Index
AACF. See Arab American Cultural Foundation
AAUG. See Association of Arab American University Graduates
Abraham, Nabeel, 160
Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim, 169; on Arab American assimilation, 170–71; Arab Studies Quarterly editorship, 167, 175; work with Said, 148, 149
ADC. See Arab American Anti-Discrimination Committee
ADL. See Anti-Defamation League
Adnan, Etel, 218; Sitt-Marie Rose, 219
Adorno, Theodor, 32; Minima Moralia, 33; “Research Project on Anti-Semitism,” 33
affirmative action: effect on Jewish equality, 116–18; versus meritocracy, 117
Africa: imaginative geography of, 258n100
Africa, sub-Saharan: in U.S. geopolitics, 187
African Americans: alternative epistemology for, viii; in Armed Forces, 46; effect of laboring-class immigration on, 67; equality for, 48; family structure, 45–46; immigrant analogy for, 45; incorporability of, vii; national assimilation of, 27–30, 45–46; premature deaths of, 61, 251n4; relationship with Arabs, 86–88; reparations for, 105, 119, 256n73; role in foreign policy, 100, 101. See also Black liberation; feminists, Black
African liberation movements: Israel and, 77
Afro-Asian Women’s Conference (Cairo, 1961), 89–90
Afro-Zionism, 252n10; and Black radicalism, 63
Agamben, Giorgio, 14
AJC. See American Jewish Committee
Ali, Muhammad, 93–94; conviction for draft evasion, 79
aliyah (immigration to Palestine), 106; Jewish radicals on, 127
alterity: humanist ethic of, 149, 150
American Council for Judaism, 19, 39, 108
American Jewish Committee (AJC): alignment with U.S. imperialism, 129; Commentary Magazine, 47, 65; espousal of Jewish peoplehood, 263n22; on founding of Israel, 108–9; history of, 262n10; JDL and, 118; non-Zionism of, 106, 109; shift toward Zionism, 109; Studies in Prejudice, 32–34; support of racial liberalism, 129
American Jewish Congress, 73
American Studies Association (ASA), 228–29, 284nn24–25
Amin, Idi, 50; anti-Semitism of, 48–49
. . . And Bid Him Sing (Du Bois), 19, 61, 86–88, 101; Afro-Arab diaspora in, 86–88, 94; Afro-Arab solidarity in, 96, 97; American racism in, 96–97, 98; Black Americans in, 93–94; Cairene jazz in, 94–96; culture work of, 88; June war in, 97; Malcolm X and, 91; publication of, 93, 260n120; racial performance in, 94; translation in, 88, 93–98
And Not Surrender: American Poets on Lebanon, 212
anticolonialism: of Fatah, 86; international, 64; of Jewish secularism, 127, 129–30; of race radical movements, 187; Zionist framing of, 125–26, 225
anticolonialism, U.S., 60; of Black liberation, 18, 60, 86, 99, 248n51
Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 31; on Radical Left, 103–4; on SNCC, 73
antiracism, 36; feminist, 187, 196, 226; Palestinian, 21
anti-Semitism: American social science on, 32; versus anti-Zionism, 203; Arendt on, 15–16; “cultural” figures of, 181–82; delegitimized, 181; epidemiology model of, 30–31, 32, 33–34, 103, 110; eternal, 31, 32; European, 9; feminist, 197–200, 206, 278n32; intra-European, 43; “new,” 56, 250n88; organizational struggles against, 261n5; and orientalism, 182; permanent, 115; of postwar era, 30–35; race/religion relationship in, 34; racism and, 133, 206; of Radical Left, 103, 114; targeting of Arabs, 182; theories of, 30–31; of totalitarianism, 26, 53; as transhistorical disease, 198; United Nations framing of, 26, 34–35
antiwar movement: Black freedom movement and, 71; effect on Israel, 117
Anzaldúa, Gloria, 201
apartheid, South African, 7, 41, 54, 55, 74, 101, 171, 192, 193; United Nations on, 29, 35, 50, 197, 227
Arab American Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC), 207, 212
Arab American awakening, 148
Arab American Cultural Foundation (AACF), 212
Arab Americans: and African American rights, 21; ethnic relations paradigm of, 12; federal discrimination protections for, 161; heterogeneous lifeworlds of, 168; incorporability of, 159–60; intersubjectivity of, 179; and June war, 148, 165; knowledge production by, 20; media stereotyping of, 173; nonbelonging of, 173; prejudice against, 160, 174; probationary privileges of, 170, 178, 183; racial profiling of, 172; scholars, 158; surveillance of, 172–73; and U.S.–Israel relationship, 170–71. See also assimilation, Arab American
Arab American studies, 11–12; AAUG’s, 164–75; Black freedom movement’s influence on, 169; knowledge production in, 166. See also Association of Arab American University Graduates
Arab Information Center, 25, 41, 60
Arab–Israeli conflict: beginning of, 77; Black Panther newspaper coverage of, 93; effect on Arab Americans, 174; scholarship on, 7; state-sanctioned violence in, 144
Arab–Israeli relations: connecting links in, 158–62, 271n36; contrapuntal, 156–57; culture work of, 2; ethic of, 180; humanizing form of, 180; racism in, xi; relational approach to, 157, 178; shadow tropes for, 221–22; and U.S. race relations, xi, 2; U.S. representations of, 13
“Arab Portrayed, The” (Said), 20, 148–49, 153, 175–82; on anti-Arab racism, 183; Arab/Jewish suffering in, 175–77, 178; Arab resistance in, 183; coexistence in, 181; Cold War geopolitics in, 180; constructive interhuman violence in, 180; decolonization in, 180; empire in, 177; intersubjective dependency in, 179–80; Israeli “realism” in, 179–80; June war in, 178; October war in, 180; race in, 159, 177, 184; relationality of, 184; relationship to Orientalism, 175; settler colonialism in, 180, 181; theory of Arab reality, 183–84; use of Sartre, 176
Arabs: as abstract antagonism, 181; African Americans’ relationship with, 86–88; anti-Semitism against, 182; bourgeois leadership of, 135; as constitutive absence, 176–77; migration to United States, 161, 183; misrepresentation in state discourse, 183; positivist knowledge concerning, 181, 184; racialized fears of, 125, 182, 187; as shadow of Jews, 176, 177, 182; stereotyping of, 160, 178; terrorist figuration of, 173; Zionist portrayal of, 176–77, 179
Arabs, Israeli: civil rights of, 92–93; discrimination against, x–xi, 39, 40; following June war, 147–48; living conditions of, 24, 40, 77; racialization of, 11; status of, 6
“Arabs Today: Alternatives for Tomorrow, The” (AAUG proceedings), 175
Arab Studies Quarterly: Said’s editorship of, 167, 175
Arab World (monthly magazine), 148; issue on the June war, 175; popular audience of, 178; Said’s contribution to, 184
Arafat, Yasser, 86; and Cleaver, 85; and Jesse Jackson, 258n95; meeting with Newton, 93
area studies, U.S., 162–64; and Arab American studies, 166; effect of Cold War on, 163–64; genealogical critiques of, 273n54; language studies in, 164; political development of, 164
Arendt, Hannah: on anti-Semitism, 15–16, 31; Eichmann in Jerusalem, 16; Origins of Totalitarianism, 16
ASA. See American Studies Association
Asian-African Conference (Bandung, 1955), 64
assimilation: African American, 27–30, 45–46; as alternative to Zionism, 107; Jewish American, 11, 28, 57, 104
assimilation, Arab American, 168; anti-Arab racism and, 173; fractured, 175; liberal process of, 170; transnational dimension of, 170
Association of Arab American University Graduates (AAUG), 20, 90; and African American rights, 166–67; analysis of race, 149; anti-Arab racism studies, 166, 167; on Arab American living conditions, 173; Arab American studies of, 164–75; Berrigan’s address to, 144, 145, 157; Black America Project of, 174; charter of, 165; collaboration with Freedomways, 253n27; commitment to political activity, 158, 171; conferences of, 144, 169–71; countering of stereotypes, 166; critique of Zionism, 35; documentary films of, 167; David Graham Du Bois and, 98; founding of, 163, 165; internationalism of, 171–72; intra-organizational differences in, 167; knowledge production by, 162–63, 174, 184, 269n10; liberal inclusion of, 160; portrayals of Palestinian life, 174–75; print advertisements of, 173; publications of, 165–66, 167–68, 169, 170; research on Arabic-speaking communities, 168; scholarship on, 269n10; state surveillance of, 172–73; support for Palestinian Revolutionary Movement, 171, 229
Aswad, Barbara, 168–69
Atlanta child murders, 209
atrocity: forensic documentation of, 208
Axelrad, Albert, 131
Azoulay, Ariella, 276n9
Bailey, Kofi: SNCC art of, 79
Baldwin, Davarian L., 84
