Index
Page numbers in italics refer to photographs and other illustrations.
abstractions, 23, 32–33, 52, 118, 153, 228, 242, 254, 259, 261, 273–74, 280n83
accountability, 73, 74, 76, 231, 233
actions/activism, 19, 51, 118, 129, 179–71, 176, 227–28, 257, 297n41; amplifying, 76–80; data-driven, 16, 36, 132, 165, 173–75, 176, 177–78; distributed, 201, 225; environmental, 19, 20, 32, 42, 79, 161, 165; monitoring leading to, 201–3, 204, 267; participatory, 211–20, 243; urban, 234, 237. See also agency; citizen science; citizen-sensing; citizenship, environmental; engagement; politics
actor-network theory (Latour), 225
actual entities. See entities, actual
actual occasions, 9, 31–32, 43, 45, 49, 123, 128, 143, 154, 160, 167, 180–81, 242–44, 259, 302n2
actuators, 33, 43, 208, 215; automated actuation, 196, 200–201, 207. See also sensor-actuators
Adopt-a-Hydrant platform, 211–12
a/effect, 12, 100, 106–7, 210, 274; data, 162, 166, 170–71, 173, 178, 180–81; registers of, 11, 153; sensing, 48, 49
Africa, urban infrastructures in, 260; citizen science in, 95
Agamben, Giorgio, 192
agency, 281n9; individuation of, 32–33; participatory, 200, 227, 264; of sensors, 65, 218, 225, 228. See also actions/activism; citizenship, environmental
AIR. See Area’s Immediate Reading (AIR, Preemptive Media)
AirCasting citizen sensing kits, 159
air pollution/quality, 157–81; animal-sensing, 84, 169–76, 179–81; citizen-sensing, 158–62, 162–69, 176–81; rural, 296n18; sensing, 172, 212, 246; World Health Organization (WHO) fact sheet on, 295n1. See also pollution
Air Quality Egg project, 161, 174, 175–76, 177, 180
Akrich, Madeline, 225
algorithmic processes, 8, 22, 32, 40, 41–42, 43, 45, 47, 227, 237, 249, 251, 255
AMAP. See Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)
ambient intelligence, 201, 225, 255
ambividuals, 201–2, 208. See also individuals
Amphibious Architecture project, 89, 126
amplification, 76–80, 202, 275
Anderson, Christian Ulrik, 224, 301n31
“Animal Messaging Service,” 85, 86, 91
animals, tracking, 81–107; badgers, 83, 90–93; behavioral, 35, 63, 103–6; elephant seals, 62, 81, 83, 93–95, 284n14; goats, 98; of migration and movement, 19, 83–90, 85, 91, 94; perceptual worlds, 104–7; planetary data provided by, 87–88; and problem of milieus, 99–103; remote, 60–62, 87–88; RFID, 64–66; satellite, 94, 95; on Sputnik 2, 2; technologies for, 84–87; whales, 86. See also birds, monitoring; creatures; Crittercam; tagging, animal
Animal Tracker app, 95, 96, 97–98
AOML. See Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML)
API. See Arctic Perspective Initiative (API)
applications/apps: citizen-sensing, 19, 24, 54, 99, 140, 145, 147, 148, 208, 244, 284n82; of digital urbanisms, 211–20; ecological, 50, 125, 281n15; educational, 221–30; ICT, 199, 303n23; participatory, 18, 22, 23–24, 211–12, 214, 274; sensor, 3, 5, 37, 41, 44, 98, 189, 240, 273, 281n15; for smart cities, 195, 221, 257, 262. See also civic apps; and individual apps
architecture: computer, 10, 34, 258, 261; data, 42, 186, 194, 238; smart, 248–51
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), 114, 290n6
Arctic Perspective Initiative (API), 124, 291n30
Arctic Region: monitoring changes in, 117–25, 150, 290n6; warming of, 112–13, 114, 119–20
Arduino open-source electronics, 17, 19
Area’s Immediate Reading (AIR, Preemptive Media), 126, 158, 173–74
Argos satellite systems, 81, 82, 84, 87, 94, 287n31
Arnstein, Sherry, 222
artists/arts, climate-related sensing practices, 111, 118–20, 123–24, 138–39
Asia, pollution levels in, 164
assemblages, 10, 179, 238, 260, 285n36
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), 150
Atlas of Community-Based Monitoring in a Changing Arctic, 124
atmometers, 122
automaticity/automatism, 11, 201, 207, 253, 256–59, 261
automation, 53, 103, 198, 207, 250, 251, 270–75. See also actuators, automated actuation
autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), 146
Bateson, Gregory, 102
becoming, 64, 67, 132; of data, 168–69; of entities, 160–61, 167; experiences of, 9, 32–33, 104–5, 106, 132; processes of, 9, 104–5, 160–61; in smart cities, 254–61, 265; tuning to new registers of, 32–33; withness as, 242–43, 260. See also computation, becoming environmental
being, 106, 129, 152, 289–90n94; of data, 168–69; emergence of, 13, 167; in smart cities, 254–61; withness as, 242–43, 260
Bellacasa, Maria Puig de la, 78
Beniger, James R., 304n40
Benjamin, David, 89
Benson, Etienne, 84
Berkeley, Edmund C., 5
big data, 34, 38, 215, 216–17, 247, 255
biomonitoring, 44, 58–59, 68, 80. See also biosensing/biosensors
biopolitics 2.0, 190, 191–94, 201, 202–3, 205
biosensing/biosensors, 68, 82–83, 174, 245. See also biomonitoring
biota, 119–20
biotelemetry, 62–63
BirdLog North America platform, 89
BirdReturns (California Nature Conservancy), 89
birds, monitoring, 33, 34–35, 36, 44, 61, 82, 84, 89; bird cams, 44, 59, 59, 60; geese, 85, 88, 94; white storks, 95–99, 96
BIT. See Bureau of Inverse Technology (BIT)
Blue Marble (photograph), 1
bodies, sensing, 47–48, 50–52, 58, 64–66, 123, 152–53, 163, 254, 257. See also embodiment
Boler, Megan, 235
Bowen, G. Michael, 42
Boyle, David E., 303n23
British Petroleum (BP) oil spill (Gulf of Mexico), 57, 59, 73–76
Brynskov, Martin, 235
buoys, 7, 116, 140, 145–46, 148, 149, 150–51, 154
Bureau of Inverse Technology (BIT), 170
calamities, environmental, 39, 57, 73–76, 79, 98–99, 193. See also events, environmental
California, 140; Muir’s writings on, 128; Nature Conservancy in, 89; Southern, 172, 173–75. See also James Reserve sensor research (University of California)
cameras, 36, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 207, 226, 269, 284n9; as sensors, 57–60, 65, 67, 76, 78. See also CCTV cameras; Crittercam; Moss Cam; Spillcam; webcams
Canguilhem, Georges, 12, 52, 191, 271; and problem of milieus, 99–103
capacities: of citizenship, 131, 181, 208, 211, 214, 215, 220; computational, 33–34, 269; of devices, 4, 13, 16, 54; perceptive, 37, 49, 102; sensing, 19–22, 36, 44–45, 47, 50, 65, 66, 69, 112, 123, 155, 171, 234, 236
carbon, 45, 116, 118. See also hydrocarbons
carbon dioxide (CO2): Keeling Curve register of, 116–17; limiting levels of, 290–91n18; measuring, 3, 44, 45, 146, 163; temperature levels connected to, 122, 123
