Index

Abbott, Berenice, 7, 36
ABC (Americans Before Columbus) (newsletter), 201
Abelbeck, Hannah, 216
absence, 27, 129; indecipherability, 139–40; in maps, 107, 111; of Navajo men, 74; in photographic field, 73; of queer Navajo people, 209, 237–38. See also erasure; invisibility
Across the Continent (Palmer), 78, Plate 2
activism: anticolonial, 146–47, 200–201; civil rights movement, 188–89; and clothing, 190, 192, 278n82; gay rights movement, 190–92; Indigenous, 189; Indigenous queer, 211–16, 220–31, 278n82; and lesbianism, 28, 192, 207–9; nonviolent civil disobedience, 190; queer, 157; against violence against women, 83. See also sovereignty
Adahooniłigii (newspaper), 149, 150 (fig.)
Adams, Ansel, 9, 48, 69, 85, 105
Adams, Kate, 87
Advocate (magazine), 221
aerial photography, 124–25, 128
agriculture, 129, 195–96; pastoral, 80–82, 81 (fig.), 162; relocation for, 76
Aguilar, Laura, 28
Aheedlíini, Curly Tó, 217–18
Ahkeah, Sam, 2, 99, 131, 142, 163–66; Gilpin’s photographs of, 164 (fig.), 165 (fig.)
Ahlberg-Yoh, M. Jill, 177
ahtone, heather, 15
Airborne Camera (Newhall), 128
AIR Research Facility (Wilson), 130–31
Akwesasne Notes (newspaper), 189
Alcatraz occupation (1969), 189
alcoholism, 148–50, 156, 199
Alexander Aircraft Company, 125
Alice Pieszecki’s Chart (The L Word), 34
Allan, Eva (later Julian), 44
Allen, Paula Gunn, 143, 216, 225
allyship, 22, 23–24, 238; limitations of, 60; for Navajo sovereignty, 142–43, 145–46
Almanac of the Dead (Silko), 112
American Anthropologist (journal), 57
American Heritage (magazine), 18–19
American Indian Chicago Conferences, 99, 189
American Indian Movement, 3, 189
American Progress (Gast), 78
Amon Carter Museum of American Art, Fort Worth, Texas, 14, 29, 272n91
Annie Wauneka, Member of the Tribal Council, Chairman of Health and Welfare (Gilpin), 101 (fig.)
anthropology, 57–59, 76, 90, 224–25; salvage anthropology, 12, 174
anticolonialism, 146–47, 200–201. See also decolonization
appropriation: cultural, 22, 85, 94, 171–73, 209–10; of Indigenous queerness, 216–17
Arab of the American Desert (Gilpin), 10 (fig.)
archaeology, 142, 144
architecture, 161–63, 163 (fig.). See also hogans
Arizona, voting rights in, 186
art history discipline, 15, 23–24, 67
Artists for Democracy, 204
Arts and Crafts Guild, 187
Asdzáá Nádleehé. See Changing Woman
Ash-Milby, Kathleen, 15
aspect ratios, 129
assimilation, 3, 185–88, 200; cultural, 146–47, 183; political, 183; and voting rights, 185–87
Association on American Indian Affairs, 154, 171, 189
At Boeing (Gilpin), 125, 126 (fig.)
Austen, Alice, 28
Austin, Mary, 74, 86, 94
Austin, Raymond D., 116
authenticity, 70; cultural, 171, 173–74; queer Indigenous, 228
authority: colonial, 21; from kinship, 99; of Navajo women, 102
Auto Immune Response (AIR) (Wilson), 130–31
aviation, 124–27, 126 (fig.), 127 (fig.)

Baker, Gilbert, 222
Baker, Joe, 138
balance, 131, 155; and allyship, 29–30; harmony (Navajo concept), 112, 118–19, 132, 133–34; healing ceremonies, achieved by, 134; in photographic composition, 68–69, 70, 97
Barboncito (Hastiin Dághaa’), 65, 112–13
Bartlett, Florence Dibell, 56
Bathke, Alice, 184, 189–90, 193, 194
Bathke, Jerry, 184, 189–90, 193, 194
Beardsley, Mildred, 35
Beauvoir, Simone de, 17
Becker, Bidtah Nellie, 64
Begay, Harrison, 198
Begay, Manuelito, 163–64
Begnal, Michael S., 245n5
Belin, Esther, 115, 155–56, 235; “On Relocation,” 155–56
Benally, Clyde, 187, 189
Benally, Grant, 148
Benally, Lilly, 148, 237, 238, 272n91
Benally, Mayda, 228–29
Benally, Rose, 91
Benedict, Ruth, 57, 58, 87–88
Berlo, Janet, 15, 130, 133
Bhabha, Homi, 19, 67, 200
BIA. See Bureau of Indian Affairs
Bik’eh Hozho (J. N. “Bean” Yazzie), 83–84, Plate 3
bilingualism, 236–37
Bing, Ilse, 7
Biolsi, Thomas, 155, 156
Bird, Peggy, 83
Bird, S. Elizabeth, 15
Biren, Joan E. (JEB), 27, 28, 207
Bitahni-bedugai (hataałii), 134
Blackwood, Evelyn, 216
Blake, Kevin S., 116
blankets, 98, 98 (fig.), 99, 101 (fig.), 169–73; color in, 170; commercial (Pendleton), 174–75, 175 (fig.), 176 (fig.); first-phase, 170, Plate 11, Plate 12; stripes, 180
blankness, 139; in maps, 107, 111; of photographic backgrounds, 178, 179–80; political meaning of, 145; and queerness, 157–59, 209
Blatchford, Herbert, 131–33, 149–54, 156–57, 187–88, 201–2; Gilpin’s photographs of, 151 (fig.), 152 (fig.); and NIYC, 189, 190; “Religion of the People,” 118–19
Bleeker, Sonia, 109
Blue, Hannabah, 211, 226, 228
Boeing Airplane Company, 125–27
Boffin, Tessa, 251n16
borders/boundaries, 106–10, 114; alternatives to, 116; of Dinétah/Navajo Nation, 112–13
Bosque Redondo (Fort Sumner/Hwéeldi), New Mexico, 3, 71
Boughton, Alice, 35, 36, 86, 124
Bourke-White, Margaret, 7
Bourne, Bertha, 35
Branch, Ethel, 142
Brant, Beth, 88, 208–9
Brenda Putnam, Sculptor, Overseeing Marble Cutters (Gilpin), 7 (fig.), 8 (fig.)
Brett, Dorothy, 36
Brightman, Lehman, 213
Brooke, Elizabeth H., 36
Brooks, Romaine, 38
Brown, John, Jr., 145
Brown, Rita Mae, 200
Brownell, Eleanor, 36
Bruyneel, Kevin, 19
Buckland, Jill, 194
Building a Bomber (Gilpin), 125, 127, 127 (fig.)
buildings. See architecture; hogans
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), 2, 13, 189; Missing and Murdered Unit, 83; relocation programs, 76–77
Burke, Christina, 15
Burns, Randy, 211–12
butchness, 38–42, 191, 229
Butler, Judith, 17, 51, 210, 236
Byrkit, James W., 110