Baldwin, James, 64, 209, 230; Another Country, vii–viii; on anti-Arab racism, 2; on Black Muslims, 111; controversy with Podhoretz, 111–12; “Down at the Cross,” viii, ix, 16; The Fire Next Time, viii; “Harlem Ghetto,” 65; “Letter from a Region in My Mind,” 111; and Nation of Islam, viii; “Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They’re Anti-White,” 66–67, 71; on racial genocide, 100; relationality of, ix; sense of homelessness, ix, x, 230; on U.S. racial formation, vii–viii; visit to Africa, 237n5; visit to Israel, vii–xi; on Young resignation, 100
Balfour Declaration (1917), 28, 77, 245n13; exclusionary logic of, 106
Balibar, Étienne, 243n47, 272n47
Barkey, Jeanne, 204
Basle Conference (1897), 38, 42
Bassiouni, M. Cherif, 173
Beck, Evelyn Torton, 280n44; “No More Masks,” 205–6
Begin, Menachim, 74, 188–91, 208, 211–12, 248n55
Begin administration: justification of Lebanon massacre, 189; and PLO, 188
Bellow, Saul: during June war, 123; Newsday journalism, 123, 124; political views of, 124, 265n45; To Jerusalem and Back, 124–25. See also Mr. Sammler’s Planet
Ben-Gurion, David, 51, 74; on immigration, 109; support for American imperialism, 129
Berger, Elmer, 25, 54; anti-Zionism of, 143–44; Jewish Dilemma, 41
Bernadotte, Count Folke: assassination of, 64
Berrigan, Daniel, 139–40; address to AAUG, 144, 145, 157; articulation of Jewish morality, 144–45
Berrigan, Philip, 139
Bisk, Tsvi, 134
Black Arts movement, 83, 257n80
Black freedom movement: and African continent, 88–89; alliances of, 78; anticommunist domestication of, 64, 252n15; and antiwar movement, 71; engagement with human rights paradigm, 246n28; engagement with Palestine, 60–65, 68, 71–80, 98–101, 111, 130–38; global, 251n8; influence on Arab American studies, 169; internationalism of, 60, 73, 89, 225, 251n9; and Palestinian decolonization, 61, 71, 76; Radical Left’s solidarity with, 103; secular Jewish support for, 131; transnational culture of, 83. See also Black Panther Party; Black Power movement; Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Black–Jewish relations, U.S., 6, 73–74, 130; during civil rights movement, 263n27; division in, 60; in Harlem, 65–66; narrative of decline, 11. See also Black freedom movement: engagement with Palestine
Black liberation: anticolonial dimensions of, 18, 60, 86, 99, 248n51; and Palestinian liberation, xi
Black Muslims, 46; Baldwin on, 111; effect on integration, 112; inassimilability of, 47
Black National Economic Conference (BNEC), 119, 265n39
Blackness: pathologization of, 44; racialization of, 10
Black Panther Intercommunal News Service, 61, 83, 84, 131; David Graham Du Bois’s editorship of, 92–93; “Fat’h Speaks to Africa,” 85–86; Newton’s writings in, 260n120; Palestinian liberation in, 258n98; PLO fact sheet in, 75
Black Panther Party: Algeria offices of, 82, 84; bond with Fatah, 85–86; call for reparations, 256n73; civil rights leaders’ criticism of, 100; contribution to American political culture, 82; domestic struggle of, 132; iconography of, 84–85, 258n86; International Section of, 257n82; on June 1967 war, 81–82; at Pan-African Cultural Festival, 83–86, 257n82; politics of permanent war, 82, 84, 101; progressive Jewish support for, 131; on Resolution 3379, 24; Sacramento protest (1967), 71, 84; spatial politics of, 82; support for Palestinian liberation, 18–19, 61, 131–32, 133–34; survival strategies of, 131; ties to University of California, Berkeley, School of Criminology, 259n114
Black Power movement: cultural formations of, 253n29; cultural politics of, 71; FBI targeting of, 71–72, 172; internationalism of, 73; politics of relation, 99; translational practices of, 101
Black radicalism: and Afro-Zionism, 63; in Cairo, 87; critique of Jewish survival, 122; cultural production of, 88; Shirley Graham Du Bois’s work with, 89
Black Scholar (journal), 82, 83, 256n77
Blauner, Robert: Racial Oppression in America, 68
Blaustein, Jacob, 108–9
BNEC. See Black National Economic Conference
Boumediene, Houari, 83
Breira (Israeli organization), 144
Brickner, Balfour, 139
Brown, H. Rap, 74
Brown, W. Norman, 163–64
Bulkin, Elly, 278n32
Buruma, Ian, 283n10
Byrd, Jodi A., 70
Cacho, Lisa, 10
Cairo: Afro-Arab diaspora in, 86, 89–91; Black liberation in, 86–90; internationalism of, 89; jazz music of, 94–96, 260n124
Camp, Allen and Jeanne, 167
Camp David Accords (1978), 188
Camus, Albert, 155
capitalism: gendered, 195; global, 70; imperialist oppression in, 134–35; Israeli, 135; and U.S. race making, 70
capitalism, racial, 4–5, 47, 63, 90; exploitation in, 12; liberal inclusion and, 187; of Reagan administration, 208; violence of, 118; women of color feminism on, 193
Carmichael, Stokely, 62, 89; Black Power, 69–70; on “Third World Round-up,” 74–75; world tour of, 253n30
Carter, Jimmy, 100; on civil rights–Palestine link, 99
Chamberlin, Paul Thomas, 36
Charting the Journey (Black British anthology, 1988), 186
Chase, Chevy, 24
children: rights to sanctuary, 186; violence against, 209
children, Lebanese: UNICEF fund-raiser for, 212–16
civil rights: and Black power internationalism, 73; ethnic relations paradigm of, 11; long/short eras of, 251n8; radicalization narrative of, 253n29; U.S. legislation for, 161
Civil Rights Act (1964), 56
Civil Rights Congress: on anti-Black violence, 29
Clark, Kenneth, 69
Cleaver, Eldridge, 140, 256n77; and Arafat, 85; on land question, 68–69; at Pan-African Cultural Festival, 83; Soul on Ice, 83
Cleaver, Kathleen, 84, 85, 257n82
Clinton, Bill, 160
Cockburn, Alexander: “Annals of the Age of Reason,” 211
Cohen, Morris, 39; on secular incorporation, 108; “Zionism: Tribalism or Liberalism,” 106–8
COINTELPRO. See FBI Counter Intelligence Program
Cold War: American imaginary of, 125; anticommunist containment strategies of, 224; articulation of antitotalitarianism in, 282n5; cartographies of, 8; continuous present of, x, 225; diplomacy in, 1; effect on U.S. area studies, 163–64, 269n12; geopolitics of, 180; influence on racialized warfare, 283n11; liberal citizen subject in, 44; racialized aspects of, ix, 187, 221; U.S.–Israeli relations in, 54, 187
colonialism: agency of colonized in, 151; Black theorizations of, 69–70; oil, 129; conceptual apparatus of, 17; relationship to racism, 50, 69. See also settler colonialism
colonialism, internal, 67–70; BNEC on, 119; history of, 252n24; and Israeli occupation of Palestine, 81; sociospatial control through, 68; of U.S., 81, 100
Committee for a Progressive Middle East (CPME), 134–36; anticapitalist politics of, 136; socialism of, 135
Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA): cultural wing of, 127
comparativity, 12–14; and comparative frames, 15, 45, 70, 99, 143, 157, 199, 216, 243n50
Conference of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Non-Aligned Countries (1975), 23
Congressional Black Caucus: on U.S. and Israeli links to South Africa, 101
Congress on Racial Equality, 60
conjunctural analysis, 22, 238n2, 243n64
Conrad, Joseph, 178
constructivism in race theory, 154
Conyers, John, 213
counterpoint: in Arab–Israeli relations, 156–57; in music, 155–56
CPME. See Committee for a Progressive Middle East
CPUSA. See Communist Party of the United States of America
Creighton, Jane, 204
criminality, racialized, 10, 66, 67, 92, 190
Critical Inquiry (journal), 154
Cruse, Harold: Crisis of the Negro Intellectual, 68, 71; “My Jewish Problem—and Theirs,” 263n27
Cullen, Countee: “Yet Do I Marvel,” 87
cultural production, 1–3; American Jewish, 110; Black radical, 60, 83, 88; decolonization and, 83; geopolitical importance of, 213; Palestinian, 212; post–civil rights, 60
Dachau: as metonym, 78–79
Davidson, Lawrence, 272n42
Davis, Sammy, Jr., 24
décalage: in Black internationalism, 254n37
decolonization, 143–45; and cultural production, 83; exilic practice of, 145; noncoercive, 149; ruptures following, 10; unfinished work of, 194; and U.S. racial justice, 3; U.S. role in, 47–48
decolonization, Palestinian, 61, 71, 76; ethical obligation of, 180
Deir Yassin massacre (1948), 24
democracy, American: multiracial, 239n19; post–civil rights failures of, 6; race consciousness of, 3; white rhetoric of, 218; Zionism and, 107, 108
democracy, Jewish: indigenization of, 143
democracy, liberal: conception of national identity, 169; inassimilable other of, 44; suffering produced by, 216; Zionism as expression of, 110–11
Derrida, Jacques, 14
desegregation, 2, 8, 27, 28, 61
diaspora, Afro-Arab, 86–89; in Cairo, 86, 89–91
diaspora, Black: Zionist analogy for, 62