carbon monoxide (CO), 17, 163, 170, 173–74, 175
cards: electronic access, 224–25; plastic spill, 76, 144
Casalegno, Federico, 186, 194, 199–200
CCTV cameras, 237, 244, 245–46, 249, 257, 303n30
Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CENS) research project, 28, 29, 33, 37–47, 39, 54, 282n41
Central Nervous System for the Earth (CeNSE), 35
Cerf, Vint, 284n7
CH4. See methane (CH4)
Chabot, Warner, 88
China, pollution levels in, 164
Cisco Systems, Inc., 7–8, 186, 188, 200
cities: digital, 185, 202–4, 224–25, 227, 230, 233, 235–36; pollution in, 19, 126–27, 164, 173–75, 177; rewriting, 301n31; sensor-based, 212, 213, 217–18, 220–33, 237, 261; speculative, 241–65. See also smart cities; urbanism; urbanism, participatory digital; urbanization
citizen science: air quality monitoring, 165; animal tracking, 88–90, 97; marine debris tracking, 146–49; practices of, 79, 273–74; projects of, 19, 54, 123–25; use of term, 279n67; webcam watching, 61–62. See also science
citizen-sensing: accuracy of, 179–80; air quality monitoring, 158–62, 162–69, 176–81; animal tracking projects, 88–90, 95, 97, 284n82; apps for, 19, 54, 99, 140, 145, 208, 284n82; data collection through, 129, 169–79, 180–81, 196, 233–34; kits for, 117–18, 119, 159, 173–75, 176; of marine debris, 146–51; modalities of, 189–90; oceanic studies, 139–40, 146–49; platforms for, 198–99, 230; practices of, 79, 107, 130–34, 158–62, 178, 271, 273–74; productivity of, 199–200; projects of, 17–18, 18–20, 31, 54, 123–28, 169–79, 272–73; in smart cities, 185–205, 257; technologies of, 271–72, 273; terms of, 128; with webcams, 60–68, 76. See also engagement, in citizen-sensing; participation, citizen; sensing practices
citizenship, environmental, 111–34; capacities of, 215, 220; data-led, 171, 178–79, 195–96; DIY, 235; ecological, 132, 175; experiments with, 161, 176–80, 219; expressing, 127–28, 130; fixing, 212; modalities of, 175, 177, 187, 189–90, 205; practices of, 112, 131–32, 173, 179–80, 193–97, 203–4, 211; in smart cities, 185–205, 230–33; urban, 186, 199–200, 202, 211, 220. See also actions/activism; agency; governance; politics
City Bug Report platform (Denmark), 235
City Dashboard project (London), 257
CitySourced, 211
civic apps, 212–16, 230–33, 300n18. See also applications/apps; and individual apps
Clean Air Act of 1956 ( UK), 163
Clean Air Act of 1963 ( U.S.), 163
Clean Power Plan (U.S. EPA), 290–91n18
climate change, 111–34; effects on organisms, 113, 114, 118, 119–20, 124–25, 128–30; governance and, 191, 194; measuring, 45, 115–17, 121–22, 127–30, 131–32; monitoring, 35, 44, 81, 112–13, 118, 123, 133–34, 146, 150; politics of, 134, 171; science of, 115–17. See also earth; global warming; temperatures, earth
Clough, Patricia Ticineto, 50
CO. See carbon monoxide (CO)
CO2. See carbon dioxide (CO2)
coal, as contributor to air pollution, 163–64
co-creation, 32. See also creativity
code/coding, 11, 197–98, 212, 215, 259–60. See also software
Code for America project, 212, 213
collectives, , 8, 9, 51, 64, 127, 131–34, 238, 263, 302n75; as objects of monitoring, 151–52; potential of, 10, 53, 124, 129, 256, 259, 272, 273–74
Combes, Muriel, 13, 79–80, 104–5, 289n75, 289–90n94
command-and-control, 194, 197, 261
common good, 215, 220, 226, 228, 233, 235, 241. See also communities
Common Sense mobile air quality sensing devices, 159, 177
communication: on environmental issues, 12, 13, 19, 77, 93; satellite, 2, 147, 150–51; technologies for, 3–4, 304n40; using migrating animals for, 85, 89–90, 91, 94. See also networks; sensor networks; sensors
communities, 132, 186, 263; engagement of, 202, 203; environmental monitoring projects of, 123–25, 158, 165, 177; open, 279–80n70. See also civic apps; common good
computability, 215, 217–18, 232–34, 236, 237–38
computation, becoming environmental, 8–18, 20, 24, 25, 95, 113, 131, 186, 197, 218, 267, 272, 274; aspects of, 21, 242; and cameras-as-sensors, 59, 76, 78; milieus created by, 12–13, 18, 103; oceanic, 146, 153; through organisms, 45, 95, 103; participatory, 102, 124, 189, 210; sensing processes, 16, 32–34, 36–38, 45, 48, 76, 90, 93, 128, 160, 215, 268–69, 279n64, 281n6; in smart cities, 185–205; techno-geographic processes of, 4, 51, 57–59, 67; as way of life, 6, 9, 18, 30, 47, 192, 234. See also ubiquitous computing
computationally based technologies, 81–83; citizen-sensing kits, 117–18, 119, 173–75; logics of, 18, 104, 188, 208, 213, 223–34, 237; modalities of, 122, 195–96, 198, 217; monitoring, 19, 131, 187, 192–93; sensing, 16, 19–20, 32, 48, 101, 146, 160, 215, 281n6; in smart cities, 185–86, 189, 191, 207, 212. See also technologies, digital
computerization, 215, 258–59, 274, 300n2; architecture of, 10, 34, 258, 261; distributed, 7, 30; failures at, 227–30; planetary, 13–18, 52, 267–75; processes of, 45, 47, 185–86; sensing as part of, 10–12
concerns. See matters of concern
concrescences, 53, 78, 165, 260, 273; of data, 48–49, 77–78, 161, 166, 177–79, 296n30; of earth, 14, 104, 139, 269; of experiences, 32, 38, 285n7; of objects, 10, 143; of plastics, 142, 151–52; process of, 32–33, 44, 104; of sensing, 45, 52, 53–54, 66, 76–77, 279n64; of sensors, 9, 57–58, 177–78, 260; of subjects, 10, 12–13, 32, 296n30; of subject-superjects, 13, 45, 128, 296n30; technological, 15, 48–49, 151, 179; Whitehead on, 10, 263, 302n2; withness as, 242–43. See also entities, concrescences of; environment(s), concrescences of
concretizations, 22, 71, 218, 269, 272, 280n83; of digital infrastructures, 254–61; environmental, 4, 47, 67, 68–69, 78, 129; of processes, 9, 49, 50–51, 105; of sensing/sensors, 14–15, 79–80, 130, 247; Simondon on, 10, 15, 259–60, 261, 263; of technogeographies, 4, 79–80, 263; of technologies, 67, 242, 254–61, 262–63
conductivity-temperature-depth satellite relay data loggers. See CTD-SRDLs (conductivity-temperature-depth satellite relay data loggers)
connectedness: ecological, 16–17; sensing, 7, 89, 123; in smart cities, 194–96, 202, 228, 247, 253, 255, 257, 259. See also interconnectedness
Connected Sustainable Cities project (CSC, MIT Mobile Experience Lab/Cisco), 184, 186–87, 192, 193, 194–98, 200, 202–5