Cahun, Claude, 28
cameras, 44–45, 70–71, 147
Cameron, Barbara May, 211
Cameron, Julia Margaret, 7
candour, photographic, 151–52
Capote, Truman, 87, 94
Cardea, Caryatis, 29
care, 45, 47–48, 102
Carpio, Myla Vicenti, 183
Carson, Christopher “Kit,” 2, 3, 182, 195
Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 9
cartography. See maps and mapping
car travel, 55–56, 74, 136–38, 144–48; accidents, 149, 150
Castle, Terry, 29–30, 51–52
Casuse, Larry, 201–2
Cather, Willa, 35, 74, 86; Death Comes for the Archbishop, 74; The Song of the Lark, 61
ceremonies, 72; adaptability, 215–16, 232; creation of, 238; documentation of, 134; Fire Dance, 184; first laugh ritual, 72; hand-trembling, 49–50; healing, 131–36, 135 (fig.), 184–85; Hozhonji (Blessing Chant), 134; Mountain Chant, 184–85, 187, 270n65; Night Chant, 135; queer participation in, 224; and same-sex marriage, 231–32; tá’cheeh (male puberty ceremony), 224
Changing Woman (Asdzáá Nádleehé, deity), 65, 113, 210, 225–26; in The Enduring Navaho (Gilpin), 116, 119, 129, 134, 157–58; petroglyph, 117 (fig.), 139
Changing Woman (Gilpin), 117 (fig.)
Ch’óol’í’í (Fir Mountain/Gobernador Knob), 116
Chop Suey Dancers #1 (Marsh), 38, 39 (fig.)
Christianity, 148, 215, 216
citizenship, 184, 185–87, 192–95
civil rights movement, 188–89
Clahchischilliage, Sharon, 145
Clarence H. White School of Photography, New York City, 5
class, 87, 147
Claw, John, Jr., 166, 222, 238–39
clothing, 181, 182, 272n93, 278n82; and activism, 190, 192, 278n82; activity, suited to, 40–41; and assimilation, 188; drag, 220–22; and lesbian activism, 192; and lesbian visual identity, 37–40, 38 (fig.), 39 (fig.), 229–30; Navajo-style, 94
Coalition to Stop Violence Against Native Women, 83
Codetalkers, 193, 194
Coe, Ralph T., 204
Coke, Van Deren: Photography in New Mexico, 9, 11, 202
Coleman, A. D., 203
collaboration, 22, 99, 237–38; in land claims process, 141–42; with landscape, 136–40; Navajo, in The Enduring Navaho, 12–13, 21, 60, 90–94. See also allyship
collection of Navajo artefacts, 170, 171–73
Collier, John, Jr., 18, 173
Collier, Malcolm Carr, 72
Collis, Stephen, 76
colonization, 2–3, 11, 194–95; aesthetic, 61, 64; anticolonialism, 146–47, 200–201; critique of, 164, 166; and gender, 97; and heteronormativity, 200; and heteropatriarchy, 22; homophobia linked to, 214–16; labor, impact on, 76–77; mapping and, 108–12; political, 96–97; sociocultural, 83–84; symbols of, 163–64, 164 (fig.), 165 (fig.). See also decolonization
color: in blankets, 170; in sacred schematic drawings, 134
Colorado, voting rights in, 186
Colorado River, 139
Colorado Springs, 56
Combahee River Collective, 208
community, 56, 59, 212–13, 238; queer, 85–86, 190–92, 212; and sexuality, 34–35. See also networks
composition, 11, 45, 47, 78–79, 99; aesthetics vs. documentation in, 167; balance in, 68–69, 70, 97; centering in, 179; marginalization in, 164; modernist, 125, 127
Cook-Lynn, Elizabeth, 5
Corbett, David Peters, 50
Corinne, Tee, 28
Corley Mountain Highway, Colorado, 60
Corn Woman (deity), 96
Correa, Darlene, 83
Coulson, E. H.: Navaho Country, 108–9, 108 (fig.); Navaho Reservation, 109 (fig.)
Council Room at Window Rock (Gilpin), 162–63, 163 (fig.)
Counselor, New Mexico, 97–98, 143, 161–62; Gilpin’s photographs of, 98 (fig.), 153 (fig.), Plate 10
Courtauld Institute of Art, London, U.K., 50
Craig, Dustinn, 226
Creation Story, 115–16, 210; in The Enduring Navaho (Gilpin), 157–58, 239; gender in, 214–15, 217; in sacred schematic drawings, 134
Crenshaw, Kimberlé, 15–16
Crotty, Amber Kanazbah, 145
culture: appropriation of, 22, 85, 94, 171–73, 209–10; and assimilation, 146–47, 183; authentic, 171, 173–74; colonization by, 83–84; identity, 212; preservation of, 3–4, 183
Cunningham, Imogen, 69
Curtis, Edward: The North American Indian, 11–12, 168

Dahl-Wolfe, Louise, 7
Daughters of Bilitis, 34–35, 191–92
Davidov, Judith Fryer, 14
Davidson, Charlotte, 119
Davidson, Marion, 36
Dayton Art Institute, Ohio, 204
Death Comes for the Archbishop (Cather), 74
Declaration of Indian Purpose, 189
decolonization, 15, 218; of intersectionality, 20; of language, 132–33; and queerness, 223, 226
Defense of Marriage Act (1996), 216
democracy: elections, 95, 95 (fig.); participatory, 189; voting rights, 182–83, 185–87, 194
Denetdale, Jennifer Nez, 19, 22, 51, 195, 216, 236
Denver Post (newspaper), 173
Dibéntsaa, 116, 123 (fig.), 129, 134
Dibéntsaa, sacred mountain of the north (Gilpin), 123 (fig.)
difference, 17–18, 38, 68–69, 200
dignity, 149, 156, 169, 202
dilbaa (third gender), 88–89, 213, 224–25, 226
Dilbaa Project (J. N. “Bean” Yazzie), 227–31, 232, 236
Diné. See Navajo (Diné) people
Diné bizaad (Navajo language), 217–20, 225–26, 230, 236–37
Diné Marriage Act (2005), 215, 216, 221
Diné Pride, 210, 214, 221–24
Dinétah. See Navajo Nation (Dinétah)
Doan, Laura, 38, 40
Doane, Mary Ann, 27
Dodge, Chee, 99
Dodge, Thomas, 99
Doko’ooslííd, 116, 122 (fig.), 129, 134
Doko’ooslííd, sacred mountain of the west (Gilpin), 122 (fig.)
domesticity, 162
Dorsey, Kristen, 16
Doty, Alexander, 17–18
Doyel, David E., 173, 178
Drawing and Driving (S. J. Yazzie), 136, 137
drawings, 136–40; sacred schematic, 133–36, 135 (fig.), 238–39
Draw Me a Picture (S. J. Yazzie), 136–40, Plate 6, Plate 7, Plate 8
Driskill, Qwo-Li, 22
driving. See car travel
Drunktown’s Finest (film, Freeland), 223
Dunn, Dorothy, 198
Dutton, Bertha (“Bert”), 36

