 133, 172; histones and, 134
Civilian Conservation Corps, 179
Clear, Nic: protocell architecture and, 22
climate, 43, 44, 53, 131; modeling, 10; responsiveness, 72
climate change, 10, 11, 12, 41, 59, 209
Climbing Mount Improbable (Dawkins), 110
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 132
collaboration, 7, 145, 154, 157, 172; human–computer, 2–3
collagen, 148, 150, 170, 254n50
Collins, Harry, 10
Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation, 19, 84, 119, 193, 224, 238n40
Columbus, Christopher, 178, 256n89
communication, 39, 86, 217; modern theory of, 87; processes of, 88
complexism, 18, 60, 65, 68, 178, 187; allegiance to, 66; athwart theory and, 63; bottom-up/top-down, 202; generative architecture and, 6, 17, 30–36, 58; ideology of, 9, 85, 101; introduction to, 30–36; pervasive application of, 202; rhetoric of, 215
complexity, 5, 7, 12, 33, 37, 39, 42, 43, 59, 63, 68, 181, 203, 217, 218; biological, 124, 125, 127, 156, 157, 169, 173, 188, 206; environmental, 157; as explanatory tool/ideology, 9–10; genetic, 124; interpretation of, 67; organized, 75, 220; paradigm, 221; statistical, 86, 88; structural, 86; terminology of, 66, 69
Complexity: A Guided Tour (Mitchell), 31
Complexity and Contradcition in Architecture (Venturi), 220
complexity theory, 12, 14, 20, 31, 35, 36, 40, 59, 67, 68, 70, 73, 75, 85, 86, 201, 202, 204, 206, 220, 221; approaching, 9; described, 5; growth of, 58; language of, 4
complex systems, 12, 31, 33, 36, 44, 45, 64, 80, 87, 150, 151, 152, 203, 214, 220, 221; concepts/processes of, 38; dynamics of, 85–86; nonlinear processes of, 149; social/cultural manifestations of, 32
components, 1, 5, 27, 31, 32, 78; manipulation of, 45; material, 29 (fig.)
computation, 3, 40, 59, 69, 94, 103, 114, 154, 218, 221, 223; biology and, 4, 112; biomolecular, 70, 80–84, 85, 207; digital, 1, 95–101, 107, 155; evolutionary, 4, 12, 20, 104, 105, 108, 110, 111, 112, 121, 128, 131, 136, 139, 140, 191, 265n7; machine, 73, 75, 76; material, 12, 13, 19, 20, 69, 70–79, 82, 84, 85, 95, 207; material formations of, 13, 199; molecular, 19, 82, 237n2; natural, 2, 19, 20, 69, 70, 73, 84–90, 92–95, 199, 207, 236–37n2; parallel, 83; physical, 73; silicon-based, 82; theory of, 89, 222, 237n2
Computational Design Thinking (Menges and Ahlquist), 104
computational mechanics, 20, 84–90, 92–95
computational processes, 12, 64, 82, 104–5
Computer-Aided Tissue Engineering (CATE), 166, 167, 253n34; Tissue Engineering Lab, 176
“Computer-Aided Urban Design” studio (Negroponte and Groissier), 219
computer numerically controlled (CNC), 38, 71
computers, 11, 71, 73, 95, 214; biological, 82; chemical, 200; critical raw material potentials in, 101 (table); digital, 108; personal, 70, 75; removing parts from, 98; super, 83; using, 2–3, 70
computer science, 1, 12, 58, 77, 82, 104, 112, 129, 140, 186, 218
“Computing with Synthetic Protocells” (Courbet, Molina, and Amor), 84
“Constructions: An Experimental Approach to Intensely Local Architectures” (Cordua), 55
consumption, 6, 63, 77, 99, 213; cycle, 53; design production and, 10–11
Cordua, Hermansen: localism and, 67
Cotten, Joshua, 119, 120, 231n34
Crain, Madison, 97
Crick, Francis, 107, 110, 113, 124, 144
CRISPR/Cas9, 163, 192, 193, 207, 208
CRISPR Technology, 262n109
Cronenberg, David, 160
Crutchfield, James, 7, 85, 86, 88, 89, 89 (fig.); chaotic attractor and, 87; epsilon machine and, 87; natural computation and, 20
Cruz, Marcos, 4, 22, 160, 163, 180, 207
“Crystals, Cells, and Networks: Unconfining Territories” (Bressani and van Pelt), 14
culture, 5, 32, 40, 41; civilized, 60; concepts/materializations of, 9; expressing, 11; material, 60; nature and, 9, 62, 160; primitive, 60; three-dimensional, 249n16
cybernetics, 1, 4, 5, 36, 39, 112, 202, 217, 222, 223; origins of, 6; rise of, 58, 218
Cybernetics; or, Control and Communication in the Animal and Machine (Wiener), 217, 218, 219
Daimler AG/Mercedes-Benz, 150
Darwin, Charles, 58, 105, 113, 119, 121, 171; evolutionary theory and, 180; natural selection and, 112; pangenesis and, 107; sketch by, 118, 118 (fig.)