Connected Urban Development (CUD) initiative, 186, 194–96, 203
constructivism, 22, 166, 244–45, 264
contingency, digital infrastructure as, 254, 259–61
Corburn, Jason, 279n67
Cornell Herons Pond Cam (Ithaca, New York), 59
cosmopolitics, 33, 155; ecological, 236–38; Stengers on, 106, 209, 215–16, 222, 230, 238. See also politics
Cosm platform, 35, 279–80n70, 281–82n19, 291n21. See also Pachube platform; Xively platform
Costa, Beatriz da, 126, 173–74, 175
creativity, 32, 52–53, 125–30, 165, 167, 270
creatures: 60–63, 77, 90; creaturing data, 157–181
crowdsourcing, 18, 19, 127, 207, 210, 216, 219, 223, 227, 234, 235, 246
Crystal building (Siemens, London), 248, 248–54, 250, 256, 259; Forces of Change exhibit, 266; Play the City Game exhibit, 251, 252–54
CSC. See Connected Sustainable Cities project (CSC, MIT Mobile Experience Lab/Cisco)
CTD-SRDLs (conductivity-temperature-depth satellite relay data loggers), 81, 94
CUD. See Connected Urban Development (CUD) initiative
Curitiba, Brazil, 193, 195, 202
cybernetics, 101–5, 185, 201, 270, 272, 292; ecology and, 15, 197; organisms and, 102–3, 104, 105, 251, 254; of smart cities, 196, 256–59; of systems, 197, 279n59; urban, 251, 254
DAMN. See Disaster Alert Mediation Using Nature (DAMN) forecasting method
DARPA, See U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
dashboards, cybernetic, 251, 252, 256–57
data, 32, 49, 53, 86, 92, 94, 226; amalgamating, 35, 38, 43, 68, 279–80n70; architecture of, 42, 186, 194, 238; on climate change, 112–13, 115–17, 117–25; concrescences of, 48–49, 77–78, 161, 166, 177–79; creaturing, 157–81; ecological, 38, 79; engagement through, 88–90, 161–62, 169–70, 176–77; environmental, 13–14, 36–37, 84, 114–15, 120–25, 161; experiences of, 49, 167–69, 180; from garbage patches, 142–43; generation of, 168–69, 176, 194; localized, 14, 30, 38, 40; migratory, 83–90; mining of, 62, 216, 234; monitoring, 53, 114–15, 189; networks of, 8, 53, 57–58; oceanographic, 81, 146–51; ontologies of, 42–43; parsing of, 8, 47, 227, 256; for political action, 16, 36, 132, 165, 171, 173–75, 176, 177–78; processing of, 41–42, 51, 77–78, 181; real-time, 34, 88–90; relevance of, 165–69, 180; for sustainability, 199–200; transmitting, 3, 6–7, 33, 41, 147, 160; urban, 200, 214, 255; variables for, 128–29. See also big data
databases, 42, 44, 65, 203, 215, 216
data creaturing, 157–81; citizen-sensing projects, 169–79, 180–81; concrescence of, 178–79, 296n30; materializing and monitoring, 162–69. See also creatures
data gathering: citizen-sensing, 129, 177–78. 196, 233–34; democratization of, 158–59, 161, 165, 168, 176–77, 202, 213, 272–73; DIY, 18–20; grassroots, 173–75; instrumentation of, 87, 166; or organisms, 88–90, 93; passive, 214–15, 226–27; practices of, 7, 53, 107, 123–27, 161, 168–69, 176, 178, 181, 212; and processing, 77–78, 169–70; remote, 19, 34–35, 71–73, 81; sensor-based, 30, 32, 39, 54, 69, 216–17, 257; transmitting, 21, 33, 93. See also instrumentation; measurement(s); sensor data
datasets, 79, 187, 282n41; environmental, 114, 175, 176; scientific, 177–78, 180
datum, 12, 128, 151–52, 297n34; Whitehead on, 20, 53, 167–69, 170, 297n34
Davis, Martin, 300n2
Debaise, Didier, 106–7
debris, marine: accumulation of, 137, 141, 154; tracking of, 139–41, 144–45, 146–51. See also garbage patches, oceanic; plastics, marine concentrations of
deforestation, 3, 19, 88, 116, 118
Deleuze, Giles, 51, 201, 205, 209–10, 221, 224–25, 228
democratization: of creaturely sensor data, 181; of engagement, 18–20, 132, 178, 179–80, 208, 210, 235. See also data gathering, democratization of
Denali National Park (Alaska), 84
Desigo management system (Siemens), 249–51, 256
determinism, 4, 264. See also indeterminacy
digital city. See cities, digital; smart cities
digital media. See media, digital
digitectomy, 77
Disaster Alert Mediation Using Nature (DAMN) forecasting method, 98–99. See also calamities, environmental
dispositifs, 186, 192, 196–97, 203
disturbances, environmental. See calamities, environmental; weather
DIY (do-it-yourself) projects, 60, 89, 161, 302n73; air quality monitoring, 165, 177; citizen involvement in, 189, 235; data gathering with, 18–20; digital, 207, 208; engagement in, 158, 281–82n19; sensor-based, 17, 18, 35, 124, 208; urban, 232–33, 243–44. See also science, grassroots
dontflush.me project, 126
drifters/drifts, 142, 144–46, 147, 153. See also cards, plastic spill; debris, marine; Global Drifter Program; gyres, oceanic; oceans
earth: concrescences of, 14, 104, 113, 128, 132, 139, 269; instrumenting, 7, 33–37, 39, 150; programmability of, 1–8, 11–18, 36, 52, 104, 114, 128, 197, 267–75; propositions for, 133–34; pulse of, 87–88; spaceship earth, 14; stressors on, 266; upper atmosphere of, 1, 2; whole earth, 1, 277n1, 277n7. See also Google Earth platform
Easterling, Keller, 257
Eastern Garbage Patch, 140, 141. See also Great Pacific Garbage Patch; gyres, oceanic
Eastman Kodak Company, 2–3, 277n7, 277–78n8
Ebbesmeyer, Curtis, 137, 144, 294n38
eBird project (Cornell Lab of Ornithology), 89
eco-actions, 298n5. See also actions/activism; drones
eco-drones, 60–61. See also drones
ecology, 73, 102, 273, 275; aerial, 95–99, 163; animal, 90–99, 102, 103; apps for, 50, 125, 281n15; of citizenship, 132, 175; as connections, 16–17; cosmopolitical, 236–38; cybernetic, 15, 197; Guattari on, 16, 51; instrumentation in study of, 2–3, 33–37, 63, 76; machine, 39–43; media, 13–18; of movement, 84, 100; observations of, 14, 35, 38, 39, 68–73, 272–73; processes of, 49, 57, 71, 73, 88, 118; relationships in, 34, 42, 53, 86, 125, 269, 275; sensing, 20, 30–31, 33, 57, 79, 83–90, 117–25, 281n15
ecology, sensing. See data gathering
eco-monitoring, 195. See also monitoring
ecosystems, 15, 28, 50, 142, 230; Arctic, 114, 120. See also systems
eddies, oceanic, 293n15, 293n19. See also gyres, oceanic; oceans
education. See knowledge; machine learning; Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)
efficiency, 40, 197, 204, 212; in smart cities, 185, 188, 193–96, 198, 202–3, 207
electronic waste, 16
elephant seals, tracking, 62, 81, 83, 93–95, 284n14
ELOKA. See Exchange for Local Observations and Knowledge of the Arctic (ELOKA)