Earth Woman (deity), 96
education, 145, 150–51, 154–55
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 165 (fig.), 166, 181–83
elections, 95, 95 (fig.)
embodiment, 22; and authenticity, 194; intersectional, 50–51; and landscape, 129; lesbian, 51–52
Emerson, Gloria, 80, 92
Emery, Irene, 36
End of the Trail, The (Fraser), 213
Enduring Navaho, The (Gilpin): creation of, 1–2; Creation Story in, 157, 239; dummy book version, 49, 66–67, 89–92, 89 (fig.); form of, 22, 59–60; hands, represented in, 43, 48–49; impact of, 23; maps in, 114–16; names and naming in, 29; Navajo (Diné) politics in, 2–4, 59–60; Navajo collaboration in, 12–13, 21, 60, 90–94, 131–32; Navajo sovereignty, advocacy for, 145–46, 188, 209; political positioning in, 2, 12, 156–57; publication, 199; queer Navajo people, absence of, 209, 237–38; reception, 1, 90–91, 118, 250n81; sequencing in, 134–36; temporality of, 13; textual narrative, 23, 69–70, 73, 76–78
Enduring Navaho, The, photographs: Annie Wauneka, Member of the Tribal Council, Chairman of Health and Welfare, 101 (fig.); Changing Woman, 117 (fig.); Council Room at Window Rock, 162–63, 163 (fig.); Dibéntsaa, sacred mountain of the north, 123 (fig.); Doko’ooslííd, sacred mountain of the west, 122 (fig.); Francis Nakai and Family with Melons at San Juan River, 195–96, 197 (fig.); Herbert Blatchford at his desk, 151–53, 152 (fig.); Herbert Blatchford in the Field, 151–53, 151 (fig.); Maurice McCabe, 80–82, 81 (fig.), 99; The meeting at Counselor, New Mexico, 143, 161–62, Plate 10; A Meeting in a Hogan, Counselor, New Mexico, 97–98, 98 (fig.); Men leaving Gallup for work on the railroad, 76–78, 77 (fig.); Mrs. Annie D. Wauneka wearing Presidential Medal of Freedom, 100 (fig.); Mrs. Francis Nakai and Son, 175 (fig.), 177; Mrs. John Harvey and Paulina Barton sewing inside hogan, 172 (fig.); A Navaho Family, 14–16, 179–80, 183, 195, 203–4; Navajo Land Claims Board, 161, Plate 9; Navaho Rainbow, 239–40, Plate 16; Sam Ahkeah, Chairman of the Navaho Tribal Council, 164 (fig.); Sisnaajiní, sacred mountain of the east, 120 (fig.); Tsoodził, sacred mountain of the south, 121 (fig.); Untitled (Florence, Long Salt shelter, Navaho Mountain area), 92, 93 (fig.); Untitled (Monument Valley), 129, Plate 5; Untitled (Voting, near Window Rock, Arizona), 95–96, 95 (fig.); Untitled (Weaver at Long Salt shelter), 83–85, 84 (fig.); Yeibichai, Sand Painting near Shiprock, New Mexico, 135 (fig.). See also Summer Shelter of Old Lady Long Salt, The
Enduring Navaho, The, sections: “The Coming Way,” 98–99, 141, 190, 239; “The Enduring Way,” 239; “The Way of the People,” 66
Epple, Carolyn, 20, 211, 216, 225
erasure, 51–54; generative, 157–59; of Indigenous sovereignty, 107; intentional, 237; of queer Indigenous people, 216; and scholarship, 50–51; of White presence, 70. See also invisibility
eroticism, 60–61
essentialism, 4–5, 14, 16–17, 145, 198; avoidance of, 28
exposure, photographic, 85

failure, generative, 237–38
family: lesbian, 232–33; Navajo, representations of, 167 (fig.), 179–80, 183, 195; queer Indigenous, 228–31, Plate 14, Plate 15. See also kinship
Faris, James, 14
farming. See agriculture
Farmington Daily Times (newspaper), 199
federal government policy, 154; artistic patronage by, 18–19; heteropatriarchal, 20; housing, 161–62; and Indigenous sovereignty, 141–42, 149, 186; on LGBTQ2S+ issues, 186, 216; Navajo Treaty (1868), 2, 112–13, 141, 145; relocation programs, 76–77, 154–56; resistance to, 194; termination of tribal/nation status, 3, 154, 183; on tribal government systems, 187
feminism, 16–18, 200–201, 207; Indigenous, 162, 208; and lesbianism, 158; White, 208
Ferguson, Roderick A., 17–18
Fergusson, Erna, 36
Feshbach, Oriole, 274n147
Fire Dance ceremonies, 184
Fir Mountain (Gobernador Knob/Ch’óol’í’í), 116
First Black Lesbian Conference of the Western Regional States (1980), 208
first laugh ritual, 72
First Man (deity), 157, 210
First National Third World Lesbian/Gay Conference (1979), 208
First Woman (deity), 65, 157, 210
fish-ins, 190
516 Arts, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 83, Plate 3
flags: Navajo, 222; Navajo Nation Pride banner, 222–23; rainbow, 222
flags, U.S., 204, 205 (fig.), 206, 269n41; at Gallup Intertribal Ceremonial, 181–82, 181 (fig.); in Meeting of the Navaho Tribal Council, 163–64, 164 (fig.); in A Navaho Family, 167 (fig.), 179–80; in Sam Ahkeah, Chairman of the Navaho Tribal Council, 165 (fig.), 166
Ford, John: The Searchers, 138
Forest Park resort and riding school, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 35
Forster, Aloysius, 128
Forster, Elizabeth: death, 35, 36; Dinétah/Navajo Nation road trip, 144–47; The Enduring Navaho, contribution to, 6, 73; Gilpin, relationship with, 29, 32–33, 47–48; illness, 48, 128; “for L.G.” (poem), 27; at Mountain Chant and Fire Dance ceremony, 185; Navajo (Diné) people, relationships with, 56, 75, 88–89, 102–3, 147–48, 184–85; and Navajo weaving, 170–71, 173–74; nursing work, 5, 45, 47–48, 88–89, 102–3, 148, 178–79; political views, 185; representations of, 7, 9 (fig.), 38 (fig.), 45, 47–48, 47 (fig.)
Fort Sumner (Bosque Redondo/Hwéeldi), New Mexico, 3, 71
four sacred mountains, 106–7, 113, 115 (fig.), 116–24, 128–30; Dibéntsaa, 116, 123 (fig.), 129, 134; Doko’ooslííd, 116, 122 (fig.), 129, 134; as hogan, 130; in sacred schematic drawings, 134; Sisnaajiní, 116, 119, 120 (fig.), 134; Tsoodził (Mount Taylor), 113, 116, 121 (fig.), 134
Fourth World, 134
frames/framing, 68–71, 78, 80, 127
Francis Nakai and Family (A Navaho Family) (Gilpin). See Navaho Family, A
Francis Nakai and Family with Melons at San Juan River (Gilpin), 195–96, 197 (fig.)
Frank, Robert, 202–3
Franzen, Trisha, 86
Fraser, James Earle: The End of the Trail, 213
Fraser, Jean, 251n16
freedom, queer, 56, 59, 60
Freeland, Sydney: Drunktown’s Finest, 223
From Balcony House, Mesa Verde National Park (Gilpin), 61, 62 (fig.)
Fuentes, Marisa, 237
Fuld, Gertrude, 7
Furies, The (newsletter), 28, 200, 207–8