Darwinism, 111, 122, 132, 245n104
Darwinism Evolving (Depew and Weber), 113
Darwin’s Dangerous Idea (Dennett), 110
Davenport, Charles, 122
Dawkins, Richard, 110, 117, 123; biological evolution and, 111; genetic reductionism and, 116; selfish-gene theory and, 12, 111, 114
death, biological logic of, 192
Death and Life of Great American Cities, The (Jacobs), 220
De Decker, Kris, 100
“Defining New Architectural Design Principles with ‘Living’ Inorganic Materials” (Cronin), 202
del Campo, Matias, 22, 166, 167, 168, 169, 176, 177
Deleuze, Gilles, 39
Dennett, Daniel, 110, 111, 122
Depew, David, 112, 113, 116, 239n54; digital printouts and, 110; digital tropology and, 163; on genes, 123; natural selection and, 111; quasi-genetics and, 122
design, 6, 12, 30, 73, 79, 89, 153, 156, 182, 217; agency, 58; algorithmic, 150, 218–23; biomolecular computing-based, 82; cell surface, 150; critical, 182; cyber eco-fusion, 176; digital, 71, 77, 116, 139, 165; ecologic-environmental, 14, 175; education, 213; generative, 130, 139, 154; limitation, 199; modern, 55, 191; mycelium-based, 25; ornamental, 66–67; paradigms, 100–101; parametric, 45, 46, 52, 54, 66, 72; production, 8, 10–11; protocells and, 209; streamline, 67, 68; studies, 10, 11; surface, 21; sustainable, 14, 59; urban transportation, 33; wooden, 52
Design and the Elastic Mind (exhibition), 22, 83, 150, 159, 170, 191, 209
Design Anthropology: Theory and Practice (Murphy), 7
Design Fictions (Chieza), 192, 210
Design for a Brain (Ashby), 222
“design for debate,” 182, 187, 188, 191, 197, 207
Designing for the Sixth Extinction (Ginsberg), 187, 191
development, 58, 116, 138, 153, 181; algorithmic, 130; computational, 20, 128; cross-disciplinary, 82; embryological, 106, 112, 130; evolutionary, 12, 39, 41, 171; land, 75; morphogenetic, 68, 92, 105, 126; organismal, 131; phylogenetic, 106; scientific, 157; tissue, 144
De Vries, Hugo, 107
Dierichs, Karola, 55, 73, 74, 76, 84; aggregate architecture and, 19; complexity theory and, 75; work of, 56 (fig.), 57 (fig.)