diaspora, Jewish: African American identification with, 67; Egypt in, 142; future in United States, 142; multiparticularism of, 229; revolutionary, 136–43; scholarship on, 262n7; state formation and, 142; territorial solution for, 133
difference: colonial, 15; minority, 261n4; relationality of, 15, 155, 262n7; Said on, 154–55, 156
dispossession, Palestinian, 2, 6, 26, 37–38, 42; becoming in the face of, 186; and figure of Native Americans, 198; Holocaust memory and, 211; as last taboo, 229; state-sanctioned, 41
Douglas, Emory, 83; Black Panther artwork of, 84, 257n85
Dreirer, Peter, 132
Du Bois, David Graham, 19, 61, 69; on Afro-Arab solidarity, 98; and Association of Arab American University Graduates, 98; at UC Berkeley School of Criminology, 91–92; Black freedom essays of, 92; Cairo residence of, 87, 90–91; career of, 90–92, 98; collaboration with Malcolm X, 91; editorship of Black Panther Intercommunal News Service, 75, 92–93; Ghanaian citizenship of, 260n125; during June war, 97; Oakland residence of, 91–92; on Palestine question, 90. See also . . . And Bid Him Sing
Du Bois, Shirley Graham: on Afro-Arab solidarity, 98; and Association of Arab American University Graduates, 171; Cairo residence of, 87, 89–90; Ghanaian citizenship of, 260n125; Ghana residence of, 89, 91; and Malcolm X, 91; on racial capitalism, 90
Du Bois, W. E. B., 62, 89, 90; Afro-Zionism of, 64; Pan-Africanism of, 87; The Souls of Black Folk, 61
economy, U.S.: flexible accumulation in, 4. See also political economy
Edwards, Brent Hayes, 88; on décalage, 254n37
Egypt: war with Israel (1973), 92, 97, 157, 180
Egyptian Gazette, 86, 97; David Graham Du Bois’s work with, 90–91, 94
Eichmann, Adolf: trial of, 2, 16
Einstein, Albert: critiques of Zionism, 39, 248n55
Eisenhower, Dwight, 268n5
Elkholy, Abdo, 170
Elkins, Stanley, 46
Ellington, Duke: “Things Ain’t What They Used to Be,” 95
Ellison, Ralph, 113
Elmessiri, Abdelwahab, 24, 245n13; “Distinctive Traits of Zionist Settler Colonialism,” 55
emancipation, political and human, 12, 25, 46, 57, 105, 140, 261n4
empire: AAUG analysis of, 166; cultural hegemony of, 149; racial otherness in, 150; transnational analysis of, 149, 161, 174, 184, 269n10. See also imperial culture
Entebbe: Israeli raid on, 53, 162
Epstein, Benjamin, 103–4; The New Anti-Semitism, 104
Epstein, Itzhak, 133–34
ethnicity, 7, 27, 49, 107; conflation with race, 45; liberal nationalist ideas of, 11
ethnic studies, U.S., 7, 149–50; influence of Orientalism on, 149–51
ethno-nationalism, Jewish, 143
Eurocentrism: academic interventions into, 150; Arab critique of, 184; knowledge regimes of, 151; third world colleges and, 151
exceptionalism: Israeli, 14, 154, 188; U.S.–Israeli, 26
exceptionalism, American, 14; cultural pluralism and, 108; dissents from, 104; Israel in, 118; Jewish security and, 19, 105; Jews in, 105; liberal inclusion in, 106; melting pot of, 107; Zionist narrative of, 126
exceptional relations, 14–16
exclusion, racial, 65–70; American Jews’ role in, 66; in Zionism, 38
exile: James Baldwin and, x; Jewish, 109, 127, 143–45; Palestinian, 85, 188, 204; in Said’s works, 157–58; in Zionist foundational myth, 132–33; Zionist negation of, 143. See also dispossession, Palestinian
Falashas, 42
Fanon, Frantz, 73, 155; on Négritude movement, 83; Wretched of the Earth, 69
Farsoun, Samih, 174
Fatah: Algiers office of, 84–85; anticolonialism of, 86; bond with Black Panther Party, 85–86; feda’i of, 85
FBI Counter Intelligence Program (COINTELPRO), 71–72, 92, 172
Featherstone, Ralph, 72
feminism: antiracist, 187, 196, 226; Arab Canadian, 196; second-wave, 187; third world, 21
Feminist Arab-American Network: Preliminary Statement of Purpose, 205
feminists, Arab American, 196; as forgotten minority, 202–5; on Holocaust memory, 204
feminists, Black: discord with Jewish feminists, 197–98; internationalism of, 186–87, 276n6; spatial imaginary of, 214
feminists, Jewish, 195; Ashkenazi, 199; discord with Black feminists, 197–98; lesbian, 195, 196, 199, 200; NWSA conference on, 197; on racial privilege, 196; Spanish, 200–201; Zionism and, 197. See also Vilde Chayes, Di
feminists, U.S.: and anti-Arab racism, 203–5, 210, 278n32; on racism, 21; split among, 218; and Zionism, 197
feminists, women of color: Palestine question and, 195–96, 207; on racial capitalism, 193; racial meanings of, 194; situated identity of, 191–92
Ferguson, Roderick, 191, 193, 196
Flowerman, Samuel, 33–34
Food for Our Grandmothers (1994), 196
foreign policy, U.S.: Arab racialization and, 174; Black American role in, 100, 101. See also imperial culture, U.S.
Forster, Arnold, 73, 103–4; The New Anti-Semitism, 104
Foucault, Michel: on adjacency, 153; on power relations, 5; Said on, 152, 153; on subjugated knowledge, 222
Freedom Seder, 139–43; logic of relationality, 140–41; multiparticularist diaspora of, 140; presentism of, 141
Freedomways (periodical), 62; Palestine question in, 253n27
Friedman, Thomas, 247n48
Furman, Andrew, 124
Garment, Leonard, 50
Gemayel, Bashir: assassination of, 189
gender: in Black poverty, 47–48; in capitalism, 195; “New Manliness” tropes of, 217; racialization of, 112–13, 124, 125, 192, 216, 219, 282n8. See also masculinity
genocide: anti-Black violence and, 29; discrepant sites of, 141; Euro-American, 10; normative rubrics of, 13; social-psychological heuristic of, 32
genocide, Nazi, 12; conceptual categories of, 13; humanitarian response to, 63; and imperial culture, 16; Israel as response to, 6, 26, 40, 218
Gerson, Michael, 112
ghettos: as economic colonies, 69; relationship to prisons, 67, 70
Gilmore, Ruth Wilson, 190, 251n4
Glazer, Nathan: Affirmative Discrimination, 116–17; Beyond the Melting Pot, 44–45, 115; deradicalization of, 115–16; “The Exposed American Jew,” 116–17; on meritocracy, 118; “Negroes and Jews,” 46
Goldberg, David Theo, 10
Goldburg, Robert E., 131–32
Gould, Glenn, 156
Gowan, Peter, 4
Graham, Stephen, 226
Grandin, Greg, 217
Gromyko, Andrei, 128
Grossberg, Lawrence, 243n64
Grossman, Lawrence, 263n22
Group of 77, 47
Gulf War, first: anti-Arab racism following, 160
Guttman, Allen, 121
Haddad, Carol, 204, 210; “Arab-Americans: The Forgotten Minority,” 202–3, 205
Haganah (Jewish parliamentary organization), 128–29
halutziut (pioneering), 109
Hamilton, Charles: Black Power, 69–70
Hammad, Suheir: Born Palestinian, Born Black, 186
hamzat al-wasl (grammatical concept), 159
Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 159
Hare, Nathan, 82
Harlem: Black/Jewish antagonism in, 65–66
Hart-Cellar immigration reform act (1965), 161
Hassidism: ecstatic tradition of, 142
Hentoff, Nat, 211
Hervé, Julia Wright, 83
Herzl, Theodor, 38, 39, 42, 51, 68–69, 74; Der Judenstaat, 42
heteropatriarchy, racialized, vii
Hezbollah: conflict with Israel, 222–23, 282n3
Hicks, James, 64
Higashida, Cheryl, 186
Himmelfarb, Milton, 118
historiography: culture work in, 5
history: conjunctures in, 238n2
Hochberg, Gil Z., 271n36
Holocaust: effect on racial liberalism, 30; and founding of Israel, 78; incommensurable relationships of, 14; liberal norms following, 10; in PRC publications, 40; relational engagement with, 157; as sacralized paradigm, 141
Holocaust memory: American Jewish engagements with, 2, 110, 238n5; Arab abjection and, 125; Arab American feminists on, 204; Israeli security and, 210–11; Moynihan’s use of, 49; Palestinian dispossession and, 211; in United States, 7, 21, 240n24; Di Vilde Chayes on, 204
homeland security, U.S.: Israeli security corporations’ work with, 226
homo sacer, 14–15
Hong, Grace Kyungwon, 193, 277n25
Hoover, J. Edgar, 71–72
Horkheimer, Max, 32; Dialectic of Enlightenment, 33; theory of anti-Semitism, 33–34
Hoyt, Edwin, 64
humanism, 92, 121, 149–50; relational, 21
humanity, 29, 73, 91, 116, 121, 186; gendered categories of, 218; Palestinian, 187, 227, 229; racial relationality of, 222
ICO. See International Congress of Orientalists
identity, 55, 157–58, 161, 217; Arab American, 161, 169, 179; comparison and, 13–14, 70, 216; ethnic, 133; Israeli nationalist, x; Jewish feminist, 195; in liberal democracy, 169; politics of, 80; religious, 39; of women of color feminists, 191–92
IDF. See Israeli Defense Forces
immigration policy, U.S., 161; Ideological Exclusion Clause of, 213–14