GAI (Gay American Indians), 211–12
GALAS (Great American Lesbian Art Show), 28, 48, 207
Galisteo, New Mexico, 206
Galloway, C. G., 194
Gallup, New Mexico, 146, 150–51; Navajo Inn, 156
Gallup Indian Community Center, 152, 153–54, 156, 201–2
Gallup Intertribal Ceremonial, 181–82, 181 (fig.), 189
Garcia, Emmet, 156
Gardner, Alexander, 9
Gast, John: American Progress, 78
Gate, Laguna, New Mexico, The (Gilpin), 61, 63 (fig.), 64
Gay, Emma Jane, 28
Gay American Indians (GAI), 211–12
gay rights movement, 190–92
gaze: colonial, 177, 178; gendered, 16–18; lesbian, 27, 31; male, 27, 74; Navajo (Diné), 89–90, 89 (fig.); of photographic subjects, 90, 179; queering of, 71; reciprocity of, 91–92; straight, 32
Gearon, Jihan, 208
gender: in land claims process, 143–44; Navajo frameworks for, 20, 80, 88–89, 209–10; in Navajo grammar, 218; performativity of, 229; and photographic canon, 9; of photographic subjects, 17; third gender (dilbaa), 88–89, 213, 224–25, 226; third gender (nádleehé), 88, 157–59, 209–10, 216–17, 219–20, 225–26; two-spirit identities, 13–14, 88
gender identity, 4–5, 16
gender roles: colonization, imposed by, 83–84, 97, 215–16; and labor, 88–89; subversion of, 226–27
General Eisenhower at Airport, Gallup, New Mexico (Gilpin), 181–82, 181 (fig.)
Genter, Alix, 40
Gile, Beverly, 36
Gilpin, Laura: archive bequest, 29, 32, 33, 251n20; career overview, 5–12, 18–19; character, 52; class position, 87; commercial work, 35, 36, 40, 85; Dinétah/Navajo Nation road trip, 37–38, 38 (fig.), 42–43, 42 (fig.), 55–56, 60–61, 144–47; exhibitions, 203–4, 206; financial position, 87–88, 90; Forster, relationship with, 32–33, 45, 47–48; influences, 11–12; invisibility, historical, 69; landscape, identification with, 105; lantern-slide presentations, 32, 140–41, 142–43; lesbianism, 4–5, 13–15, 28–33; lesbian networks, 34–37, 85–86; at Mountain Chant and Fire Dance ceremony, 184–85; Navajo (Diné) people, relationships with, 59–60, 89–90, 92, 94, 168–69; on Navajo war service, 193–94; photographs, gifted/donated, 178, 265n109; political views, 185; professional networks, 85; reception of, 61, 64; representations of, 38 (fig.), 52 (fig.), 53 (fig.); reputation, 7–11, 13–14, 44; in Santa Fe, 128; scholarship and critique on, 14–15; Southwest USA, connection to, 107, 114; subjects, relationality with, 67, 70; war work, 125–27
Gilpin, Laura, articles and books: “My Favorite Camera and Lens and Why,” 44–45; The Pueblos, 60, 61, 64, 114; The Rio Grande, 64, 114, 128; “Why I Live in New Mexico,” 114. See also Enduring Navaho, The
Gilpin, Laura, photographs: Arab of the American Desert, 7, 10 (fig.); At Boeing, 125, 126 (fig.); Brenda Putnam, Sculptor, Overseeing Marble Cutters, 7, 8, 8 (fig.); Building a Bomber, 125, 127, 127 (fig.); From Balcony House, Mesa Verde National Park, 61, 62 (fig.); The Gate, Laguna, New Mexico, 61, 63 (fig.), 64; General Eisenhower at Airport, Gallup, New Mexico, 181–82, 181 (fig.); Herbert Blatchford, Counselor, Gallup, New Mexico, 153 (fig.); Navaho Indian Woman, 175–76, 176 (fig.); Navajo Land Claims Board, 142; The Prairie, 6–7, 6 (fig.); Sandia School, 40–42, 41 (fig.); Untitled (Brenda Putnam on camping trip), 42 (fig.); Untitled (Family looking at work book), 92, Plate 4; Untitled (Laura Gilpin and Elizabeth Forster), attrib., 37–38, 38 (fig.); Untitled (Laura’s Favorite Portrait of Herself), 46 (fig.); Untitled (Nurse treating hospital patient), 47 (fig.); Visiting Nurse with the New Baby, 7, 9 (fig.), 13, 45; White Sands, 105–6, 106 (fig.)
Gobernador Knob (Fir Mountain/Ch’óol’í’í), 116
Goeman, Mishuana, 113, 155, 156
Goldberg, Jonathan, 14, 51, 56, 67, 274n144
Goldin, Nan, 48
Goshorn, Shan, 11
Gottshalk, Donna, 28
Gould, Janice, 207, 225
Granovetter, Mark, 34
Great American Lesbian Art Show (GALAS), 28, 48, 207
Greater Vancouver Native Cultural Society, 211
Gregg, Elinor, 36, 86
Grover, Jan Zita, 32, 33, 34, 40
Gunn, Paula, 209

Haaland, Debra, 83
Haile, Berard, 217, 277n59
hairstyles, 41–42
Halberstam, Jack, 237–38
Hall, Radclyffe: The Well of Loneliness, 38, 74
Hall, Simon, 190
Hamamsy, Laila Shukry, 80
hands, 43–50, 46 (fig.), 83–84
hand-trembling ceremonies, 49–50
Hardbelly family, 102–3
harmony (Navajo concept), 112, 118–19, 132, 133–34
Harris, Hilary, 200
Hartman, Russell P., 173, 178
Harvey, Frank L., 44
“Hasísná”/“Emergence” (Loley), 236
Haskell, Ida, 36
Ha-So-De, 198
Hastiin Dághaa’ (Barboncito), 65, 112–13
“hastiin k’aalógii ’ání”/ “butterfly man tells a story” (Loley), 235–36
Hastin Tlo’tsi hee/Hastiin Tl’ohtsahii (Sandoval), 210
hataałii (singers), 133–34, 157, 215–16, 236
Hatathli, Ned, 37, 82, 90–91, 131, 187
Hayward Gallery, London, U.K., “Sacred Circles” (exhibition, 1976), 204
healing ceremonies, 131–36, 135 (fig.), 184–85
health, Navajo frameworks for, 112–13, 119, 132–36, 240
Heard Museum, Phoenix, Arizona, 138
Hearne, Joanna, 15, 226–27
Herbert Blatchford at his desk (Gilpin), 151–53, 152 (fig.)
Herbert Blatchford in the Field (Gilpin), 151–53, 151 (fig.)
Herbert Blatchford, Counselor, Gallup, New Mexico (Gilpin), 153 (fig.)
Herd, David, 76
hermaphrodites, 219–20
Hervey, Antoinette, 44
heteronormativity, 16–17, 22, 58
heteropatriarchy, 22, 57–58, 65–66, 192, 207; and colonization, 215–16
Highsmith, Patricia: The Price of Salt, 73–74, 87–88
Hill, Willard W., 215–16, 219–20, 225
Hillers, J. K., 9
Hin-mut-toe-ta-li-ka-tsut (Thunder Clouds Going Over Mountains) (Tsinhnahjinnie), 213
Hoffman, W. J., 172, 173
Hoffmann, Donald, 204
hogans, 68–71, 95 (fig.), 96, 98 (fig.), 256n33; epistemological world model, 131, 136; landscape as, 130–31; and self-determination, 161–62
Hogrefe, Jeffrey, 36, 87
Homestead Act (1916), 141
homophobia, 14, 21, 31–32, 88, 212; violent, 221
homosociality, 70, 86, 105, 209
hooks, bell, 17–18
Hopkins, Candice, 15
Hord, Levi C., 277n51
Horton, Jessica, 15
Hotopp, Marion, 36
housing, 161–62. See also hogans
Howland, Alice, 36
hózhó (Navajo health and wellness philosophy), 112–13, 119, 132–36, 240
Hozhonji (Blessing Chant), 134
Huey, Mary Blue: Navaho Country, 114–16, 115 (fig.)
Huhndorf, Shari, 112
Hwéeldi (Bosque Redondo/Fort Sumner), New Mexico, 3, 71

IAE. See Indians Against Exploitation
IAIA. See Institute of American Indian Arts
identity: American, 203–4; cultural, 212; gender, 4–5, 16; insider/outsider, 12, 20, 21, 23; kinship, derived from, 184–85; and land, 118–19; lesbian, 4–5, 27–29, 36; lesbian visual, 27–28, 32, 37–43, 38 (fig.), 39 (fig.), 227–30; after military service, 193; national, 110, 174, 192
Indian Arts and Crafts Board, 171
Indian Citizenship Act (1924), 186, 194
Indian Land Claims Commission, 141–44
Indian Reorganization Act (1934), 2–3, 187
Indians Against Exploitation (IAE), 201, 202
Indian Trader (newspaper), 72
Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA, Santa Fe), 198, 206, 238
intergenerationality, 70, 71–72, 86, 103, 214–16, 236
interpretation, 92, 93, 168
intersectionality, 2, 15–16, 208; of colonialism and heteropatriarchy, 22; decolonization of, 20; queer-Indigenous, 212–13
Inter-Tribal Ceremonials, Gallup, New Mexico, 146–47
intimacy, 43–50, 227
invisibility: historic, 69; of Indigenous queerness, 208–9; lesbian, 27, 51–52, 65–66, 208–9, 225; semivisibility, 188
irrigation, 195–96
Iskin, Ruth, 207
isolation: of Indigenous people, 154, 162, 221, 226; queer, 28, 221, 226; safety in, 192
Israel, Daniel H., 199–200

Jack, LaNada War, 213
Jackson, William Henry, 9, 11, 12, 168
James, Genne, 83
JEB (Joan E. Biren), 27, 28, 207
Jones, Deborah: Self Portrait: The Goddess, 48
Jones, Paul, 82, 99
juxtapositions: of Anglo and Navajo work, 91; in exhibitions, 138; implicit, 142, 164, 182; temporal, 13, 168, 180; text and image, 66