Elson, Jeremy, 41
Elton, Charles, 90–93
embodiment, 22, 64, 78, 285n27. See also bodies, sensing
empiricism: of BP oil spill, 74–76; radical, 133–34, 283n62, 304n65
endurance, 144, 151, 152, 153, 168
energy, 195, 199; distribution of, 249, 252–55; exchanges of, 128–29; monitoring of, 189, 202, 207, 237, 269; of organisms, 44, 67, 95, 101–2; saving, 40–41, 281n15, 287n31
engagement, 58, 59, 143, 165, 241, 243, 269; in citizen-sensing, 89, 158–62, 164–65, 180, 189–90, 199, 215, 222; in citizenship, 202–3, 222, 228, 271, 272–73; community, 202, 203; data-driven, 88–90, 161–62, 169–70, 176–77; democratization of, 18–20, 132, 178, 179–80, 208, 210, 235; DIY, 158, 281–82n19; environmental, 19–20, 52, 79, 118, 161, 175, 178–80, 273; habitat-forming, 34, 80, 89; of the idiot, 207–38; with matters of concern, 270–71; with measurement, 123–24; with milieus, 90, 127, 274; modalities of, 155, 228; participatory, 214, 228; political, 176, 178, 225, 235, 236; processes of, 209, 236; public, 61, 165; sensor-based, 50, 80, 160, 227; in smart cities, 199–200; technological, 19, 230, 235, 257–58; technoscientific, 154–55; urban, 207, 234, 237. See also actions/activism; citizen science; citizen-sensing; participation
entities, 129, 165, 192, 254, 264, 267, 271; actual, 9–10, 43, 53, 140, 151, 179, 242, 297n55, 302n2; becoming, 160–61, 167; collective, 51, 124, 256, 263; concrescences of, 10–11, 13–15, 32, 38, 53, 72, 127, 215, 242; creaturely, 178; cybernetic, 256; environments’ relationship to, 9–10, 128, 151, 152, 153–54, 242; experiencing, 30, 32, 160, 168, 281n6; individuation of, 13–14, 104–5, 122, 151, 265, 272; noncomputational, 227–30; sensing, 52, 127, 285n27; subject-superject, 160, 255. See also more-than-human entities
environment(s), 52, 53, 191, 264, 281n15, 290n6; acting upon, 19, 20, 32, 42, 79, 161; animate, 65, 66; concrescences of, 10, 11, 12–13, 14, 15, 48–49, 73, 176, 179–80; concretizations of, 4, 47, 67, 68–69, 78, 129; data on, 13–14, 36–37, 84, 114–15, 120–25, 161; entities’ relationship to, 9–10, 128, 151, 152, 153–54, 242; experiencing, 19–20, 127, 268; facts in, 151–52, 178, 292n60; governance of, 190–91, 192, 194, 201–3; images of, 57–58, 68, 73–76, 179; individuation of, 11, 58, 76, 265, 279n64; in-forming, 80, 128–30, 159, 167, 169, 175, 267, 280n73; management of, 8, 36–37, 53; milieus of, 12–13, 16–17, 18, 197, 262–63; new, 4, 78; oceanic, 137–55, 147; organisms’ relationship to, 44–45, 70, 152; participation in, 104–7, 132, 155, 160, 177, 179; programming, 3, 4, 9–12, 30, 196–98, 203, 267; relevance of, 113, 153, 166, 178–79; reshaping, 1, 15; satellite monitoring of, 2–3; sedimentation of, 13, 32; in smart cities, 187, 190–94, 204 242, 265; social, 165, 167, 178–79, 213, 257, 296n30; studying, 38, 45, 48–49, 120–25; techno-geographic, 67, 71, 267; transformation of, 48, 77; use of term, 9–10, 12, 197; webcam’s constructing of, 58–59; Whitehead on, 12, 39. See also calamities, environmental; engagement, environmental; politics, environmental; sensing practices
environmental activism. See actions/activism
environmental changes, 45, 77, 102, 120–25, 132, 133, 273; data-driven, 32, 88, 98–99, 166; epistemology of, 11, 58, 65–66, 129; monitoring, 3, 39, 113–17; studying, 35–36, 38, 128–29
Environmental Computing working group, 112, 118
environmentalism, 1, 16, 129, 280n73, 298n24
environmentality, 185–205; biopolitics in, 191–94; Foucault on, 52, 187, 190–91, 201, 203, 204–5, 279n64, 298n24; of sensor systems, 35–36; in smart cities, 187, 190–94, 204, 242, 265; urban, 204, 256. See also computation, becoming environmental; practices, environmental
environmental sensors. See sensors, environmental
EPA. See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
EpiCollect (online platform), 89
ERG. See King’s College Environmental Research Group (ERG)
Estrin, Deborah, 41
European Union (EU), air quality objectives, 157, 163, 178, 295n3
events, environmental, 44, 47, 95, 98–99, 179, 189, 206. See also calamities, environmental
Exchange for Local Observations and Knowledge of the Arctic (ELOKA), 124
experiences, 101, 153, 267; of becoming, 9, 32–33, 104–5, 106, 132; of climate change, 127, 132; collective, 127–28; concrescences of, 32, 38, 285n27; data, 49, 167–69, 180; digital technology and, 21, 198; distributed, 283n62; ecological, 45, 125; of entities, 30, 32, 160, 168, 281n6; environmental, 19–20, 132, 268; experiment’s relationship to, 29–30, 77; felt, 64, 123–24; forms of, 41–42, 49; inventive, 52–54, 105; measurement as, 120–25, 133; of more-than-human entities, 44, 47, 51; processes of, 49, 54, 128; sensing, 11, 59, 281n6; of subject-superjects, 71, 73, 77, 124, 133, 180, 285n27; of superjects, 22, 58, 79; technogeographies of, 57–80; urban, 223, 237, 241; Whitehead on, 32, 51, 54, 283n62. See also subjects, experiencing
experiments, 75, 132, 165, 178, 220, 262; with environmental citizenship, 161, 176–80, 219; experience’s relationship to, 29–30, 77; with matters of fact and concern, 49, 142–43; monitoring, 159–60, 177; sensing, 1–24, 29–54, 175–76; smart cities construction as, 244–45; tuning, 33, 281n9; worlds of, 270–75. See also data gathering; instrumentation; measurement(s); observations; science
Extreme Green Guerilla project, 89
facts, 49, 53, 124, 151–52, 165, 178, 292n60; relevance of, 151–52, 166–67, 181, 292n60. See also matters of fact
feeling, 12, 22, 32–33, 52, 123–24, 153, 167–70
Feral Robotic Dogs project, 126, 169, 170–71, 173, 175, 177, 180
FillThatHole platform (UK), 230
Finnish Society of Bioart, 291n30
FixMyStreet platform (UK), 210, 221, 229, 230–33, 232
flotsam, 137, 144–45, 150, 294n38. See also debris, marine; oceans
forecasts, 43, 81, 98–99, 114, 133, 164
forests, experimental. See James Reserve sensor research (University of California)
formations. See in-formation/in-forming
Fortun, Kim, 129, 279n67, 280n73
Foucault, Michel: on biopolitics, 202–3; on environmentality, 52, 187, 190–91, 201, 203, 204–5, 279n64, 298n24; on governance, 208–9; on milieus, 12, 54, 271; on power, 192, 193, 264, 271
Fuller, Matthew, 216–17
Future Cities Catapult, 247
Gabriel, Peter, 284n7