Digital–Botanic Architecture (Dollens), 164
Digital Grotesque II (Hansmeyer and Dillenburger), 5, 154
digital technology, 1, 13, 20, 45, 60, 70, 79, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 111, 176; economic growth of, 54; transistors/chips and, 95
Digital Turn in Architecture, The (Carpo), 1
Dillenburger, Benjamin, 5, 154
Directed Hamiltonian Path (DHP) problem, 82
disease, 16, 136, 144, 145, 146, 148, 150, 208
Disembodied Cuisine (Catts and Zurr), 164
DNA, 11, 12, 14, 77, 85, 105, 107, 115, 118, 128, 133, 138, 149, 188–89, 190, 193, 195, 207, 208; chain, 163, 176; as code of life, 84, 239n54; complementary, 124; computation, 19, 82; as database, 83; design, 153; editing, 163; efficacy of, 144; fetishizing, 213; functional, 114; information storage density of, 82–83; intergenetic, 173; isolating, 144; junk, 114, 135; mania, 170, 171, 176; manipulation of, 112; minimal, 184; mitochondrial, 132; nucleotide bases of, 134; plasmids, 204; polymer, 83; popular views of, 143; reorganization, 176; RNA and, 123–24, 243n25; robotized manipulation of, 4; sequence, 124, 133, 172, 173, 176; strings, 80, 82; synthetic, 170, 184; X-ray diffraction image of, 143–44, 143 (fig.)
DNA Origami (Rothemund), 170
Doernach, Rudolph, 139
Dosier, Ginger Krieg, 238n42
Douglas, Kate, 210
Douglis, Evan, 174
Dunne, Anthony, 23, 182, 191, 207
“Dynamic Array: Protocells as Dynamic Structure” (Iwamoto), 200
ECM. See extracellular matrix
ecology, 21, 40, 41, 45, 47, 52, 141, 156, 164, 175; multi-species, 65
Econic Design: A New Paradigm for Architecture (Hollwich, Kuchner, and students), 22, 162, 173, 175, 178, 197
Ecotec, 14
EDS. See evolutionary developmental systems
EFRI. See Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innovation
Egash, Ron, 236n88
Einstein, Albert, 203
electricity, 78, 173, 174, 240n91
Electronics Goes Green conference, 99
embryo geography, logic of, 126–27 (fig.)
embryos, 106, 107, 112, 125, 128, 130, 210
emergence, 4, 6, 12, 18, 31, 35, 59, 68; architecture of, 36–44; concept of, 206; principles of, 199; theory of, 38–39
Emergence and Design Group, 44
“Emergence: Morphogenetic Design Strategies” (AD), 14
Emergence seminar (Weinstock), 7, 230n25
Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software (Johnson), 31
emergent aesthetics, 27, 30 (fig.)
emergent architecture, 5, 19, 27, 28, 31, 35, 58–60, 62–68; explication of, 36; theory of, 40
Emergent Design + Creative Technologies in Medicine, 148
Emergent Technologies and Design program (EmTech), 7, 14, 19, 28, 29, 30, 35, 36, 38, 44, 63, 74, 89, 90, 221; curriculum of, 27; evo-devo at, 21
Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innovation (EFRI), 154, 155, 157
ENCODE Project (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements), 135, 173, 247n142, 255n61
Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo (Carroll), 22, 124, 130, 246n111
endosymbiogenesis, 172, 252n23
energy, 44, 62, 69, 78, 96, 240n91; alternative, 173; consumption, 77; embedded, 214; flow, 41; high-embedded, 12; mass of, 98; materials and, 5; passive, 78–79; solar, 49, 119, 120, 202; systems, 40
Energy Futures Lab, 192
energy minimization, 154
engineering, 3, 69, 82, 203, 218; bottom-up, 22; computer, 188; mindset, 210; molecular, 139; tissue, 168 (fig.); top-down, 22, 186
Engineering and Physical Science Research Council, 80, 259n28
engineering synbio, 22, 25, 80, 111, 186, 254n44, 258n19; genetic engineering and, 23; handheld instruments of, 205 (fig.); top-down, 187, 188–93, 190, 204
Enriquez, Juan, 208
entropy, 65, 66, 75, 86, 87, 88, 94, 97, 209
Entropy (journal), 33
environment, 8, 44, 52, 53, 68, 140, 196; architects and, 48–49; building, 35; caring for, 175; complex, 45, 138; external, 43; living, 214; marine, 13; natural, 65; social, 45; unnatural, 180
environmental conditions, 14, 35, 46, 48, 49, 54, 55, 168; digital analysis of, 53