Kahlo, Frida, 31
Kansas City Star (newspaper), 204
Käsebier, Gertrude, 7, 18, 44, 61, 64, 69
k’e (kinship relations), 236
Keller, Yvonne, 257n56
Kellywood, Timothy, 74, 162, 169, 170
Kennedy, Edith, 90
Kessell, John L., 113
kinship, 92, 103, 192–93, 229–31; authority from, 99; constructed, 236; identity derived from, 184–85; roles, 215; sovereignty and, 20. See also family
Kiva Club, 201, 202
Klah, Hastiin, 134
Klein, Jennie, 27, 28
Kleinman, James, 221
Kluckhohn, Clyde, 65, 72, 80, 97; The Navaho, 108–10, 108 (fig.); Navaho Means People, 17, 114, 149
Ko Asdzáá (J. N. “Bean” Yazzie), 64–65, 226
Kodak VPK camera, 147
Koltun, Frances, 36
Kroeber, Alfred, 58

labor, 74–85; gender defined by, 88–89; of Navajo men, 76–80; of Navajo women, 74–80; pastoral/shepherding, 80–82, 81 (fig.), 162; photography as, 85; road construction, 145–46; social exchange of, 49–50, 89–90; waged, 76–77, 80. See also weaving
Laboratory of Anthropology (later Museum of Indian Arts and Culture, Santa Fe), 169–71, 177
Ladder, The (newsletter), 191–92
Lady Shug (drag performer), 221, 222
Lahusan, Kay, 192
Lamphere, Louise, 76, 97
land: claims to, 140–44; connections to, 105, 112–13, 114; health, interconnected with, 133–34
landscape, 105–6; collaboration with, 136–40; dual, 183; as hogan, 130–31; southwestern, 86–87
landscape painting, 196–99
landscape photography, 105–6
Lang, Sabine, 225
Langa, Helen, 30–31
Lange, Dorothea, 7, 69; White Angel Bread Line, 78, 79 (fig.)
languages: American Sign Language, 230; Navajo (Diné bizaad), 217–20, 225–26, 230, 236–37
lantern-slide presentations, 32, 140–41, 142–43
Latimer, Tirza True, 50–51
Lee, Lloyd L., 19
Leibovitz, Annie, 28
Leighton, Dorothea, 65, 72, 80, 97, 108–10
Lemuel, Nate, 221
lenses, 44–45
Lerma, Michael, 116
Lesbian Art Project, 28
Lesbian Herstory Archives, 33
lesbianism: and activism, 28, 192, 207–9; butchness, 38–42, 191, 229; and diversity, 207–8; erasure, 14–15, 29–30, 31–32; and feminism, 158; Indigenous, 88; Indigenous use of term, 229–30; invisibility, 27, 51–52, 65–66, 208–9, 225; literature of, 73–74; and photographic practice, 33; and place, 158–59; vs. queerness, 58; separatism, 200–201; social attitudes to, 57–59; visual identity, 27–28, 32, 37–43, 38 (fig.), 39 (fig.), 227–30; and voting rights, 186–87
lesbian networks, 34–37, 85–86; and gay rights movement, 190–92
lesbians: apparitional, 29–30; Black, 208
Lesbians of Color, 207
Leuthold, Steven, 15
Lewis, Edith, 35, 74
light, 71
liminality, 105
Link, Martin, 178
Lippard, Lucy, 15, 207
Littell, Norman M., 82, 142
Living the Spirit (book, ed. Roscoe), 212, 220, 232
Lochrie, Karma, 51
Loley, Manny, 235–37, 238; “Hasísná”/“Emergence,” 236; “hastiin k’aalógii ’ání”/ “butterfly man tells a story,” 235–36
London Salon of Photography, 6
loneliness. See isolation
Lonetree, Amy, 15
Lott, Eric, 173
Lotz, Herbert, 11
Love, Heather K., 28
Low Dog (Lakota warrior), 204, 205 (fig.)
Lowie, Robert, 57
Lucchesi, Annita Hetoevehotohke’e, 112
Luck, Angelo James, 148
Luhan, Mabel Dodge, 58, 74
Luhan, Tony, 74
Lukas, Julia, 86
L Word, The (tv show), 34
Lyons, Harriet, 158

MacRorie, Chet, 82
maps and mapping, 107–16, 136, 138–39
marginalization, 7, 12, 14, 21; in composition, 164
marriage, same-sex, 215–16, 221, 230–33
Marriott, Alice Lee, 36
Marsh, Reginald: Chop Suey Dancers #1, 38, 39 (fig.)
Martin, Del, 192
Martinez, Fred “F.C.,” Jr., 221
masculinity, 38–42, 80
Masters of Photography (B. and N. Newhall), 7, 9
matriliny, 64–67, 71–72, 182, 223
Mattachine Society, 190–91
Matthews, Washington, 210, 270n65; Navaho Legends, 157–58
Maurice McCabe (Gilpin), 80–82, 81 (fig.), 99
McCabe, Maurice, 80–82, 81 (fig.), 99, 131, 250n135
McCombe, Leonard, 13, 18; Navaho Means People, 17, 114, 149
McKibbin, Dorothy, 36
McLerran, Jennifer, 96
M’Closkey, Kathy, 174
McSwain, Larry, 13, 168
Mead, Margaret, 58, 86
Meadows, William C., 112
Meek, Jeremy, 221
Meem, John Gaw, 35
Meeting at Counselor, New Mexico, The (Gilpin), 143, 161–62, Plate 10
Meeting in a Hogan, Counselor, New Mexico, A (Gilpin), 97–98, 98 (fig.)
memory, cultural, 171–72
men: absence of, 74; labor of, 76–80; male gaze, 27, 74
Mendieta, Ana, 207
Men leaving Gallup for work on the railroad (Gilpin), 76–78, 77 (fig.)
Mera, Harry, 170
Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 60–61; Balcony House, 61
Metcalf, Ann, 183
Metropolitan Indian Series (Tsinhnahjinnie), 213
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, “Harlem on My Mind” (exhibition, 1969), 203
Midnight Sun (author), 220
Midsummer (Putnam), 52, 52 (fig.), 53 (fig.)
migration, seasonal, 161–62
military service, 179–80, 182–83, 192–95; Codetalkers, 193, 194
Mills, Robert, 254n82
Miner, Kristopher Kohl, 276n21
mining, 130; uranium, 80, 127
Minton, Charles, 188, 189
Mithlo, Nancy Marie, 15, 92, 162
modernism, 11, 31, 43, 105–6, 125–29, 162
modernization, 12, 78
Modotti, Tina, 43
Monet, Claude, 78
Montiel, Anya, 15
Monument Valley, 129, 137–38, Plate 5, Plate 8, Plate 13
Monument Valley (Nakai), 197, Plate 13
Monument Valley #3 (S. J. Yazzie), 139–40, 140 (fig.)
Moore, Jean, 35
Moore, Marianne, “Sun!,” 4
Moore, Mignon R., 208
Moraga, Cherríe, 59
Morgan, Jas M., 15
Morgan, William, 218
Morrow, Mabel, 36
Mortimer, F. J., 6
mothers, 64–65
Mountain Chant ceremonies, 184–85, 187, 270n65
mountains. See four sacred mountains
Mountain Woman (deity), 96
Mount Taylor (Tsoodził), 113, 116, 121 (fig.), 134
mourning, 171–72
Mrs. Annie D. Wauneka wearing Presidential Medal of Freedom (Gilpin), 100 (fig.)
Mrs. Francis Nakai and Son (Gilpin), 175 (fig.), 177
Mrs. John Harvey and Paulina Barton sewing inside hogan (Gilpin), 172 (fig.)
Ms. (magazine), 16
Mullin, Molly H., 86
Mulvey, Laura, 17
Muñoz, José Esteban, 251n10
murals, 162–63, 163 (fig.)
Murphy, Shaun, 221
Museum of Indian Arts and Culture (formerly Laboratory of Anthropology, Santa Fe), 169–71, 177
Museum of Navaho Ceremonial Art, Santa Fe, 135
“My Favorite Camera and Lens and Why” (Gilpin), 44–45