garbage patches, oceanic, 136, 137–55; emergence of, 293n15; geo-speculating with, 152–55; locating, 138–39, 140–43; monitoring, 143–51; myth of, 138, 139; use of term, 137. See also debris, marine; gyres, oceanic
Garcia, David, 302n73
geo-engineering, 134. See also engineering
geo-speculating, 137–55; from geo-mythologizing to, 152–55; locating oceanic garbage patches, 138–39, 140–43; monitoring, 143–51. See also speculation
GEOSS. See Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS)
GitHub software repository, 212
Global Community Monitor (activist group), 165
Global Drifter Program, 140, 149, 150–51. See also drifters/drifts
Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS), 150
Globcom (RCA), 277–78n8
Goffey, Andrew, 216–17
Goodwin, Charles, 50
Google Earth platform, 138, 139; locating oceanic garbage patches, 141, 147, 292–93n5. See also earth
Google Glasses, 284n9
Google Map, visualizing air pollution with, 173–74
governance, 35–36, 204, 212, 298n24, 300n18; accountability of, 230, 233; distributed, 201, 202–3; environmental, 190–91, 192, 194, 201–3; Foucault on, 208–9; milieus of, 12, 190, 191, 195–96; urban, 187, 197. See also citizenship, environmental; politics
GPS tracking systems: air pollution sensing with, 172, 173; citizen science with, 88; DIY, 89; GSM mobile phones, 94; ICARUS, 87, 287n31; white stork tracking project using, 95–99. See also satellites
Graham, Stephen, 261
Great Pacific Garbage Patch, 137–38, 140–41, 144, 149. See also garbage patches, oceanic
greenhouse gas, atmospheric measurements of, 116
ground truth, 35, 71–73, 74, 76, 86
Guattari, Félix, 14–15, 16, 51, 224, 225, 269
Gulf of Mexico. See British Petroleum (BP) oil spill (Gulf of Mexico)
gyres, oceanic, 137–39, 150, 151, 153; concentrations of microplastics in, 136, 141–42, 143, 293n15, 293n19. See also drifters/drifts; garbage patches, oceanic
Haque, Usman, 279–80n70
Haraway, Donna: on Crittercam, 58; on ecosystems, 15; on infoldings of flesh, 64; on science, 62–63, 132, 280n83; on sensory practices, 67, 72, 78
Hayles, N. Katherine: on computation, 11, 45; on distributed sensing, 63, 65–66, 67; on media, 51; on RFID tags, 58, 281n6
Hazegh, Cina, 173
Heise, Ursula K., 285n36
Helmreich, Stefan, 50–51, 74, 79, 146
Howell, Evan A., 141
hydrocarbons, 75–76. See also carbon; carbon dioxide (CO2); carbon monoxide (CO)
IBM Corporation, 7, 188, 200, 247
ICARUS (International Cooperation for Animal Research Using Space), 87, 94, 287n31
ICT connectivity, 199, 202, 303n23
idiot, 207–38; actions of, 211–20; Deleuze on, 209–10; as distributed condition, 225–26; as noncomputational entity, 227–30, 236; private life intersecting with public participation, 226–27; as process, 300n7; in sensor-based cities, 220–33; Stengers on, 209–10, 215–16, 223, 230, 235, 243; urban participation encounters, 234, 237–38
images/imaging, 69, 72, 77, 86; environmental, 57–58, 68, 73–76, 179; monitoring based on, 57–60; photographic, 1, 2–3; real-time, 75, 76; sensor, 39, 43–44, 58, 60–68; time-sequencing of, 70–71
imaginaries, 179, 197, 265; digital, 102–3, 208, 261; of programming, 21, 270–75; sensor, 36, 94; of smart cities, 185–86; urban, 205, 261, 298n5
indeterminacy, 74, 254, 258, 259–60, 261, 272, 302n2. See also determinism
individuals, 9, 10, 129, 158, 201, 208, 280n73; air quality monitoring by, 164, 165–69; governance of, 190, 202–3; milieus’ relationship to, 13, 289n75; problems in milieus of, 99–103
individuation, 9, 53, 129; of agency, 32–33; of entities, 13–14, 104–5, 122, 151, 265, 272; environmental, 11, 58, 76, 265, 279n64; measurement as, 123, 124; milieu’s relationship to, 99, 133, 289n75; of organisms, 78, 103; practices of, 131–32; processes of, 104, 105, 209, 285n27; of sensing, 11, 66, 78, 279n64; Simondon on, 13, 289–90n94. See also transindividuations
infection, 152, 153, 264. See also persuasion
in-formation/in-forming, 189, 297n41; of citizenship, 133, 178, 234; of milieus, 66, 129, 133, 151–52; of objects, 67, 77; sensing practices, 37, 66, 73, 79–80, 101–2, 105; Simondon on, 11, 129, 280n73. See also environment(s), in-forming
infrastructures, 35, 38, 244, 245; pervasive, 40–41; sensing, 8, 93, 116, 246–47; of smart cities, 185–86, 188; urban, 220, 230–33, 242, 245
infrastructures, digital, 241–65; adoption of, 212; automaticity of, 253, 256–59; concretizations of, 254–61; as contingency, 254, 259–61; environmental aspects of, 77, 242; as more-than-human event, 263–64; productive, 199–200; sensing, 214, 262–63; in smart cities, 193, 198, 199–200, 201–3, 207, 241; technologies of, 188, 261–65; urban, 194, 237, 243, 244, 249, 263; of withness, 253, 254–61
inhabitations, 1, 76, 90, 205, 209, 238, 265; animal sensory, 94–95; committed, 78–79; engagement with, 34, 80, 89; making worlds through, 64, 104, 275; milieus of, 100, 124; urban, 195–96, 223, 236, 244
instrumentation, 146, 203, 233; for data gathering, 87, 166; ecological, 2–3, 7, 33–37, 39, 63, 76, 150; monitoring, 121–23; technologies of, 50, 166. See also data gathering; experiments; measurement(s); science
Intel Corporation, 8, 9, 246, 247
interconnectedness, 8, 15. See also connectedness
International Cooperation for Animal Research Using Space (ICARUS). See ICARUS (International Cooperation for Animal Research Using Space)
International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 115, 116
Internet of Things, 6–8, 20–21, 30, 177, 240, 255, 262, 269. See also Thingful platform
interoperability, 198
Interspecies Internet, 60, 284n7
interventions, 22, 142, 190, 235; civic, 218–19; human, 57, 62–63, 65; in smart cities, 194, 195–96. See also non/intervention
invention, 67, 80, 99, 107, 132; dealing with problems of milieus, 99, 274; of experience, 52–54, 105; and smart cities construction, 244–45; technological, 159, 258
involvement, participation as, 175, 179–81, 297n41
IPCC. See International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Iveson, Kurt, 235
Jambek, Jenna, 148
James, William, 152, 181, 283n62; on relations, 129, 133; on withness, 263, 304n65
James Reserve sensor research (University of California), 29–54; Bird Box Cam, 33, 36; ecological study area, 30; instrumentation in, 33–37, 39; sensing, 32, 37–47, 42, 68–73, 284n82; soil moisture sensor, 46; tree sap measurement, 39; wired woods at, 28, 29. See also Moss Cam