environmental impact, 6, 8, 10, 11, 59, 63, 82, 96, 97, 101, 179, 215; producing, 9
environmental issues, 11, 14, 115, 173, 175, 178
epigenetics, 7, 12, 21, 106, 131–38, 140, 144, 145, 148, 165, 166, 168, 169, 181, 202, 203, 206; defined, 136; modern, 135; theory of, 105; understandings of, 112
epsilon-machine, 87, 94, 95, 239n58
equilibrium, 39, 75, 209, 233n27
Escherichia coli, 123, 189, 254n44
Escuela Arquitectura (ESARQ), 4, 164, 174, 176
Estalella, Adolfo, 8
Estévez, Alberto, 18, 112, 176, 190, 192, 193; colonial “hero” and, 177; generative architecture and, 22; genetic architecture and, 174; on genetic engineers, 4; on imperialist instinct, 177; sustainability and, 13
Eugene (software), 211
Eugenic Design: Streamlining America in the 1930s (Cogdell), 6, 14, 58, 122
eugenics, 12, 14, 17, 42, 58, 64, 68, 106, 107, 114, 118, 119, 122, 208–11; function of, 6; negative, 16, 211; positive, 16, 211
Eureqa (software application), 81
European Center for Living Technology, 185, 195
European Commission, 209
European Union, 99
evo-devo. See evolutionary developmental biology
Evo DeVO Project, 105, 246n115
evolution, 14, 40, 104, 107, 109, 113, 130, 137, 207, 233n36; biological, 4, 108, 112, 202, 242n7; charts, 15 (fig.), 67; conception of, 115; controlling, 210; Darwinian, 121; genetics of, 68, 122; Lamarckian, 12; model of, 122; natural, 109 (fig.), 139; neo-Darwinian, 12; reconfiguration of, 114; rules of, 110; strategies, 108; theory of, 39, 58, 106, 132, 171, 195
Evolutionary Architecture, An (Frazer), 112, 116–17, 138, 222
“Evolutionary Architecture? Some Perspectives from Biological Design” (Turner), 48
evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo), 20, 21, 121, 132, 144, 150, 241n5, 245n81, 246n115; evolutionary computation and, 131; theories of, 105; turn-of-the-millennium, 124–31; understandings of, 112
evolutionary developmental systems (EDS), 128, 129, 130
evolutionary theory, 127, 131–38, 243n39, 243n40; developments in, 104–5; extension of, 58; neo-Darwinian, 112–19, 121–24
Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life (Jablonka and Lamb), 21, 149
“Evolution of Tower Form with No Adjacent Context,” 120 (fig.)
Evolution: The Modern Synthesis (Huxley), 113
Evolving Ourselves: How Unnatural Selection and Nonrandom Mutation Are Changing Life on Earth (Enriquez and Gullans), 208
eXistenZ, 160
Experimental Collaborations: Ethnography beyond Participant Observation, 8
experimentation, 17, 29, 45, 71, 92, 105, 118, 119, 127, 148; biological, 21, 133; digital, 27; laboratory, 18, 150, 156
exposomics, 140
Expulsions: Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy (Sassen), 33, 62, 64
extracellular matrix (ECM), 143, 152, 166, 169, 249n4
fabrication, 76, 77, 139, 154, 155, 156
Facciotti, Marc, 254n44
FAZ Pavilion, photo of, 50
Federici, Fernan, 18, 19, 83, 86, 90, 186, 238n40, 239n58, 248n1, 249n1; Benjamin and, 143; biocomputing and, 79, 80, 81; biological samples and, 81; biological structures and, 85; biomolecular computation and, 70; work of, 23, 25, 80
feedback, 39, 73, 108; digital, 43; negative/positive, 48; real-time, 138; relationships, 45
Feldman, David, 85
fetal bovine serum (FBS), 169
fetal calf serum (FCS), 169, 170, 207
Feynman, Richard, 82
fitness, 14, 17, 42, 109, 121, 211
FLinT. See Center for Fundamental Living Technology
Fluid Assembly: Chairs (Self-Assembly Lab), 78, 79 (fig.)
Foreign Office Architects (FOA), 14, 18, 117, 152, 153
Foreign Office Architects: Breeding Architecture (exhibition), 14, 117, 118
Forgacs, Andras, 170
Forgacs, Gabor, 170
fossil fuels, 41, 98, 99, 100, 174, 214, 240n91
Franklin, Rosalind, 143–44
Frazer, John, 21, 58, 105, 112, 116–17, 124, 266n26; drawing/sculpture by, 116 (fig.); epigenetic algorithms and, 138–39; reptile seed system and, 222–27
Frazer, Julia, 222
free coils, 90, 92, 93, 95; passion flower, 92 (fig.)