nádleehé (third gender), 88, 157–59, 209–10, 216–17, 219–20, 225–26
Nailor, Gerald, 80, 81 (fig.), 82, 162–63, 198
Nakai, Francis, 162, 166–69, 179–80, 195–96, 199; Gilpin’s photographs of, 167 (fig.), 197 (fig.)
Nakai, Juan, 175, 175 (fig.), 196–97; Monument Valley, 197, Plate 13
Nakai, Luis, 178, 179–80, 195
Nakai, Mary Ann (Mrs. Francis), 69, 148, 166–80, 195–96, 199; Gilpin’s photographs of, 167 (fig.), 175 (fig.), 176 (fig.), 197 (fig.); Laboratory of Anthropology, visit to, 169–73; name usage, 268n12
Nakai, Raymond, 82, 166, 194
Nakaidinae, Robert, 201
names/naming: Navajo, 29, 109, 168, 210, 247n30, 268n12; of Navajo Nation, 268n19; and queer identities, 211
narrative, 69–70, 73, 76–78; multivocal, 23
National Congress of American Indians, 154
National Indian Youth Council (NIYC), 189–90, 201
nationalism, 20, 192, 195, 199–200
Native Programming series (Tsinhnahjinnie), 214
Navaho, The (Kluckhohn), 108–10, 108 (fig.)
Navaho Community College Press, 155
Navaho Country (Coulson), 108–9, 108 (fig.)
Navaho Country (Huey), 114–16, 115 (fig.)
Navaho Family, A (Gilpin), 167 (fig.), 179–80, 183, 195, 203–4
Navaho Indian Woman (Gilpin), 175–76, 176 (fig.)
Navaho Legends (Matthews), 157–58
Navaho Means People (Vogt & McCombe Kluckhohn), 17, 114, 149
Navaho Rainbow (Gilpin), 239–40, Plate 16
Navaho Reservation (Coulson), 109 (fig.)
Navajo (Diné) men, 74, 76–80; military service, 179–80, 182–83
Navajo (Diné) people: beyond/outside Dinétah/Navajo Nation, 155, 183; commodification of, 176–77; cultural preservation, 3–4; disenfranchisement of, 107; drag, 220–22; epistemology, 96, 118–19, 130–31, 136; folklore, 64–66; hands of, 48–49; hand-tremblers, 49–50; homosociality, 70, 86, 105, 209; Long Walk (exile), 71 (fig.), 199; photographers, 13–14, 92; and queerness, 19–21, 51, 88–89; relocation programs, 76–77, 154–56; and transportation, 146–50; tribal distinctiveness, 20; veterans, 154; voices of, 21–22, 23; voting rights, 182–83, 185–86, 194. See also ceremonies; Creation Story
Navajo (Diné) women, 64–67, 74–76, 80, 182; economic power of, 174; and Indigenous queerness, 223–28; labor of, 74–76, 80; in land claims process, 144; on Navajo (Diné) Tribal Council, 99–101; political agency of, 94–103; tradition, perpetuated by, 64–65, 72; voting rights, 186–87. See also Old Lady Long Salt
Navajo Community College, 37, 90
Navajo Creation Myth (Wheelwright), 134
Navajo Land Claims Board (Gilpin), 142, 161, Plate 9
Navajo language (Diné bizaad), 217–20, 225–26, 230, 236–37
Navajo Mountain (Utah/Arizona), 67, 69–70
Navajo Nation (Dinétah), 20; alcohol prohibition, 149; Checkerboard area, 115 (fig.), 141; Diné Pride, 210; federal stock reduction program, impact of, 76–77, 82–83, 173; government, 2–4, 187; historical evidence of, 140–41, 143–44; industry, 2–4, 4, 80, 154, 198; land claims, 140–44; mapping of, 108–16, 108 (fig.), 109 (fig.); metaphorical extension of, 155–56; naming of, 268n19; negotiation of, 112–13; queer Anglo women in, 56–64; roads, 144–48. See also four sacred mountains
Navajo Nation Council, 215
“Navajo Photography” (Roessel), 14
Navajo Seal, 166, 222, 223, 238–39
Navajo Treaty (1868), 2, 112–13, 141, 145
Navajo Tribal Council, 80–82, 80 (fig.), 96–101, 187; building, Window Rock, 162–63, 163 (fig.); Education Scholarship Fund, 154–55; and Indian Land Claims Commission, 141–42
Navajo Tribal Museum, 178
Nelson, Alray, 214, 223
Nelson–Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri, 204
Nemerov, Alexander, 50
networks: lesbian, 34–37, 85–86, 190–92; Navajo, 155, 162
New, Lloyd H., 238
Newhall, Beaumont, 11, 69, 124; Airborne Camera, 128; Masters of Photography, 7, 9; Photography: A Short Critical History, 7; Photography in New Mexico, foreword, 9
Newhall, Nancy, 141; Masters of Photography, 7, 9
New Mexico, voting rights in, 186
New Mexico Association on Indian Affairs, 189
New Mexico Association on Indian Affairs (NMAIA), 3, 4, 97; youth conferences, 188–89
Night Chant ceremonies, 135
Nixon, Richard, 154, 189
NIYC (National Indian Youth Council), 189–90, 201
NMAIA. See New Mexico Association on Indian Affairs
Norman, Pat, 208
North American Indian, The (Curtis), 11–12, 168
Norton, Billy, 265n87
Norton, Elizabeth, 36
Nusbaum, Aileen (Aileen O’Bryan), 61, 210, 262n30, 274n147
Nusbaum, Jesse, 61, 169, 170, 210

O’Bryan, Aileen (Aileen Nusbaum), 61, 210, 262n30, 274n147
off our backs (journal), 209
oil and gas industry, 2–3, 4, 80, 154, 198
O’Keeffe, Georgia, 31, 36, 43, 85–86
Oktenberg, Adrian, 31–32
Old Lady Long Salt, 66 (fig.), 69–72, 91–92
Opie, Catherine, 28, 232–33
O’Sullivan, Timothy H., 9
outsider status, 21, 48, 67, 259n109; of audiences, 11, 50, 228; and lesbian visual identity, 23, 40; of photographers, 202, 214; and political detachment, 156; in queer community, 212; solidarity of, 79–80; and understanding, 96, 132, 139, 188
Owlfeather (writer), 232

Palmer, Frances Flora Bond: Across the Continent, 78, Plate 2
pan-Indian movements, 189
Parezo, Nancy J., 57
Parsons, Elsie Clews, 58, 86
pastoral farming, 80–82, 81 (fig.), 162
paternalism, 99
patriotism, 192, 193, 194–95
Pember, Mary Annette, 276n21
performativity, 51, 139, 236; of appropriation, 94; ceremonial, 134; of gender, 229; queer, 28
Perkins, Warren: Putrefaction Live, 72
perspective, 128–29
Phillips, Ruth, 15
photo ballots, 95, 95 (fig.)
photographic canon, 7–8, 69
photography: aerial, 124–25, 128; aspect ratios, 129; colonial, 12, 18; exposure, 85; by Indigenous artists, 213–14; as labor, 85; lesbian practice of, 33; materiality of, 45; and memory, 67; perspective, 128–29; as trace, 67–68. See also composition
Photography: A Short Critical History (Newhall), 7
Photography in New Mexico (Coke), 9, 11, 202
Pictorialism, 78
Poetry (magazine), 235
Pollock, Griselda, 17–18, 67
Porter, Eliot, 9
Portraits Against Amnesia (Tsinhnahjinnie), 214
portraiture, 36–37, 80–82, 99; permission to publish, 131; and recognition, 232–33; temporality of, 102–3, 168
positionality, 50–51, 67, 70, 76, 85; disruption of, 97
Post, Helen M., 13, 18
postcards, 175–76, 176 (fig.)
Potomac School, Washington, D.C., 35
Powell, John Wesley, 139
Prairie, The (Gilpin), 6–7, 6 (fig.)
Pratt, Stacy, 15
Preston, Carol, 35, 36, 41, 42
Price, John A., 183
Price of Salt, The (Highsmith), 73–74, 87–88
prints, 44
production, vs. reception, 17–18
Pueblos, The (Gilpin), 60, 61, 64, 114
Putnam, Brenda, 32–33, 37–38, 42–43; Dinétah/Navajo Nation road trip, 55–56, 60–61, 144–47; Gilpin’s photographs of, 8 (fig.), 42 (fig.); Midsummer, 52, 52 (fig.), 53 (fig.); Untitled (Laura Gilpin and Elizabeth Forster), attrib., 37–38, 38 (fig.)
Putnam, Herbert, 171
Putrefaction Live (Perkins), 72