Jeremijenko, Natalie, 89, 126, 170
Jiménez, Alberto Corsín, 220
Johnsen, Kyle, 148
justice, environmental, 165, 173–75, 202
Kant, Immanuel, 48, 168, 181, 209
Keeling Curve register of CO2 concentrations, 116–17
Kilpisjärvi Biological Field Station (Lapland), 110, 111–12, 114, 115, 118, 291n21, 291n30; library, 117, 121. See also Mount Saana (Lapland)
King’s College Environmental Research Group (ERG), 157–58
Kittler, Friedrich A., 51
Kohler, Robert E., 122
Korsgaard, Henrik, 235
Kranenburg, Rob van, 255
laboratories, 2, 29, 71, 150, 158. See also Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CENS) research project; James Reserve sensor research (University of California); Kilpisjärvi Biological Field Station (Lapland)
Lake Saanajärvi (Lapland), 119–21
LAQN. See London Air Quality Network (LAQN) station
Latour, Bruno, 106, 225, 280n74
Leach’s Storm Petrels study (Great Duck Island, Maine), 34
lead (Pb), 163
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 216, 300n2
Libelium Smart World (Spain), 240, 303n23
life, ways of. See ways of life
Living PlanIT project (London), 246
Locke, John, 53
logics, 196, 198, 202; of automatism, 256–57; computational, 18, 188, 208, 213, 233–34, 237; cybernetic, 15, 104; of sensing stimuli, 101–2
London, smart cities technologies in, 241, 245–57, 264–65
London Air Quality Network (LAQN) station, 156, 157–58, 162, 177, 246
long-term ecological research sites (LTERs), 35
lure, 25, 32, 52, 130, 153, 272
machine learning, 62, 92, 93, 258
machines, 67, 77, 258, 289n91; connecting with machines, 255, 259; ecologies of, 39–43; intelligent, 47–48; organisms and, 95, 102–3, 106; societies of, 224–26
Mackenzie, Adrian, 197–98, 228, 260, 263, 283n62
macroplastics, 138–39, 142, 149, 153. See also microplastics; plastics, marine concentrations of
macroscopes, 34
Madrid, Spain, smart city projects in, 195
Maker Cities, 211
mapping/maps, 1, 2, 19, 145, 170–71, 173
Marine Debris Tracker (University of Georgia), 148. See also debris, marine
Marshall, Greg, 86
Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), 210, 221
Massumi, Brian, 191, 270, 279n64
materialities, 153, 155, 161, 187, 198, 200, 280n83; air quality, 162–69; computational, 190, 197; oceanic, 141, 143
matters of concern, 32–33, 47, 49, 132, 142–43, 152–54, 161, 293–94n27; data’s role in attending to, 166, 171; engagements with, 270–71; participation in, 178
matters of fact, 142–43, 152, 153, 154, 291n28, 293–94n27
Max Planck Institute for Ornithology stork tracking project (Germany), 95–99
McLuhan, Marshall, 1, 3–4, 15, 79
measurement(s), 72, 159, 173, 259; of climate change, 45, 115–17, 121–22, 127–30, 131–32, 134; devices for, 6–7, 39, 57–58; experiences of, 120–25, 133; folk, 123–24, 131; infrastructure as, 254–56; ocean, 125–30; relevance of, 121, 124, 127, 133; science of, 131–32, 291n28; variables for, 8, 101, 112, 114, 115–17, 120–25, 128–29
media: approaches to, 49–50; civic, 235–36; digital, 21, 22, 234, 235; DIY, 302n73; environmental, 13–18, 22; organisms as, 124–25, 128–29; participatory, 189, 192, 198, 199–200, 236; sensor-based, 33, 38; social, 21, 31, 126, 221, 222–23, 234; tactical, 235–36, 302n73; technologies of, 51, 79
mediations, 13, 50, 65, 77, 78
meetup, 211
Mejias, Ulises Ali, 213
methane (CH4), 170
microplastics: in gyres, 136, 141–42, 143, 293n15, 293n19; tracking of, 138, 148–49. See also macroplastics; plastics, marine concentrations of
migrations, 97, 114; sending messages via tagged animals on, 85, 86, 91; tracking, 19, 34–35, 57, 81, 82, 83–90, 96. See also ecology, of movement
Mihaly, Steven, 62
milieus, 9, 11, 48, 52, 103, 114, 122, 132, 255, 273; of arts and sciences, 118–20; climate change effects on, 118, 120; computational, 12–13, 18, 103; engagements with, 90, 127, 274; environmental, 12–13, 16–17, 18, 197, 262–63; expressions of, 125, 127–28, 131; Foucault on, 12, 54, 271; of governance, 12, 190, 191, 195–96; individuals’ relationship to, 13, 289n75; individuation of, 99, 133, 289n75; in-forming, 66, 129, 133, 151–52; living intersecting with technical, 93, 95, 99, 101, 106; material, 153–54; multiple, 111, 124; of organisms, 99–103, 104–7; perceptions of, 100–101, 106; political, 12, 127; problem of, 81–107, 274, 289–90n94; sensing, 66, 100–101, 130, 275; technical, 76–80, 103, 153–54; technogeographic, 58, 66–68, 78, 263
Million Trees NYC project (New York), 127
Mitchell, William J., 186, 194, 199–200
Mitman, Gregg, 62
mobile phones, 54, 94, 214. See also smartphones
modalities, 22, 62, 80, 106, 181, 262; of citizenship, 175, 177, 187, 189–90, 205; computational, 122, 195–96, 198, 217; digital, 219, 220; of engagement, 155, 228; sensory, 58, 64–65, 72–73, 78, 87, 166–67, 189–90, 197–98, 237; of withness, 243, 254–61, 263–64, 264–65
monitoring, 22, 38, 79, 88, 147, 177, 208, 290n6; actions resulting from, 201–3, 204, 267; air quality, 158–62, 162–69, 176–81; arts and sciences work in, 118–20; cameras-as-sensors, 57–60; community, 123–25, 158, 165, 177; computational, 19, 131, 187, 192–93; concrescences of, 161, 179–80; data from, 53, 114–15, 189; DIY modes of, 18–20, 158; instrumentation for, 121–23; marine environments, 63, 93–95; networks for, 8, 10, 14, 35, 42, 47, 69, 237; objects of, 152; of oceanic garbage patches, 139, 143–51; pollution, 125–26; practices of, 3, 126–27, 169–70, 178, 196, 273; propositional nature of, 133–34; in smart cities, 194, 257; technologies of, 201–3; with webcams, 65–66. See also animals, tracking; biomonitoring; climate change, monitoring; sensing practices; sensors
MOOC. See Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)
Moore, Charles J., 137, 141, 293n19
more-than-human entities, 53, 79, 127, 132, 281n9; digital infrastructures and, 263–64; environmental sensing by, 32, 45, 58, 124–25; experiences of, 44, 47, 125; humans’ interactions with, 72, 129; participation of, 21–22, 179, 241, 280n83; processes of, 32, 44, 48, 51, 168–69; of subjects, 51–52
Morozov, Evgeny, 300n2
Moss Cam, 44, 56, 58–59, 60, 68–73, 70, 74, 76–78, 79–80
motes, sensor, 34, 40–41, 303n23
Mount Saana (Lapland), 119, 119–20, 120
MoveBank platform, 84, 87–88, 97