Free Fab Hab (Joachim, Greden, and Arbona), 159, 160
Freeform Construction, 47
Fthenakis, Vasilis, 155
Fu, Pengcheng, 19, 82, 83, 206
Fuller, Steve, 209
functionalities, life, 194 (fig.)
Future Farm (Burton), 187, 191, 210
Future Venice (Armstrong), 23, 185 (fig.), 197, 198 (fig.), 199 (fig.)
Galanter, Philip, 1
Galton, Francis, 106
GAs. See genetic algorithms
Gaudi, Antoni, 74
Gehring, Walter, 245n84
gelatinous-fiber (g-fiber) cell contraction, 94
general systems theory, 36, 218, 220
General Systems Theory (von Bertalanffy), 220
generation, theory of, 124
generative: explanation of, 4; genetic and, 4
generative architects, 17–18, 35, 101, 104, 188, 213; animalish structures and, 161; genetic algorithms and, 21; innovations by, 105; living buildings and, 22; work of, 139, 143
generative architecture, 1, 7, 9, 16, 21, 63, 84, 85, 90, 100, 103, 112, 139, 175, 178, 182, 190, 222, 223, 224; challenges for, 140; characterization of, 18; complexism and, 6, 17, 30–36, 58; development of, 58, 221; evaluating, 11, 12; formalist focus of, 81; foundation for, 6; generative approaches in, 104; idolization of, 68; literature in, 163; neo-Darwinian, 143; practicing, 202; rhetoric of, 161; sustainable, 13; synthetic biology and, 22; teaching, 14; terminology of, 4, 12; themes of, 5; writings of, 38
Generative Components, 2, 150, 156; digital curriculum vitae by, 153 (fig.)
Generator project, 222
genes, 12, 20, 40, 107, 114, 115, 124, 129, 134, 150, 195, 204, 207; activation of, 127, 128; bad, 121; efficacy of, 144; environment and, 48, 123; homeotic, 105; identity crisis of, 135; jumping, 123, 133; protein-coding, 125; regulatory, 123, 132, 133; swapping, 132, 193
genetic algorithms (GAs), 14, 16, 17, 21, 104, 108, 110, 112, 115, 116, 119, 121, 156, 203, 222; evolutionary, 129–30; as problem-solving design tools, 144; using, 117, 122
Genetic Architectures (Estévez), 14, 174, 190
Genetic Architectures II (Estévez), 174
Genetic Architectures III (Estévez), 174
Genetic Architectures graduate program, 4, 164, 174, 175
Genetic Barcelona Pavilion (Estévez), 177
genetic engineering, 4, 12, 22, 25, 136, 139, 144, 163, 172–87, 189, 190, 191, 208, 212, 253n41; engineering synbio and, 23; improving, 173, 174; natural, 138; standard, 172
genetic information system (XNA), 195
genetic modification, 25, 188, 189, 193, 208
genetic programming, 58, 108, 132
genetics, 14, 40, 68, 104, 113, 114, 123, 132, 133, 202, 207, 248n145; architectural, 175–76, 222; cybernetic–digital resources and, 4; Darwinian theories of, 21; data of, 140; early, 12; evolution and, 122; living cells and, 22; Mendelian, 113; population, 105, 113; quasi-, 122
Genetic Trace (Soares), 209
Gen(H)ome Project, The, 14, 105
genomes, 114, 119, 129, 133, 134, 181, 203, 208, 247n134, 247n142, 248n145; architectural, 120 (fig.); cell, 132, 135; human, 115, 125; minimal, 184, 186; organization/reorganization of, 137 (fig.); population of, 17
genotypes, 14, 115, 116, 118, 130, 207; phenotypes and, 136
Gershenfeld, Neil, 78
Ghrist, Robert, 145
Giedion, Siegfried, 218
Gierer, Alfred, 108
Ginsberg, Alexandra Daisy, 187, 191, 193, 204, 211, 213; Synthetic Aesthetics and, 190
glass: carbohydrate, 165, 242n32; CRT, 98, 99; enclosures, 168
Golinski, Jan, 8
Googol Puddles (Robitz), 84, 193
Gorbet, Robert, 212; affect and, 212 (fig.)