queerness, 13–14; and blankness/erasure, 15–16, 157–59; care, aesthetics of, 47–48; epistemological, 51; feminine, 20–21; and freedom, 56, 59, 60; in image/text relationship, 78; and intimacy, 43–50; and landscape, 86–87; vs. lesbianism, 58; of matriliny, 69; normality of, 87; performativity of, 28; and resistance, 157
queerness, Indigenous, 210–33; activism, 221–22; community responsibility of, 238; drag, 220–22; homophobia and, 214–16; invisibility of, 208–9; and language, 230; Navajo frameworks for, 88–89; poetical representation of, 235–37; and sovereignty, 19–20, 50–51, 222; third gender (dilbaa), 88–89, 213, 224–25, 226; third gender (nádleehé), 88, 157–59, 209–10, 216–17, 219–20, 225–26; translation and language, 217–20; two-spirit identities, 13–14, 88, 211, 212, 224; and women, 223–28
queer politics, 190–92
Queer Review, The, 221
queer studies, 19–22, 51–52
queer theory, 50–51, 254n82

Rachlin, Carol, 36
racism, 15, 145, 147
radicalism, 188–89
Raheja, Michelle H., 19, 20
rainbows, 222–23, 239–40, Plate 16
Raphaelito, Josie, 224
Raven, Arlene, 28, 207
reception: of Gilpin’s work, 1, 61, 64, 90–91, 118, 250n81; vs. production, 17–18
recognition, 232–33
Red Rock, New Mexico, 4, 5, 56
Red Star, Wendy, 11
Regional Indian Youth Council (1961), 188–89
Reichard, Gladys, 75–76, 86
relocation programs, 76–77, 154–56
reservations, 186
resistance: to colonization, 146–47; to federal government policy, 194; to heteronormativity, 58; nonviolent civil disobedience, 190; and queerness, 157
Rich, Adrienne, 161, 180
Richardson, Jerry, 251n20
Rickard, Jolene, 15, 28
Rife, Dwight W., 61
Rifkin, Mark, 19, 20, 22, 192
Rio Grande, 114
Rio Grande, The (Gilpin), 64, 114, 128
Riverside Museum, New York, “Communication from the Reservation” (exhibition, 1969), 203
roads, 144–48
Roberts, John M., 146, 248n75
Rock, Philip, 192
Rockefeller, John D., 170
Roessel, Monty, 1, 13, 15, 72, 250n81; “Navajo Photography,” 14
Romanek, Devorah, 216
romanticism, 64, 69, 78
Roscoe, Will: Living the Spirit, 212, 220, 232
Rosler, Martha, 236
Rush, Olive, 198
Russo, Julie Levin, 34

sacred mountains. See four sacred mountains
salt, 70, 71–74, 71 (fig.)
salvage anthropology, 12, 174
Sam Ahkeah, Chairman of the Navaho Tribal Council (Gilpin), 164 (fig.)
Sandia School (Gilpin), 40–42, 41 (fig.)
Sandia School for Girls (Albuquerque, New Mexico), 35, 40–42, 41 (fig.)
Sandoval (Hastin Tlo’tsi hee/Hastiin Tl’ohtsahii), 210
Sandoval, Albert G. “Chic,” 217–18, 220
sandpaintings, 133–36, 135 (fig.)
Sandweiss, Martha, 14, 15, 29, 31, 34, 91
San Francisco, 211–12
San Juan River, 196, 197 (fig.)
Santa Fe, New Mexico, 6, 30, 86, 87–88, 127. See also Institute of American Indian Arts; Laboratory of Anthropology
Santa Fe Indian School, 196–99
Saunders, Silvia, 36
Schickle, Gretchen, 35
Scholder, Fritz, 204, 206
Schoonover, Margaret Lefranc, 36
Searchers, The (Ford), 138
Self Portrait: The Goddess (Jones), 48
Senai, Ida, 36
Sergeant, Elizabeth Shepley, 86
Seth-Smith, Helen, 35, 36, 40–42, 41 (fig.)
sexuality: as basis for community, 34–35; and kinship, 215; Navajo frameworks for, 20–21; social construction of, 216; (non)discussion of, 57
Shepardson, Mary, 80
Shepherd, Oliver L., 110–11
shepherding, 80–82, 81 (fig.), 162
Sherman, Michelle, 214, 215
Sherman, William, 65, 113
Shinn, Alice, 124–25
Shiprock, New Mexico, 196, 198, 199
Silko, Leslie Marmon: Almanac of the Dead, 112
Simpson, James Harvey, 111 (fig.)
Sims, Agnes, 36
Sisnaajiní, 116, 119, 120 (fig.), 134
Sisnaajiní, sacred mountain of the east (Gilpin), 120 (fig.)
Sisters of War (J. N. “Bean” Yazzie), 64–65, 83–84, Plate 1
Sixth Annual Salon of Pictorial Photography, Seattle (1925), 7
skateboarding, 226–27
Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, New York, 137
Smallcanyon, Corey, 70, 256n33
Smith, Alix, 28
Smith, Laura, 15
Snow, Milton, 13, 18
Society for Individual Rights, 191
Song of the Lark, The (Willa Cather), 61
“Song of the Open Road” (Whitman), 55–56
Southwest Association on Indian Affairs, 188
Southwest USA, 56, 59, 158–59; history of, 107; queer affinity with, 86–87
sovereignty, 82–83, 96–99, 212–14; allyship for, 142–43, 145–46; arguments for, 140–44; cultural assertions of, 146–47, 170–71; as direct action, 28; erasure of, 107; fourfold models of, 155–56; and Indigenous queerness, 19–20, 50–51, 222; legal pursuit of, 141–42, 190; organic, 64; participatory governance of, 161; and place, 116, 124; reversals of, 183; scholarship on, 19–20; visual, 19
space: Indigenous frameworks of, 155–56; political power of, 96–97
Spalding, Elisabeth, 36
Sperling, Joy, 56
Spielman, Barbara, 22, 118, 135–36
Spillers, Hortense, 17
Steichen, Edward, 124–25
Stein, Marc, 192
Steinem, Gloria, 107
Steiner, Ralph, 7
stereotypes. See tropes
Stevens, Brye, 192
Stewart, Dorothy, 36
Stewart, Frances, 170
Stewart, Philip, 170
Stieglitz, Alfred, 43, 78
stories and storytelling, 57, 64–65, 91, 118–19, 236–37
Stout, Janis P., 86, 87
Strand, Paul, 7, 9, 31, 69, 78, 105
street photography, 202–3
Stuart, Emily Forster, 128
Students for a Democratic Society, 189
subjectivity: colonized, 200; erasure of, 21
suicide rates, 52, 221, 254n83
Sumac, Smokii, 209
Summer Shelter in the Cove, The (Gilpin), 68–69
Summer Shelter of Old Lady Long Salt, The (Gilpin), 66–73, 66 (fig.), 71 (fig.), 85, 89 (fig.); collaboration in, 91–92; composition, 68–69, 70–72, 78, 80, 105, 127; gaze in, 90; and women’s spaces, 96–97
Supreme Court, 185–86