Muir, John, 128
mySociety (nonprofit organization, UK), 230
mythology. See geo-mythology
Nancy, Jean-Luc, 263
NASA, 35. See also U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts, UK. See Nesta (National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts, UK)
National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center. See Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CENS) research project
Natural Environment Research Council Sea Mammal Research Unit (University of St. Andrews), elephant seal tracking project, 93–95
Negroponte, Nicholas, 102
neoliberalism, 14, 190–91, 202
NEON. See U.S. National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON)
Nesta (National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts, UK), 212–13, 214–15, 230, 300n18
nesting patterns, remote sensing of, 34–35, 36, 40, 44, 57, 60
networks, 18, 22, 35, 164, 188, 237, 271; amalgamations of, 245–54; buoys as, 146, 149, 151; communication, 20; data-sharing, 8, 53, 57–58; digital, 212; DIY, 124; ecological, 114; extended, 57–59, 99; in-forming, 128–29; participatory, 213, 234; in smart cities, 185, 188–89, 203–5, 220–21, 246, 254–59, 265; worldwide, 177. See also actor-network theory; monitoring, networks for; sensor networks
New Cross Road (London), air quality sensing on, 157–58, 254, 295n3
nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 157, 158, 175, 295n3
nitrogen oxide (NO), 157
nitrogen oxides (NOx), 159, 163, 164, 173–74
Nitta, Michiko, 89
NO. See nitrogen oxide (NO)
NOAA. See U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
nodes, 94, 201, 265; citizens as, 196, 203, 215; sensing, 34, 40–41, 87, 93, 99, 145, 187
noise: environmental, 41, 114, 145, 164, 232; pollution from, 19, 145, 164
nonhuman. See more-than-human entities
non/intervention, 61, 63. See also interventions
nonrelations, 243. See also relations/relationships
North Pacific Gyre, 137, 141, 143, 293n19
North Pacific Subtropical High, 140
NO2. See nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
NOx. See nitrogen oxides (NOx)
objectives/objectivity, 78, 180–81, 188, 191, 198
objects, 6, 8, 20, 22, 64, 73, 129, 225, 297n55; antecedent, 13, 15; computational, 106, 154–55; concrescences of, 10, 143; earth as, 13, 14, 139; as in-formation, 67, 77; movement of, 145, 146; oceanic travel of, 144–45; technical, 57, 67, 101, 103, 113–14, 271, 285n42, 302n2; technoscientific, 142, 151, 154–55. See also data; datum; entities; Internet of Things
observations, 37, 44, 49; ecological, 14, 35, 38, 39, 68–73, 272–73; environmental, 18–19, 35, 50, 177; experimental, 29, 31, 75; networks of, 38–39; scientific, 62–63, 113–14; sensor, 34–35, 40–41, 43; technologies of, 20, 154; weather, 33, 35
observatories, 35, 38, 146; ecological, 68–73, 77, 113–17
oceans, 137–55; circulation patterns in, 81, 114, 139–41, 144–45, 150–51, 153, 293n15, 293n19; Google Earth views of, 292–93n5; stresses on, 116, 149. See also drifters/drifts; garbage patches, oceanic; gyres, oceanic; Southern Ocean
Ocean Surface Current Simulator (OSCURS), 144
open-source technologies, 17, 173; urban, 207, 211, 217, 220
organisms, 10, 77, 78, 116, 142, 153; cameras monitoring, 58, 61, 63; climate change effects on, 113, 114, 118, 119–20, 124–25, 128–30; computational, 90, 95, 102–3; cybernetic, 102–3, 104, 105, 251, 254; data collected on, 88–90, 93; environments’ relationship to, 44–45, 70–71, 87, 130, 152; individuation of, 78, 103; machines and, 95, 102–3, 106; as media, 124–25, 128–29; milieus of, 99–103, 104–7; mobile, 81–107; more-than human, 65; remote viewing of, 57, 60–62; as sensors, 82–83, 90–99; tracking of, 81–82, 85, 88–90; urban, 252, 253; Whitehead’s philosophy of, 48–49, 104, 151, 152, 297n34. See also animals, tracking; individuals; more-than-human entities
OSCURS. See Ocean Surface Current Simulator (OSCURS)
Pachube platform, 279–80n70, 281–82n19, 291n21. See also Cosm platform; Xively platform
Pacific Ocean. See Great Pacific Garbage Patch; gyres, oceanic; North Pacific Gyre; North Pacific Subtropical High
Pahlka, Jennifer, 212
Parisi, Luciana, 50
participation, 33, 178, 209, 241; apps for, 18, 22, 23–24, 211–12, 214, 274; citizen, 79, 131–32, 165, 189, 200, 207–8, 212–16, 237–38; computational, 102, 124, 189, 210; concept of, 21–22; in digital urbanism, 207–38; distributed, 179, 218; ecology of, 236–38; environmental, 104–7, 132, 155, 160, 177, 179; human, 65, 258; as involvement, 175, 179–81, 297n41; ladder of, 222–23; media, 189, 192, 198, 199–200, 236; more-than-human registers of, 21–22, 179, 241, 280n83; practices of, 215, 237, 243; processes of, 54, 242–43, 263; programming, 198–201; public intersecting with private lives, 226–27; sensoring, 37, 54, 176–77, 213–15, 233–36, 271; in smart cities, 189, 198–201, 203, 263, 265; technological, 21, 204, 230; withness of, 243–44. See also actions/activism; agency, participatory; engagement; urbanism, participatory digital
particulate matter (PM), 157, 159, 163, 164, 295n1, 296n17
Pb. See lead (Pb)
Pennisi, Elizabeth, 287n31
perceptions, 45, 118, 128, 153, 289–90n94; capacities of, 37, 49, 102; environmental operations of, 102–3, 104–7; inventiveness as part of, 52–53; of milieus, 100–101, 106; processes of, 45, 48–50; sensory, 43, 73
persistent organic pollutants (POPs), 113, 142
persuasion, 264–65, 272, 275. See also infection
PetaJarkata project (Indonesia), 235
petropolitics, 80. See also politics
Pickering, Andrew, 281n9
Pigeon Blog project, 126, 172, 173–75, 177, 180
Pika Alarm project, 126
planet. See computerization, planetary; earth
Planetary Skin (Cisco), 35
plankton, plastics’ ratios to, 141, 293n19
plastics, marine concentrations of, 137–55; accumulations of, 138, 139–40, 141; circulation of, 153–54; concrescences of, 142, 151–52; as societies of objects, 152, 153; tracking of, 146–51. See also debris, marine; garbage patches, oceanic; gyres, oceanic; macroplastics; microplastics
platforms, 35, 43, 89, 257; citizen-sensing, 198–99, 230; data, 84, 279–80n70; digital, 211–20, 230–33, 241; ocean-observing, 145, 146; participatory, 189, 235; sensor-based, 19, 40, 118, 175, 195. See also individual online platforms
PM. See particulate matter (PM)