imperial culture, U.S., 7–9, 16; anti-Arab racism in, 202–3; cartography of, 8; forms of knowledge in, 8; frontier violence in, 177–78, 179; gendered oppression in, 193; global, 2; Holocaust and, 25; Israel in, 149; Jewish Left on, 125; of late twentieth century, 193–94; manifest destiny in, 181; narrative of Jewish security, 125; neoconservatism of, 125; and Palestinian liberation, 18; Podhoretz’s contribution to, 112; of post–civil rights era, 104, 184; race in, 25, 158–59, 160, 221–22; relational analysis of, 229; Said’s critique of, 269n10; state violence in, 19, 62, 177–78; Zionism and, 25
imperialism: liberal feminist justifications of, 193; orientalist logic of, 224; in Western culture, 155
imperialism, U.S.: apologias for, 126; Vietnamese struggle against, 136; “workshops” of, 217
INCITE! Women of Color against Violence, 196, 279n35
inclusion, viii, 17, 45, 99, 101, 142, 161, 169; AAUG and, 160; in American exceptionalism, 106, 116; civic, 27, 104, 118, 125; Israeli, 6, 9; liberal, 28, 80, 142, 187, 222; racial capitalism and, 2, 187. See also racial liberalism
incorporability: Arab American, 159–62, 173; Black, vii, 101; indigenous Arab, 17, 128; Jewish, 11, 105–9, 113–14, 142, 190–91; multiculturalism as, 193; racial liberalism’s investment in, 12, 18, 194; settler national, 279n34
individualism, American, 49, 121
Institute for Palestine Studies, 35
Institute for Social Research, 32
integration, racial: Black Muslims’ effect on, 112; failures of, 137; role in Cold War, 27
intellectuals, Arab: on ethnic relations paradigm, 12
intellectuals, Black: on Zionism, 62–63
International Congress of Orientalists (ICO): Ann Arbor Conference (1967), 163–64, 165; name changes of, 273n53
International Convention on Human Rights (April 1968), 51
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 34–35, 37, 171
International Humanitarian Law: U.S. circumvention of, 226
internationalism: anticolonial, 64; of Cairo, 89; “imperial,” 29; Israeli racialization and, 44
internationalism, Black, 60, 89, 251n9; and civil rights, 73; décalage in, 254n37
International League for the Rights of Man, 32
International Organization for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (EAFORD): “Zionism and racism” symposium, 54–57
Iraq: U.S. sanctions against, 160
Irgun movement, 120
Islam: debasing portrayals of, 161, 179, 182; expert knowledge about, 162; Nation of, viii, 46, 74, 79, 84, 93, 94; as pathology, 223; as totalitarianism, 282n7
Islamo-Fascism, 222–26; George H. W. Bush on, 223; origin of term, 224; as race war, 223, 225; and Russian–American relations, 224–25
Israel: accountability to international law, 227; and African liberation movements, 77; Agricultural Settlement Law, 43; in American imagination, 6; in American imperial culture, 149; American Left and, 6; American public opinion on, 117; Anglo-American sovereignty and, x; boycott, divestment, and sanctions (BDS) against, 227–28; carceral regime of, 188; conflict with Hezbollah, 222–23, 282n3; construction of peoplehood, 12; Covenant of 1961, 42; as defense against Arab violence, 125; discourse of Palestinian terrorism, 190; discrimination in, x–xi, 24, 38, 39–40, 77; exclusions in, 6, 9, 143; existential threat to, 104, 130, 156, 188, 195; foundational narratives of, 118, 126; and global liberation movements, 3; global perceptions of, 105; “Greater Israel” project, 190, 191; identification with third world, 133, 135, 141; immigration to, 106, 109; infrastructure of control, 276n9; intra-Jewish racism in, 24, 190; invasion of West Beirut (1982), 37; Keren Kayemeth Law, 42; Labor Party, 144, 190–91, 277n22; Law of Return, 42; Likud government of, 3; at Madrid Peace Conference, 56; meaning making in, 9; as metaphor for democracy, 53–56; military strength of, 9, 104, 148; as multiracial society, 52; national geographies of, 9; Nationality Law, 42; negotiations with PLO, 144; October war with Egypt (1973), 92, 97, 157, 180; political cynicism concerning, x; racial distinctions in, 24, 35, 42, 190; sacralization by genocide, 6, 26, 218; scholarly boycotts of, 228–29; shadow tropes for, 221–22; Soviet denunciation of, 129; survival of, 104, 130; symbolism for United States, 9; ties to South Africa, 7, 23, 25, 40, 41, 55–56, 101; U.S. journalists’ coverage of, 168; U.S. military aid to, 190; vulnerability of, 104, 130, 143; Western alliances of, 129–30, 135, 137; as white imperialist state, 206; withdrawal from Sinai, 188. See also Arab–Israeli relations; Lebanon invasion; settler colonialism, Israeli; state violence, Israeli; Zionism
Israeli Black Panther Party, 42
Israeli Defense Forces (IDF): bombing of Beirut, 188; U.S. police consultation with, 226
Israeli Peace Now movement, 209
Jabara, Abdeen: FBI surveillance of, 172–73
Jabotinsky, Vladimir Ze’ev: “Iron Wall” ideology of, 120
Jackson, Jacqueline, 174
Jackson, Jesse: and Arafat, 258n95; PUSH coalition of, 174
Jacobson, Matthew Frye, 80
Jahin, Salah, 95–96
Jameson, Fredric, 5
Japanese Americans: internment during World War II, 172
JDL. See Jewish Defense League
Jerusalem Conference on International Terrorism, 53–54, 162
Jewish American Reform movement, 39
Jewish Cultural Club: anti-imperialism of, 129
Jewish Currents (magazine), 127–32; anti-imperialist narrative of, 128–29; “The Black Panthers, Jews, and Israel,” 130–31; Communist sponsorship of, 127; non-Zionism of, 128, 129, 132
Jewish Defense League (JDL), 118–19, 122
Jewish establishment: anticommunism of, 136; critique of JLP, 133; response to Ocean Hill strike, 119; role in U.S. imperialism, 136
Jewish Liberation Journal, 134
Jewish Liberation Project (JLP), 132–34
Jewish Life (magazine), 127, 128
Jewishness: Cold War, 195; definitions of, 52; and political Zionism, 28, 104; as whole life process, 136
Jewish question: and conceptions of minority difference, 261n4
Jewish Radicalism (anthology, 1973), 132
Jewish radicals: anti-imperialism of, 127; militant, 118–20; on racial liberalism, 127; on settler colonialism, 125–27; on U.S. state violence, 126
Jewish Social Studies (journal), 130
Jewish Voice for Peace (organization): support for Palestine, 229
Jews: as adventurer-pioneers, 177, 179, 182; comparativity of, 13; deterritorialized world community of, 141; intergenerational fears of, 205; Oriental, 39, 40, 42, 182; racial definition of, 51; racialization during Reconquista, 151; as religious community, 108
Jews, American: in American exceptionalism, 105; Ashkenazi-descended, 112; assimilation into American life, 11, 28, 57, 104, 137; and Black freedom, 60, 73–74; conversions to Zionism, 109–11; culture work and, 19; defense organizations of, 31, 73, 106, 261n5; engagement with Holocaust, 2, 110; in ethnonational resurgence, 262n9; incorporability of, 105–9, 113–14, 279n34; in neoconservative imaginary, 113; non-Blackness of, 28; in post–civil rights period, 113; relationship to liberal ideologies, 261n3; role in racial exclusion, 66; threats to, 19, 104, 105, 110, 122, 125, 134, 139, 198; vulnerability feelings of, 115
Jews, Ashkenazi: feminist, 199–200; racism of, 190
Jews, Black: deportation of, 42
Jews, Mizrahi: marginalization of, 190
Jews, non-European, 182–83; Israeli recognition of, 191
Jews, Sephardic: Israeli racism against, 24
Jews for Urban Justice (JUJ), 229; anti-imperialism of, 136–37; Freedom Seder of, 139–43; internationalism of, 140; “Jewish Campaign for the People’s Peace Treaty,” 136; politics of adjacency, 140
JLP. See Jewish Liberation Project
Jordan, June, 230; “Apologies to All the People of Lebanon,” 205, 210–12; “Life after Lebanon,” 217–19; Living Room, 209, 216, 218; “Moving towards Home,” 21, 185–86, 209, 211, 215–16; at “Moving towards Home” fund-raiser, 214; on “New Woman,” 217–18, 219; “Poetry for the People” project, 186; “Problems of Language in a Democratic State,” 207–8; “The Test of Atlanta 1979,” 209; “To Sing a Song of Palestine,” 209, 214–15; use of Holocaust memory, 210; writings on Lebanon, 208–9, 218; writings on Palestine, 276n8. See also “Moving towards Home”
Joseph, Peniel, 74
Judaism: as liberation theology, 139; prophetic, 142
Judaism, Reform: opposition to Zionism, 108
JUJ. See Jews for Urban Justice
June war (1967), 61; aftermath for Palestinians, 147–48; Arab Americans following, 165; Arab victims of, 123–24; Black Panther Party on, 81–82; colonialist description of, 254n32; David Graham Du Bois during, 97; media portrayals of, 178; in Mr. Sammler’s Planet, 122; rhetoric preceding, 114
justice: racial, 3, 21; spatial imaginary for, 208. See also social justice, U.S.