tá’cheeh (male puberty) ceremonies, 224
Tahoma, Quincy, 198
Tauglechee, Daisy, 131
taxation, 145
Taylor Museum, Colorado Springs, 44
Teba, Maria, 49
technology, 78
temporality. See time
termination of tribal/nation status, 3, 154, 183
theft, cultural, 171–73
Themptander, Christer: We will never forget Wounded Knee, 204, 205 (fig.)
Third Annual Native American Gay and Lesbian Gathering (1990), 211
Thomas, Wesley, 219, 224–25, 226, 276n21
time: in The Enduring Navaho (Gilpin), 13; immemorial, 143; juxtapositions of, 13, 168, 180; past/present, 204, 206; in portraiture, 102–3, 168; representations of, 138
timelessness, 12
Toelken, Barre, 134
touch, 43–50
tourism, 146, 168–69; artwork for, 198–99
traces, 67–68, 69
tradition, 136; vs. ancestral, 215, 222; and Indigenous queerness, 224; and sexuality, 215–16; in weaving, 170–71
translation, 22, 92, 93, 168, 258n75; and queer language, 217–20
trans people, 224
transportation, 146–50; aviation, 124–27. See also car travel
transvestites, 219–20
trauma, cultural, 171–73
tropes, 11–12, 203–4, 237; avoidance of, 168–69; of Indigenous queerness, 221; of Native representation, 11–12; Vanishing Indian, 11, 30, 183, 213
Tsihnajinnie, Andrew, 198
Tsinhnahjinnie, Hulleah, 13–14, 28, 212–14, 227; Hin-mut-toe-ta-li-ka-tsut (Thunder Clouds Going Over Mountains), 213; Metropolitan Indian Series, 213; Native Programming series, 214; Portraits Against Amnesia, 214
Tsoodził (Mount Taylor), 113, 116, 121 (fig.), 134
Tsoodził, sacred mountain of the south (Gilpin), 121 (fig.)
Turquoise Hermaphrodite, 210
Two Spirit (documentary, 2009), 216
Two Spirits (documentary, 2011), 221

United Native Americans (UNA), 213
University of Texas Press, 1, 22, 131
Untitled (Brenda Putnam on camping trip) (Gilpin), 42 (fig.)
Untitled (Family looking at work book) (Gilpin), 92, Plate 4
Untitled (Florence, Long Salt shelter, Navaho Mountain area) (Gilpin), 92, 93 (fig.)
Untitled (Laura Gilpin and Elizabeth Forster) (attrib. Gilpin/Putnam), 37–38, 38 (fig.)
Untitled (Laura’s Favorite Portrait of Herself) (Gilpin), 46 (fig.)
Untitled (Mayda and Gwenn) (J. N. “Bean” Yazzie), Plate 15
Untitled (Mayda Benally and Family) (J. N. “Bean” Yazzie), Plate 14
Untitled (Monument Valley) (Gilpin), 129, Plate 5
Untitled (Nurse treating hospital patient) (Gilpin), 47 (fig.)
Untitled (Voting, near Window Rock, Arizona) (Gilpin), 95–96, 95 (fig.)
Untitled (Weaver at Long Salt shelter) (Gilpin), 83–85, 84 (fig.)
Utah, voting rights in, 186
Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation, 144–45
utopias, 88

Vanishing American, The (film), 138
Van Valkenburgh, Richard, 142, 143–44
Vice (magazine), 221
views, vertical vs. oblique, 128–29
Village Voice (journal), 203
visibility, queer, 210, 228
Visiting Nurse with the New Baby (Gilpin), 7, 9 (fig.), 13, 45
visual identity: of Indigenous queerness, 220; lesbian, 27–28, 32, 37–43, 38 (fig.), 39 (fig.), 227–30
Vizenor, Gerald, 247n38
Vogt, Evon, 17; Navaho Means People, 17, 114, 149
voting rights, 182–83, 185–87, 194

Walker, John G., 110–11
Wardlaw, Frank, 131, 136
Warrior, Clyde, 189
Warrior, Robert, 20
Wasserberger, Leslie, 204, 206
Water Woman (deity), 96
Watson, Editha, 36
Wauneka, Annie, 99, 100 (fig.), 101 (fig.), 131, 272n93
weak social ties, 34
Weaver, Jace, 20
weaving, 74–76, 83–84, 169–73; authenticity, 173–74; economic value of, 173–74; exchange systems, Navajo frameworks of, 177; marketization of, 170–71, 173; representations of, 75 (fig.), 84 (fig.), 172 (fig.), 198–99
Wednesday (writer), 48
Well of Loneliness, The (Hall), 38, 74
western cinema, 138
Weston, Edward, 7–8, 31
Weston, Kath, 29
We will never forget Wounded Knee (Themptander), 204, 205 (fig.)
Wheelwright, Mary Cabot, 36, 56, 58, 135, 171; Navajo Creation Myth, 134
White, Amelia Elizabeth, 36, 56
White, Clarence H., 5, 7, 69
White, Martha Root, 56
White Angel Bread Line (Lange), 78, 79 (fig.)
Whiteness, 21; in art history, 23–24; and lesbianism, 207–8; privilege of, 60
White people: on Navajo Land Claims Board, 142; queerness of, 20–21
White Sands (Gilpin), 105–6, 106 (fig.)
White Sands National Monument, New Mexico, 105–6, 106 (fig.), 127
White Shell Hermaphrodite/Girl, 210
White Shell Woman, 134
Whitman, Walt: “Song of the Open Road,” 55–56
Whittington, Karl, 51
“Why I Live in New Mexico” (Gilpin), 114
Wilbur, Marina, 11
Wilder, Mitch, 14, 44, 91
Willink, Roseann Sandoval, 194
Wilson, Will, 11; AIR Research Facility, 130–31; Auto Immune Response (AIR), 130–31
Window Rock, Arizona, 96, 223
Witherspoon, Gary, 215–16
Wittig, Monique, 16, 17, 192
Wolverton, Terry, 28, 207
Womack, Craig, 20
Woman Citizen (magazine), 7
women: gaze of, 16–17, 27, 31; in Navajo origin stories, 224–25; as photographers, 18; violence against, 83. See also lesbianism; matriliny
women, Anglo/White, anthropologists, 57–59, 76
women, Navajo (Diné), 64–67, 74–76, 80, 182; authority of, 102; economic power of, 174; and Indigenous queerness, 223–28; labor of, 74–80; in land claims process, 144; on Navajo (Diné) Tribal Council, 99–101; political agency of, 94–103; tradition, perpetuated by, 64–65, 72; voting rights, 186–87. See also Old Lady Long Salt
work. See labor
World War I, 124–27
World War II, 125–27, 179–80, 192–95
Wounded Knee occupation (1973), 189

Yazzi, Hasteen, 134
Yazzie, Ethelou, 155
Yazzie, Jolene Nenibah (“Bean”), 88, 210–11, 214–16, 226–33, 238; Bik’eh Hozho, 83–84, Plate 3; Dilbaa Project, 227–31, 232, 236; on Diné Pride, 223–24; Ko Asdzáá, 64–65, 226; Sisters of War, 64–65, 83–84, Plate 1; Untitled (Mayda and Gwenn), Plate 15; Untitled (Mayda Benally and Family), Plate 14
Yazzie, Steven J.: Drawing and Driving, 136, 137; Draw Me a Picture, 136–40, Plate 6, Plate 7, Plate 8; Monument Valley #3, 139–40, 140 (fig.)
Yeibichai, Sand Painting near Shiprock, New Mexico (Gilpin), 135 (fig.)
Yohe, Jill Ahlberg, 15
Young, Robert W., 131, 218
Young–Morgan dictionary of the Navajo language, 218–19, 225–26
youth organizations, 188–89

Zimmerman, Bonnie, 57, 59, 200–201
Zobrod, Paul G., 194

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