Gosling, Ray, 143–44
Gray, William Alexander, 136, 207
Greden, Lara: work of, 159, 160 (fig.)
Greene, David, 139
green fluorescing protein (GFP), 181
greenhouse gases, 11, 41, 99, 214
Griaule, Marcel: photo by, 61
Groissier, Leon, 219
Grushkin, Daniel, 170
GSD. See Harvard Graduate School of Design
Guattari, Félix, 39
Gullans, Steve, 208
Gutierrez, Maria-Paz, 155
habitation, 53, 75, 76, 139, 181
Haeckel, Ernst, 58, 106, 124, 241n5
Haldane, J. B. S., 209
Hanczyc, Martin, 196, 197, 206
Harold, Frank, 195
Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD), 44, 72, 218, 219, 221
Hawkins, Anne, 235n82
“Hegemonic Parametricism Delivers a Market-Based Order” (Schumacher), 65
Heller, Miriam, 97
Helmreich, Stefan, 8, 9, 10, 63, 101
Hensel, Michael, 13, 20, 25, 30, 35, 59, 174, 223, 234n67, 235n82; biochemistry and, 54; bottom-up and, 64; building strategies and, 53; complexity theory of, 68; heterogeneous space and, 45; instrumentalizing and, 52; localism and, 67; mimicry and, 63; morpho-ecologies and, 19, 31, 44–57, 140–41; photovoltaic silicon-based technologies and, 52; sustainability and, 35–36, 44–45, 49, 59; tensile forces and, 74
heredity, 54, 105, 107, 113, 118, 132, 135, 136, 195, 203
Hermansen Cordua, Christian, 44, 55, 59
heterogeneity, 19, 35, 55, 67, 68
HGP. See Human Genome Project
Hine, Christine, 8
Holland, John, 58, 118, 218; genetic algorithm and, 108, 116, 222
Holliday, Robin, 136
Hollinger, Philipp, 195
Hollwich, Matthias, 22, 162, 173, 174, 197, 255n67
Hollwich Kushner (HWKN), 22, 162, 162 (fig.)
homeobox genes, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 144, 145, 148, 151, 181
homeostasis, 34, 35, 41, 42, 48, 49, 54, 138, 144, 147, 195, 217, 260n53
Hooker, Cliff, 206
Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT), 132, 246n121
Housefield, James, 236n87
HSBC advertising campaign, 34 (fig.)
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (2008), 16, 210
Human Genome Project (HGP), 114, 115, 124, 134, 135, 144
Humanity 2.0. What It Means to Be Human Past, Present, and Future (Fuller), 209
hydroscopic properties, 50, 53, 71, 72
Hy-Fi (Benjamin), 25, 186; photo of, 23
HygroScope: Meteorosensitive Morphology (Menges and Reichert), 50; photo of, 51
Hylozoic Ground (Beesley), 18, 152, 185, 196, 197, 212
Hyung Chul Kim, 155
ICA. See Institute of Contemporary Art
iGEM. See International Genetically Engineered Machine
Ihida-Stansbury, Kaori, 151, 153
Iles, Alastair, 98
IndieBio, 25
inequalities, socioeconomic, 98, 212, 213, 214
information theory, 86, 89, 94, 107, 110, 219
infrastructure, 10, 42, 43, 44, 77, 82, 100, 174, 188, 189, 197, 214, 215
Ingber, Donald, 146
Ingram, Joshua, 16, 17, 119, 140, 231n34, 231n35; architectural genomics by, 120 (fig.)
inheritance, theory of, 106, 107
Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, An (Smith), 171
installations, 13, 18, 25, 27, 152, 155, 156, 206; environmental, 23; interactive, 138, 196; prototype, 174
Institute for Computational Design, 19, 44, 55, 223
Institute for Lightweight Structures, 74
Institute for Medicine and Engineering (IME), 145