Kach movement: on Jewish “purity,” 120
Kahane, Meir: on Jewish establishment, 119; Kach movement of, 120; Never Again!, 118
Kallen, Horace, 39; cultural pluralism of, 107, 108, 262n15
Kaplan, Amy, 126
Katz, Emily Alice, 108
Kazarian, Richard, 73
Kennan, George: “Sources of Soviet Conduct,” 224, 282n8
Kennedy, John F., 1, 2, 13, 238n1
Kerim, Osman (Mac X Spears), 94–95, 260n125; “Yayeesh Nasser,” 95
Kerner Commission: on white racism, 51
Khalidi, Rashid, 85
kibbutzim, Israeli, vii, 6, 127, 135, 136
King, Martin Luther, Jr.: “Beyond Vietnam,” 71; comparison to Yasir Arafat, 99; Freedom Seder and, 139, 140; “Martin Luther King Defines ‘Black Power,’” 72, 255n46; at National Conference for New Politics, 80; and nonviolence, 145; on racial liberalism, 72; on “Third World Round-up,” 73
Kissinger, Henry, 48
knowledge: conceptual apparatus of, 17; contested, 5; relationship to power, 149; subjugated, 222; symbolic architecture of, 153
knowledge production: by AAUG, 162–63, 174, 184, 269n10; Arab American, 20, 166; concerning BDS movement, 228; in ethnic studies, 150; exceptional relations of, 14; heterogeneous forms of, 222; “objective,” 164; concerning Palestine, 37, 75, 76, 121; Said’s challenge to, 154; by women of color, 194
Kristol, Irving, 121
Labor Bund: socialism of, 142
“Lament of the Children of Israel in Rome” (poem), 65
Latin America: liberation movements in, 5, 36; solidarity with, 60, 74, 85, 127, 171, 186; structural adjustment programs in, 4; U.S. military intervention in, 8, 193, 194, 207
League of Nations, 29; paternalism of, 28
Lebanon: civil war in, 124; gendered violence in, 219
Lebanon invasion (1982), 3, 7, 154, 187–91; Arab American protests against, 207; Arab poetry on, 213; Israeli protests against, 208, 211; mobilization of Americans against, 217–18; NWSA response to, 203–5; Palestinian question and, 188; Di Vilde Chayes on, 203–4
Left, American: coalitions of, 80; Israel and, 6; split in, 218
Left, Jewish, 19–20, 141–42; anti-imperialism of, 143; at Berkeley, 126; Black Power and, 130; conversion narratives of, 136–39; critiques of U.S. imperial culture, 125; government concessions to, 116; Zionist support in, 132–36
Left, Radical: ADL on, 103–4; anti-Semitism of, 103, 114; JDL on, 119
Lerner, Michael, 126; CPME leadership of, 134, 135
Lester, Julius, 129
Lewin, Yitzhak, 34–35
Lewis, Bernard, 49, 224, 282n7; “The Anti-Zionist Resolution,” 51–52; historical approach of, 249n69; “Palestinians and the PLO,” 50
liberalism, American: African American assimilation in, 27; complicity with racism, 49; dilemma of, 105; incorporative impetus of, 107; Jewish outlooks toward, 104; minority rights and, 19; structural violence in, 105
liberalism, Cold War: exclusions of, ix; race question in, 18, 26–27; state violence and, 19
liberalism, racial, 26–30; AJC support of, 129; Black radical critiques of, 225; civic inclusion in, 27, 57; defense of liberal democracy, 35; domesticating narrative of, 60; effect of Holocaust on, 30; exceptionalist discourse of, 70; global, 47–53; and international governance, 28–29; Jewish radicals on, 127; in Moynihan’s works, 44; nation of immigrants in, 45; neoconservative tenor of, 65; philosophical lineaments of, 245n16; post–World War II, 194; and spatial transformations, 67, 252n23; support of Zionism, 52–53, 63
liberation, geographies of, 3. See also Black liberation; Palestinian liberation
liberty as civic religion, 26
Liebman, Charles, 109
Likud government (Israel), 3; populism of, 190
literary culture: circulation of, 88, 258n101
literary theory, U.S.: modes of address, 153–54
literature, Arab American, 212; American audience for, 213
literature, U.S.: post-Holocaust, 121
Lorde, Audre: response to racism, 201–2
Lover from Palestine, A (anthology, 1970), 212
Lowen, Marilyn, 141
Lowery, Joseph, 174
Lubin, Alex, 3
Malcolm X, 64, 73, 133; assassination of, 74, 97; collaboration with David Graham Du Bois, 91; debate with Baldwin, viii; at OAU conference, 90, 91; visit to Cairo, 87, 91; “Zionist Logic,” 91
manifest destiny, American, 126, 181; globalized, 225
Marcus, Kenneth, 250n88
Markaz al-Abhath al-Filastini. See Palestine Research Center
Mart, Michelle, 6
Marx, Karl: “On the Jewish Question,” 261n4
masculinity: nationalist, 276n6; in U.S. settler colonialism, 217
masculinity, black, 46–47, 124; fetishization of, 112; hypersexualized, 121–22
masculinity, Jewish, 111–13, 118–20, 122–23, 195
Maslow, Will, 73
Mazower, Mark, 29
Mbembe, Achille: “Necropolitics,” 14
McAlister, Melani, 74, 79, 126
McCone Commission, 68
McGranahan, Carole, 12
Mead, Margaret, xi
meaning making: beginnings in, 153; in Israel, 9; in Orientalism, 152; post-structuralism and, 153
memory: multidirectional, 199; regenerative power of, 201. See also Holocaust memory
meritocracy, American: versus affirmative action, 117; color-blind, 143; denaturalizing of, 115; immigrant success in, 114; and race neutrality, 118; redressing of anti-Semitism, 116
Middle East Coordinating Committee: cycle-of-violence narrative of, 125; “Did You Know?,” 75
Middle East Studies Association of North America (MESA), 165
milchemet chova (defensive war), 131
Miles, Sara, 212
Minor, Ethel, 74, 75, 78, 256n60
miscegenation, 113; racial politics of, 264n30
Mitchell, Timothy, 4–5
modernity: colonial, 15; discursive productivity of, 152, 153; liberal, 126
modernity, Euro-American: Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen in, 16; Israel and, 6; Nazi genocide in, 12–13; oppression of other, ix–x; Palestine and, 17; race in, 9–10, 14, 17; sociality in, 17
Moraga, Cherríe, 196, 201; “Refugees of a World on Fire,” 192–94
Morales, Rosario, 200–201
“Moving towards Home” (UNICEF fund-raiser), 21, 212–16; June Jordan’s poetry at, 185, 214–16; participants in, 212
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 18; Beyond the Melting Pot, 44–45, 115; on civil rights/Palestine link, 99; defense of racial liberalism, 48; “Employment, Income, and the Ordeal of the Negro Family,” 254n32; formalism of, 52; framing of race, 27; government service of, 47, 48; media appearances of, 48; “The Negro Family,” 44, 45–47, 49; on power of language, 249n72; Senate campaign of, 53, 54; speech against Resolution 3379, 27, 43–44, 48, 49–52, 53; “Totalitarian Terrorists,” 53; trip to Israel (1976), 53; “The United States in Opposition,” 47, 52; UN ambassadorship, 27, 43, 48, 53; use of Holocaust memory, 49
Mr. Sammler’s Planet (Bellow), 120–25; black masculinity in, 124; Black pickpocket of, 122–23, 265n51; critical reception of, 121; gendered racialization in, 124; Holocaust in, 122, 123, 124; humanism of, 121; Jewish toughness in, 121, 122–23; June war in, 122, 123–24; publication of, 121; violence in, 123–24; witnessing in, 124
Ms. Magazine: “Anti-Semitism in the Women’s Movement,” 197–98, 205; forum on anti-Semitism, 198
Muhammad, Elijah, 91
Munich Olympics (1972), 172
Muslims: and Muhammad Ali, 79–80; Arab American discourse on, 20, 168, 202; James Baldwin on Middle Eastern, xi; discourse of terror concerning, 3, 21, 161, 172, 224–26; Hollywood stereotyping of, 160; Moynihan on, 52; racialization of, 10, 12, 44, 46, 112; during Reconquista, 151
“My Negro Problem—and Ours” (Podhoretz), ix, 111–15, 283n10; amalgamation in, 113; disavowal of racism, 116; gendered racialization in, 112–13; Jewish toughness in, 114; Jewish vulnerability in, 113, 114; Ocean Hill–Brownsville strike in, 115; reprint of, 263n27
Myrdal, Gunnar, 105
Naber, Nadine, 160
Najjar, Fauzi, 169
Nakba (catastrophe), Palestinian, 9, 110, 147–48; incommensurable relationships of, 14; ongoing structure of, 210
Naksa (setback), Palestinian, 9
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 2; Shirley Graham Du Bois’s biography of, 258n100; Pan-Arabism of, 64, 79, 94
Nasserism, 36
National Conference for New Politics (NCNP, 1967), 229; Black caucus of, 80–81, 137–38; Zionism debate at, 81
National Defense Education Act (NDEA), 163; legislative history of, 273n54; Title VI (“Language Development”), 164
nationalism, Israeli: identity in, x; Zionism as, 42
nationalism, masculinist, 276n6
nationalism, Palestinian: AAUG’s, 166; historical roots of, 249n69; Reagan administration and, 189
nationalism, Pan-Arab, 165; AAUG’s support for, 171
nationalisms, competing, 197–98
national security, U.S., 8–9; racial difference and, 12
National Women’s Studies Association (NWSA), 230; conference on Jewish feminism, 197; position on anti-Semitism, 205; “Race, Class, and Sex Interactions” (conference session, 1982), 202; “Racism and Anti-Semitism in the Women’s Movement” (conference session, 1983), 205–6; response to Lebanon invasion, 203–5; Third World Caucus of, 201, 202, 203; Women of Color caucus, 206; “Women Respond to Racism,” 200–201
nation-states: indigenous peoples of, 16; race making in, 10
Nazism: comparativity of, 13; use of exceptionality, 15; and Zionism, 40–41, 51, 55. See also genocide, Nazi
NCNP. See National Conference for New Politics
NDEA. See National Defense Education Act
Neal, Larry, 257n80
Négritude movement, 83
neoconservatism, U.S., 5, 65, 112, 121, 162, 195; American Jews and, 110, 113; color-blind ideologies of, 52; emergence of, ix, 3, 112–13, 125
neoliberalism, racialized, 5
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 162
Newark Black Power Conference, 81
New Jewish Agenda, 144
Newton, Huey P., 92; “In Defense of Self-Defense,” 61–62; meeting with Arafat, 93; trial of, 68; writings of, 260n120
New York Police Department: mapping of Arab/Muslim communities, 226
Ngai, Mae, 161
NGO Forum: on racial domination, 227
Nixon, Richard: “law and order” policies, 136; “peacemaker” aspirations of, 168, 274n64; on urban crime, 254n33
Nixon administration: Black Panther newspaper coverage of, 92; Moynihan’s service in, 47–48; relations with OPEC, 4; surveillance of Arab/Muslim populations, 172–73
Nkrumah, Kwame, 89
Non-Aligned Movement, 47
NWSA. See National Women’s Studies Association
OAAU. See Organization of Afro-American Unity
OAU. See Organization of African Unity
Obama, Barack, 56
Occupied Territories, Palestinian: under Begin administration, 191; colonial expansionism in, 227; Israeli administration of, 3, 148, 188; Israeli justification for, 144; Jewish settlements in, 7, 148, 198; settlement movement, 190–91, 277n22; social terrain of, 35; U.S. divestment from, 228; U.S. imperialism and, 26
Ocean Hill–Brownsville teachers strike (1967), 114–15; Jewish establishment response to, 119
October war (1973), 92, 97, 157; U.S. media coverage of, 180
Office of Civil Rights, U.S.: on religious discrimination, 250n88
Off Our Backs (OOB, magazine), 199, 202, 204–5, 210
oil companies, American: anti-Arab racism of, 203
Omi, Michael, 107; Racial Formation in the United States, 254n34
OPEC. See Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
Operation Boulder: anti-Zionist dossiers of, 173; post-9/11 surveillance regimes and, 275n83; targeting of AAUG, 172–73
Operation Peace for Galilee, 188, 189. See also Lebanon invasion
Ophir, Adi, 276n9
Orfalea, Gregory, 212
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 23; Cairo conference (1964), 90, 91
Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU), 29, 246n28; Cairo chapter of, 97; Malcolm X and, 91
Organization of Arab Students, 172
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): oil embargo of, 4, 92, 165, 181
orientalism: anti-Semitism and, 182; cultural domination in, 182. See also Orientalism (Said)
Orientalism (Said), 20, 55; analysis of race, 149; anti-essentialism of, 150–51; contrapuntal readings of, 158; critique of scholarly neutrality, 150–51; on epistemic violence, 183; fetishization of expertise in, 181; on meaning making, 152; omissions from, 151–52; place in knowledge production, 158; on portrayals of Islam, 179; postcolonial feminists on, 151; publication of, 269n12; role in ethnic studies, 149–51; scholarly reaction to, 269n9; theorization of race, 151
orientalism, U.S., 151, 270n19; Arab American subjects in, 160
other: racial, 150, 177; in Zionism, 17
Palestine: absent presence of, 17, 194–96, 206–7; alternative knowledge concerning, 18; in American imperial culture, 149; antiracist relation to, 21; Black freedom’s engagement with, 60–65, 68, 71–80, 98–101, 111, 130–38; British Mandate for, 28, 38, 40, 77; cultures of resistance, 9; Defense Emergency Regulations (1945), 39, 40; effects of racism in, 158; ethos of inclusion for, 156; and Euro-American modernity, 17; exceptional status of, 17; intellectual solidarity with, 3; Israeli occupation of, 1, 2, 3, 7, 76, 238n7; partition (1947), 30, 63, 77, 128; post–civil rights Jewish response to, 143; in post-Holocaust discourse, 17; razing of towns, 147; relationality of, 21, 149, 219; shadow tropes for, 17, 221–22; solidarity with, 162, 190; U.S. engagement with, 187. See also dispossession, Palestinian; Occupied Territories, Palestinian
Palestine Affairs (quarterly), 36
Palestine Is the Issue (documentary), 167
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): Black Panther Party and, 61, 131–32; devastation of, 191; equation with terrorism, 99; exile in Tunis, 188; Fatah in, 85; Israeli negotiations with, 144; and Lebanon invasion, 188; NCNP stance on, 81; UN recognition of, 44; Andrew Young’s meeting with, 99–100; on Zionism, 36
Palestine question: culture work about, 12; effect of Sabra and Shatila massacre on, 191; as epiphenomenon of race, 11; Freedomways on, 253n27; Lebanon invasion and, 188; production of knowledge concerning, 37, 75, 76, 121; in Said’s work, 153; SNCC on, 71–80; UN on, 30; women of color feminism and, 195–96, 207, 279n34
Palestine Research Center (PRC), 18, 51, 229; critique of Zionism, 35; destruction of, 37, 189, 247n49; Do You Know?, 59–60, 75, 80; “Facts and Figures” series, 37, 247n51; “Israeli Racism,” 39–40; Israeli targeting of, 247n48; leadership of, 247n50; publications of, 36–41; on settler colonialism, 26, 41, 52, 75–76
Palestinian Human Rights Campaign: Afro-Americans Stand Up for Middle East Peace, 174
Palestinian liberation: and Black liberation, xi; Black Panther support for, 18–19, 61, 131–32, 133–34; race and, 18; as totalitarian threat, 189; transnational narratives of, 2; U.S. imperialism and, 18
Palestinian National Liberation Movement. See Fatah
Palestinian Revolutionary Movement: AAUG support for, 171
Palestinians: alternative future for, 216; departure from Lebanon, 188–89; exceptional relations of, 14; exclusion of, 24, 128, 187, 222, 229; following June war, 147–48; human status of, 187; nonviolent movement for, 145; as paradigm for atrocity struggles, 208; racialization of, 11, 195; refugee camps of, 9; representational reality of, 153; revolutionary iconography of, 85; right of return, 99, 227; scholarship on, 7; self-determination for, 37–38, 128, 227; UN support of, 18, 38. See also dispossession, Palestinian; Sabra and Shatila massacre
Palestinians: Holding On (documentary), 167
Palestinian Wedding, The (anthology, 1982), 212
Pan-African Cultural Festival (Algiers, 1969), 19, 82–86, 133, 229; attendees at, 83; Black Panther Party at, 83–86, 257n82; Palestine activists at, 84; press coverage of, 85
Pan-Africanism: David Graham Du Bois’s, 87; nontransferability of, 86; Zionism and, 70
patriarchy: ethnonationalist investments in, 192; racism’s relations to, 195
peoplehood, Jewish: AJC’s espousal of, 263n22; American expression of, 133; Israeli construction of, 12
Perez, Julia, 201
personhood: Arab, 195; Jewish, 143
Pianko, Noam, 262n15
Pifer, Ellen, 121
PLO. See Palestine Liberation Organization
pluralism, cultural, 107; in American exceptionalism, 108; Zionism and, 262n15
pluralism, liberal: equality in, 46; exceptionalism of, 143; Jewish defense of, 113–18; Jewish incorporability into, 105–9, 113–14; race-conscious critiques of, 115; universal values of, 105
Podhoretz, John, 121
Podhoretz, Norman: contribution to neoconservatism, 112; controversy with Baldwin, 111–12; on conversions to Zionism, 109–10; on meritocracy, 118; neoliberalism of, ix; “Now, Instant Zionism,” 110; on structural interventions, 117; work with Moynihan, 47, 49, 50; World War IV, 224–25, 283n10. See also “My Negro Problem—and Ours” (Podhoretz)
“Poetry for the People” (literary project), 186
Pogrebin, Letty Cottin: “Anti-Semitism in the Women’s Movement,” 197–98; responses to, 198–99, 203
political economy, 4–5, 67, 82, 164, 222
Porter, Jack Nusan, 132
post-structuralism: French, 152; meaning making and, 153; subject production in, 184
Powell, Adam Clayton, 81
Prakash, Gyan, 149
PRC. See Palestine Research Center
prisons: anti-citizenship in, 82; growth of, 8, 190; and political prisoners, 36, 72, 140, 144, 257n82; relationship to ghettos, 8, 13, 67, 70, 71; and UC Berkeley School of Criminology, 259n114; use by Israel, 40, 168, 188
Puar, Jasbir, 70
Quest, Matthew, 74
race: AAUG analysis of, 166; American expertise on, 18, 27; conflation with ethnicity, 45; in Euro-American modernity, 10; formalist understanding of, 25–26; in knowledge of Israel, 221–22; liberal nationalist ideas of, 11; Orientalism on, 151; and Palestinian liberation, 18; postwar-era meanings of, 56–57; relational analysis of, xi, 12, 222, 229; transnational analyses of, 149, 174, 184; in U.S. imperial culture, 25, 158–59, 160, 221–22
race radical movements: anticolonial frames for, 187
race relations, American, 120; and Arab–Israeli relations, xi, 2
racial formation: Baldwin on, vii–viii; exceptional relations of, 14
racialization: Arab, 161, 206; of Arab-Islamic culture, 162; of Blackness, 10; of colonial difference, 15; comparative processes of, 10; of national identity, 161; sexualized, 192; of space, 65, 66
racialization, gendered, 192, 216, 282n8; of imperial violence, 219; of Israeli militancy, 125; in Mr. Sammler’s Planet, 124; in “My Negro Problem—and Ours,” 112–13
racial liberalism, 27–30, 43, 52, 57, 63–64, 122, 127, 129, 194, 222, 245n16; Black radical critiques of, 60, 62, 65, 67, 70, 72, 98, 225; Moynihan’s global imaginary for, 47–53
racism: anticolonial writers on, 5; anti-Semitism and, 133, 206; in Arab–Israeli relations, xi; complicity with liberalism, 49; cultural, 160, 162; genetic nature of, 55; imperial, 160, 162; legitimization of, 11; nation-based, 160, 162; political, 160; relationship to colonialism, 50; relationship to patriarchy, 195; settler colonialist, 24; state-sanctioned, 251n4; UN discourse of, 35; Webster’s definition of, 51; in women’s movement, 197–200, 201–2
racism, anti-Arab: AAUG on, 166, 167; in American military-industrial complex, 203; and anti-Black racism, xi, 2; Arab American assimilation and, 173; following first Gulf War, 160; following June war, 165; Said on, 152, 183; stereotypes of, 181–82; in U.S. feminism, 203–5, 210, 278n32; in U.S. imperial culture, 202–3
racism, anti-Black: and anti-Arab racism, xi, 2; and Resolution 3379, 24
racism, structural: Jewish secularism and, 130; NWSA on, 201; race-conscious remedies for, 116; white disavowal of, 111–12; of white supremacy, 113, 130; in women’s movement, 201–2
racism, U.S.: benign neglect of, 48, 248n64; effect on women of color, 226; feminist analyses of, 199, 229–30; and Israel security, 206
Ragab, Salah, 260n124
Rap on Race, A (Baldwin/Mead), xi
Reagan, Ronald, 92; Wild West persona of, 217
Reagan administration: incarceration policy of, 190; intervention in Latin America, 193; militarization under, 201, 207; on Palestinian nationalism, 189; racial capitalism of, 208
reason, enlightenment, 106
Reconquista in (1492), 100, 151
Reddy, Chandan, 57
refugees: Hannah Arendt on, 15–16; Jewish, 130, 131; Palestinian, 9, 13, 30, 85, 92, 100, 147, 174, 227; as relational figures, 192–94, 278n30; survival practices of, 194. See also Sabra and Shatila massacre
relationality, 9–12; in . . . And Bid Him Sing, 96; in analysis of difference, 15, 70, 152, 262n7; Arab American analysis of, 169, 174; Baldwin’s, ix; in distribution of human value, 222; in enactment of home, 186; in feminist and queer critical praxis, 191, 193, 206, 209, 216; in the Freedom Seder, 140–41; heterogeneous, 230; and the Holocaust, 41, 43; humanist, 21; of Palestine, 21, 145, 149, 219; potentiality of, 243n50; in race, xi, 12, 15, 25, 55, 222, 229; in Edward Said’s work, 155–57, 175–82, 184; in SNCC’s “Third World Round-up,” 72, 79–80
Renan, Ernst: on the “Semitic,” 182
Revisionism, Jewish, 120
Ridgeway, James: “Annals of the Age of Reagan,” 211
Right, New: geopolitical imaginary of, 189, 190
al-Rihani, Amin: concept of hamzat al-wasl, 159; Palestine advocacy of, 159, 272n42
Robeson, Paul, 62; Afro-Zionism of, 63; Freedom newspaper of, 253n27; meeting with Bunche, 63–64
Rogin, Michael, 28
Roonstrasse Synagogue (Cologne): defacing of, 31
Rose, Jacqueline, 264n31
Rose, Sharon, 136
Rosenberg, M. Jay: “To Uncle Tom and Other Jews,” 134
Rosenfelt, Deborah, 203
Rothberg, Michael, 199
Rubin, Gary E., 73–74
Sa’b, Hasan: “Zionism and Racism,” 38–39, 40–41, 107
Sabra and Shatila massacre (Lebanon, 1982), 185, 189, 223, 247n48, 253n27; effect on Palestine question, 191; Israeli protests against, 208; in “Moving towards Home,” 215; number of dead, 276n12; in This Bridge Called My Back, 193, 195
sabras, Israeli, 13
Sahtein (Middle East cookbook), 213
Said, Edward W., 15; “Age of Reagan,” 154; Arab American identity of, 158; “Arab and Jew,” 157, 175, 178–79; “Bases for Coexistence,” 157; Beginnings: Intention and Method, 152–53; “Between Worlds,” 157–58; contrapuntalism of, 155–57, 178, 184; critique of Renan, 182; critique of U.S. imperial culture, 269n10; on cultural racism, 161–62; Culture and Imperialism, 152, 155; culture work of, 158; decolonization theory of, 145; on difference, 154–55, 156; editorship of Arab Studies Quarterly, 167, 175; engagement with post-structuralism, 158; on exile, 157–58; humanist ethic of, 149, 150; identity production of, 157–58; on June war, 152, 158; on Lebanon invasion, 281n64; “Nasser and His Canal,” 268n5; on Palestine, 20–21; on Palestine taboo, 229; “The Palestinian Experience,” 156; “Permission to Narrate,” 208; on Western imperialism, 155; work with AAUG, 171, 175, 183. See also “Arab Portrayed, The” (Said); Orientalism (Said)
Sandoval, Chela, 201, 202, 206
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 176
Saydah, George, 159
Sayegh, Fayez, 18, 26, 50, 51; color-line argument of, 52; and EAFORD, 54; PRC leadership of, 37; on racial discrimination, 249n70; “Racism and Racial Discrimination Defined,” 55–56; remarks to United Nations, 41–43; “Zionist Colonialism of Palestine,” 37–38, 40, 284n30
Sayegh, Yusuf, 247n50
Sayigh, Rosemary, 247n50
Schappes, Morris U., 128, 129, 130; on Black Panthers, 131
Scheer, Robert, 81
Schmitt, Carl, 15
Scott, David, 101
Seale, Bobby, 71
secularism, Jewish, 127–32; anticolonialism of, 127, 129–30; goals of, 127; and structural racism, 130; support for Black freedom, 131; on Zionism, 127–28
segregation, 28, 29, 107; de jure and de facto, 67; in UN debates on racism, 35, 36, 38, 50, 55
Self, Robert O., 82
self-determination: Euro-American paradigms of, 6; Israeli, 142; Palestinian, 37–38, 128
September 11 attacks: militarized policing following, 226; surveillance following, 275n83
settler colonialism: racial aspects of, 24; removal of indigenous people, 271n28; South African, 40; violence in, 243n46; and white supremacy, 5, 29
settler colonialism, Israeli, 6; anomaly of, 35–41; anti-imperialism as, 125–27; Arab indigeneity in, 176–77; imperialism of, 144; and Jewish American assimilation, 57; Jewish radicals on, 125–27; permanence of, 180; racial dimensions of, 17, 26, 35, 39–40, 52, 227, 229; racialized labor in, 239n20; revolutionary promise of, 135; sacralization of, 137; socialist aspects of, 135; spatial imaginary of, 76; U.S. racial state and, 104; violence in, 12, 135
settler colonialism, U.S., 20, 70; American imaginary of, 177; domesticity in, 241n27; figure of Indian in, 198; genocidal logic of, 279n34; links to Israeli state violence, 199; masculinist tropes of, 217; normalized violence of, 181; symbolic architecture of, 181
Settler Colonial Studies (journal), 284n30
shadows, 221–22
Shagara (Cairo club), 95
Shahak, Israel, 157
Sharon, Ariel: and Palestinian massacre, 189
Sharpeville Massacre (1960), 29
Shu’un Falastiniya (PRC journal), 213
Sing, Whisper, Shout, Pray! (anthology), 278n34
Sirhan Sirhan, 162, 172, 274n79
Six Day War. See June war (1967)
slavery, 45, 48, 67, 96, 130, 151; and Nazi concentration camps, 46, 70
Smith, Beverly, 201
SNCC. See Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
social formations, racialized, 3. See also racial formation
socialism, British parliamentary, 47
socialism, Jewish, 127–32; non-Zionism of, 127–28; in settler colonialism, 135
social justice, U.S., 253n27; ASA’s, 228; Jewish engagement with, 137, 139. See also justice
South Africa: antiracist struggle in, 36; apartheid in, 29, 101, 193, 227; ties to Israel, 7, 23, 25, 40, 41, 55–56, 101
Southeast Asia: antiracist struggle in, 36; U.S. actions in, 5
Southwest Asia: Arab communities of, 20
sovereignty: Anglo-American, x; and Black Power, 68; colonial, 15, 69; exceptionality, 15; indigenous, 70; Israeli, 17, 104, 129; settler, 5, 16, 55
Soviet Union: collapse of, 56; Jewry, 119; Jewish radicalism and, 137, 140; support for Palestine, 128, 129; U.S. Cold War framing of, 18, 26, 27, 28, 34, 52, 63, 73, 110, 117, 163, 223–25
space, x, 82; contrapuntal analysis of, 155, 158; deindustrialization of urban, 70; home, 186, 216; and race, 8–9, 15, 27, 65–70
Stam, Robert, 10
Stampnitzky, Leah, 189–90
state violence: countermodality of witness for, 209; global, 186; normality of, 226–27; racial, 16
state violence, Israeli, 12, 78, 124–25, 144, 256n63; Jewish establishment and, 126; justifying language for, 215–16; links to U.S. settler colonialism, 199; settler, 12, 145; U.S. implication in, 209–10
state violence, U.S., 8, 104, 107; criticisms of, 115; desegregation and, 2; in District of Columbia, 139; in imperial culture, 19, 62, 177–78; Jewish radicals on, 126
Steinberg, Lisa, 186
Stromberg, Vivian, 217
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC): ADL on, 73; anti-Semitic tropes of, 76; Black antidraft initiative, 60, 250n2; civil rights leaders on, 100; conference (May 1967), 60; expulsion of white members, 71; figuration of permanent war, 61; loss of influence, 82; at NCNP, 80–81; newsletter of, 59, 75; and Palestinian liberation, 18–19, 62; police raid on (San Francisco), 60; political program of, 60, 72; reading group of, 74, 78. See also “Third World Round-up”
subject formation: historico-political, 156; in post-structuralism, 184; under state formation, 152
subjects, Western: and oriental objects, 183
Suez Crisis (1956), 64
suffering, Arab: and Jewish suffering, 175–77, 178
suffering, black: exceptionality of, 15
Sundquist, Eric, 74
“swastika epidemic,” 30–35
Takaki, Ronald, 151
terrorism: globalized war against, 44, 223, 225, 226; as totalitarian threat, 53–54; white rhetoric of, 218
Terrorism: How the West Can Win (1986), 162
Third World and Progressive People’s Coalition, 207
Third World Liberation Front, 259n114
“Third World Round-up,” 59–60, 71–80, 100; authorship of, 75; composition of, 75, 255n60; on June war, 78; lynching imagery in, 79; multigenre character of, 80; Palestine in, 61; question structure of, 76–77; readership of, 76; responses to, 72–73; on Rothschild family, 77, 78; sources for, 75, 78; visual elements of, 78–79; on Zionist violence, 77, 78
This Bridge Called My Back (anthology), 192, 194–96, 201
This Bridge We Call Home (anthology), 278n34
totalitarianism: American intervention against, 32; and anti-Semitism, 26, 53; Palestinian liberation as, 189; Positivist critique of, 33; terrorism in, 53–54; U.S.–Israeli relations and, 54
toughness, Jewish, 113–18, 121; of Cold War era, 195; in Mr. Sammler’s Planet, 121, 122–23; in political Zionism, 264n31
transnational American studies, 7–8
trauma, intergenerational, 46
Traverso, Enzo, 15
Tree, Marietta, 34
tribalism, violent, 219
Turé, Kwame. See Carmichael, Stokely
Union of American Hebrew Congregations (UAHC), 108
United Federation of Teachers strike (1967), 114–15
United Front Against Fascism conference (Oakland, 1969), 133, 229
United Nations: antidiscrimination pledge of, 35; anti-Semitism charges against, 24; Center against Apartheid, 29; Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, 30; debates on Zionism, 47; Decade for Action, 23–24, 30; Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, 247n39; Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD, 1963), 18, 23, 26, 30–31; decolonization efforts of, 29, 35; definition of apartheid, 227; framing of anti-Semitism, 26, 34–35; Mid-Decade Conference on Women (1980), 197; Palestine Commission, 63; Palestine Partition Plan, 77; racial liberalism and, 28; racism debates of, 50–51; recognition of PLO, 44; resolution on racial persecution (1946), 29, 50–51; Sayegh’s remarks to, 41–43; Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural Affairs Committee, 34–35; Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 34
United Nations Resolution 3379: anti-Black racism and, 24; Black Panthers on, 24; epidemiological discourse of, 35; movement for reinstatement of, 226, 227; Moynihan’s opposition to, 27, 43–44, 48, 49–52, 53; precedents for, 30, 197; revocation of, 56, 226–27; sponsorship of, 244n3; U.S. Congress on, 23–24; U.S. media on, 24; U.S. view of, 25–26; Zionism/racism in, 23, 25, 48–49
United States: Asian exclusion in, 107; counterinsurgency practices of, 2; culture wars in, 3; discourse of Palestinian terrorism, 190; educational funding in, 163–64; gendered normativities of, 206; links to Middle East, 8; manifest destiny of, 126, 181, 225; penal state of, 190, 194; post–civil rights era, 2, 6, 60, 104, 113, 184; racial exclusion in, 65–70; racialized social formations of, 3; racialized warfare in, 191; racial normativities of, 206; racial/spatial reorganization of, 65; relationship with Arab world, 165, 170–71; relations with oil-producing states, 4–5; riots of 1967, 62, 71, 163; spatial imaginaries of, 8; ties to South Africa, 101; triumphalism of, 54; westward expansion of, 177. See also exceptionalism, American; imperial culture, U.S.; state violence, U.S.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 30
University of California (Berkeley) School of Criminology: David Graham Du Bois at, 91–92; ties to Black Panthers, 259n114
Until Return (Al-Awda newsletter), 186
Uris, Leon: Exodus, 126
U.S.–Israeli relations: Arab Americans and, 170–71; during Cold War, 54, 187; emergence of support in, 18, 239n18; geopolitical imaginaries of, 126; race in, 11; under Reagan administration, 190; SNCC on, 79; “special,” 1, 2, 8, 13; statecraft of, 7; strategic alliances of, 225; totalitarianism and, 54
U.S. State Department: on Zionism, 129
victimhood: feminist competitions over, 198, 199, 206
Vietnam: U.S. imperialism in, 24, 48, 71, 79, 92, 126, 129, 132, 136, 144, 177, 250n2
Vilde Chayes, Di (Jewish feminists): dispute with WAI, 199–200; on Holocaust memory, 204; on Lebanon invasion, 203–4; members of, 280n44
Village Voice: coverage of Lebanon invasion, 210, 211
violence: evisceration of home-spaces, 186; gendered, 186; intra-Arab, 125. See also state violence
violence, imperial: academic freedom and, 229; accountability for, 216; apologists for, 141; and area studies, 150; complicity in, 209; Jewish critiques of, 132; racialized gender norms of, 219; relational analysis of, 7, 80, 178, 186, 194, 229
violence, racial, 16, 60, 61, 79, 107, 131, 196; genocide and, 29, 30, 78; spatialized, 69–70
Wacquant, Loïc, 67
Wald, George, 130
Walker, Alice: response to Jewish feminists, 198–99
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 150, 163
war: as object/method, 6
war, permanent, 61–65; Black Panther Party and, 82, 84, 101; Israeli, 5–6; political economy and, 4–7; SNCC counterhistory of, 78; state coercion in, 5
warfare, globalized: against terrorism, 44, 223, 225, 226; U.S. hegemony in, 223
warfare state, racialized, 191, 277n23, 283n11. See also state violence
Weaver, Suzanne, 50
Weheliye, Alexander, 15, 243n50
Weisbord, Robert, 73
whiteness: in American settler genocide, 279n34; and Arab American incorporability, 160, 170; ethnic, 45–46; multiethnic, 44; nation-of-immigrants paradigm of, 44; as privileged category, 11; probationary privileges of, 170; single-category for, 116; spatial stratification of, 66; in U.S. census, 160; and Zionism, 194
white supremacy: Baldwin on, viii; Jewish secular opposition to, 130; of postwar era, 10; and settler colonialism, 5, 29; structural racism of, 113, 130
“Will History Repeat Itself?” (Center for Jewish Studies conference, 2007), 283n9
Williams, Michael W., 64–65
Williams, Randall, 29
Winant, Howard, 10, 107; Racial Formation in the United States, 254n34
Winthrop, John, 9
Women Against Imperialism (WAI): dispute with Di Vilde Chayes, 199–200; “Taking Our Stand against Zionism and White Supremacy,” 199
women of color: analysis of war, 194; combating oppression, 193; critiques of Zionism, 196, 278n34; impact of racism on, 226; Palestine question and, 279n34; spatial imaginaries of, 192; in white feminist movement, 201. See also feminists, women of color
Women of the Fertile Crescent (anthology, 1978), 212
women’s movement: anti-Semitism in, 197–200, 206, 278n32; racism in, 197–200, 201–2. See also feminism
women’s studies: disobedience, in work of, 202. See also National Women’s Studies Association
World Conference against Racism (2001), 56, 226–27
World Conference of the International Women’s Year (Mexico City, 1975), 23
World War II, x, 4, 6, 10, 14, 18, 32, 38, 56, 63, 70, 78, 105, 108, 121, 151, 164, 175, 177, 194, 223; Atlantic Front, 28
World Zionist Organization (WZO), 38, 127
“Wrapping the Grapeleaves” (Arab American poetry anthology), 212
Yaqoub, Malik Osman Karim, 94–95
Young, Andrew: engagement with PLO, 99–100; resignation from UN, 99, 100, 101, 174; work on racial conflict, 101
Zeadey, Faith, 173–74
Zionism: Afro-diasporic, 18; American democracy and, 107, 108; and American Jewishness, 19; American Jews’ conversion to, 109–11; Amin on, 48–49; analogy for Black diaspora, 62; anticolonial framing of, 125–26, 225; anti-imperialist, 110, 126, 128; Arab critiques of, 35–41, 43, 53, 110, 159; Arendt on, 16; articulation of liberal freedom, 2; versus assimilation, 107; as colonialist movement, 36; comparativity of, 13; conversions to, 109–11; and cultural pluralism, 262n15; decolonization under, 38; discrimination in, 43; and Euro-American imperialism, 16; European racialist doctrine in, 39; Evangelical Christian, 190; exclusion in, 24, 38, 128; as expression of liberal democracy, 110–11; as expression of national spirit, 262n15; feminism and, 196, 197; foundation myth of, 132–33; imperialist alliances of, 128; and indigenous dispossession, 26; “instant,” 109–11, 114; institutions of, 38; intellectual origins of, 55; in Israeli law, 24; Jewish critics of, 38–39; Jewish Left support for, 132–36; and Jewish moral thought, 74; Jewish organizations supporting, 109–10; Jewish race and, 38–39; Jewish secularists on, 127–28; as liberation movement, 20, 51, 110, 134; middle-class professionals of, 128; militaristic expansionism of, 74; and Nazism, 40–41, 51, 55; negation of exile, 143; other in, 17; and Pan-Africanism, 70; population transfer in, 41, 42; post-Zionism, 277n14; racial dimensions of, 17, 25, 38–39, 50, 56, 189, 200, 226, 229; racial liberal support of, 52–53; racial others in, 177; Reform Judaism on, 108; scholarship on, 7; secular, 25, 42; separation from Jewishness, 36; and settler colonialism, 25; socialist, 110; and South African racism, 23; state-centered telos of, 142; territorializing aims of, 107–8; UN debates on, 47; U.S. State Department on, 129; whiteness and, 194; women of color critiques of, 196, 278n34
Zionism, political, 17, 19, 36, 154; Jewishness and, 28, 104; Jewish toughness in, 264n31; separation from Judaism, 41
Zuckoff, Aviva Cantor, 133