policies, environmental, 19, 164, 169–70, 298n5
politics, 22, 79, 80, 102, 133, 200, 225, 230; of citizenship, 112, 174, 243; climate change, 134, 171; computational operations of, 197, 203, 236; of disruption, 18, 235, 236; encounters with, 270–75; of engagement, 176, 178, 225, 235, 236; environmental, 4, 16, 18, 20, 53, 130, 131–32, 179–81, 273; influencing changes in, 132, 165, 171, 173, 177, 178; milieus’ relationship to, 12, 127; practices of, 47, 53, 79, 200; rules of the game, 208–9; science and, 178, 180; of smart cities, 189, 197, 217, 243, 265; of subjects, 127, 132. See also actions/activism; biopolitics 2.0; citizenship, environmental; cosmopolitics; governance; neoliberalism
pollution: definitions of, 43, 163–65; monitoring, 19, 157–58, 158–62, 178, 193, 277–78n8; noise, 19, 145, 164; sensing, 111–34, 170–71, 268; urban, 19, 126–27, 164, 173–75, 177. See also air pollution/quality; garbage patches, oceanic; and individual chemical pollutants
Ponto, Kevin, 173
POPs. See persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
potential, 14, 35, 103, 217, 297n55; collective, 10, 53, 124, 129, 256, 259, 263; open, 271–74, 289n91
power, 12, 53, 168, 187, 202, 214, 222; becoming environmental of, 185–88, 279n64; distributed, 54, 190, 192, 204; Foucault on, 192, 193, 264, 271; microphysics of, 195–96; relationality of, 187, 234; of speculation, 265, 272
practices, 22, 49, 65, 71, 166, 200, 272; arts and sciences, 111, 118–20, 123–24, 138–39; citizen-sensing, 79, 107, 130–34, 158–62, 178, 271, 273–74; climate change, 115–17, 134; computational, 11, 187; digital, 12, 211–20, 242; environmental, 11, 12–18, 20, 29, 45, 47, 53, 79, 106–7, 130; of in/visibility, 62–63; knowledge, 63, 78–79; participatory, 215, 237, 243; political, 47, 53, 79, 200; read/write/execute urban, 217–20; scientific, 11, 118; sensation as, 64; in smart cities, 194, 197, 205, 236, 244, 257, 263, 265; of sustainability, 16, 80, 199–200; technoscientific, 54, 280n83. See also citizenship, environmental, practices of; data gathering, practices of; sensing practices
Preemptive Media project. See Area Immediate Reading (AIR, Preemptive Media)
prehensions, 49, 129, 152; concrescences of, 32, 72; modes of, 10, 168, 179
preindividual reserve, 129, 258
problems, 133, 209; of automation, 270–75; environmental, 107, 122, 131, 154, 159, 179; of milieus, 81–107, 274, 289–90n94; solving, 14, 213, 215–16, 228, 230–34, 237–38, 300n2; urban, 193, 197, 208, 210, 219, 229, 232, 235, 257
processes, 52, 65, 129, 142, 146, 197–98, 244, 268, 281n6, 281n9; automating, 256–59; of becoming, 9, 104–5, 160–61; civic, 218–19; computational, 45, 47, 185–86; concrescences of, 32–33, 44, 104; of concretizations, 9, 49, 50–51, 105; of data production, 41–42, 51, 77–78, 169–70, 181; digitalization of, 77, 236; distributed, 48, 190; ecological, 49, 57, 71, 73, 88, 118; of engagement, 209, 236; environmental, 3–4, 29, 34–36, 76, 103, 124–25, 141, 262–63; of experiences, 49, 54, 128; of images-as-sensors, 39, 43–44, 58, 60–68; of individuation, 104, 105, 209, 285n27; more-than-human, 32, 44, 48, 51, 168–69; of participation, 54, 242–43, 263; of perception, 45, 48–50; of programming, 270–75; of sensation, 22, 48, 64, 66; sensing, 22–23, 33, 45, 50, 101, 125, 257; sensor, 45, 51, 53, 54, 77, 78; technical, 57, 67–68; urban, 185–86, 188, 194, 199–200, 203, 207, 227, 237, 241; webcam, 80. See also algorithmic processes
programming: environmental, 3, 4, 9–12, 30, 196–98, 203, 267; of participation, 198–201; relational project of, 13–14. See also code/coding; computation, becoming environmental; earth, programmability of; software
Project Igloo (U.S. military), 6
propositions, 153, 265, 272, 274, 292n60
prototypes/prototyping: of Air Quality Egg, 174, 175; of computational technologies, 31; sensor, 36, 37; urban, 207, 211, 212, 218, 219–20
radiation, 115, 158; detecting, 5, 122, 126
radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags. See RFID (radio-frequency identification) tags
Raley, Rita, 236
Raspberry Pi, 19
Ratto, Matt, 235
read/write/execute urban practices, 217–20
rebound effect, 202
regulation, 116, 190, 194, 196, 201, 252, 256
relations/relationships, 122, 236, 254, 256, 261, 263; digital, 259, 271; distributing, 29–54; formation of, 1, 14, 132; James on, 129, 133; of power, 187, 234; reality of, 129–30; technological, 79–80, 83, 228. See also subject-superjects
relations/relationships, environmental, 4, 18, 35–37, 48–49, 51, 67, 123, 126; ecological, 34, 42, 53, 86, 125, 269, 275; with entities, 9–10, 128, 151, 152, 153–54, 242; with organisms, 44–45, 70–71, 87, 130; sensor-based, 22, 43–44, 50, 53, 59, 69, 78, 106, 230
relevance, 12, 77, 165; of data, 165–69, 180; environmental, 113, 153, 166, 178–79; of facts, 151–52, 166–67, 181, 292n60; of measurements, 121, 124, 127, 133; of sensing technologies, 32, 54, 58
remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), 72, 73–76, 75
remote sensing, 29, 69, 138; of animals, 60–62, 87–88; buoys, 146, 154; data from, 19, 71–73, 81; satellite, 2–4, 15, 34–35, 145, 151, 277n7. See also sensing practices; webcams
resources, 35, 188, 194, 198, 226, 277–78n8
responsiveness, 8, 71, 103, 200, 201; computational, 192–93, 196; programmed, 105, 201–3
Revel, Judith, 192
re-versioning, 235–36
RFID (radio-frequency identification) tags, 64–66, 85, 86, 94; Hayles on, 51, 58, 65–66, 281n6; in WildSensing project, 92, 93
Roadkill Garneau, 89
Robinson, Jennifer, 298n5
robots, 40, 92, 147, 200. See also Feral Robotic Dogs project
Rockefeller Foundation report, 188, 200
Rossiter, Ned, 236
Roth, Wolff-Michael, 42
ROVs. See remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)
Royal Docks area (London), 248–49
San Francisco Garden Registry platform (U.S.), 235
Santander, Spain, smart cities projects, 247, 303n23
Sassen, Saskia, 217–18
satellites, 1–4, 5, 116, 141; animal tracking using, 94, 95; communicating with, 2, 147, 150–51; Landsat, 2, 62–63; sensing technology of, 2–4, 15, 34–35, 94, 145, 151, 277n7, 277–78n8; systems of, 81, 84. See also Argos satellite systems; CTD-SRDLs (conductivity-temperature-depth satellite relay data loggers); GPS tracking systems
Scholz, Trebor, 215
Schulte, Jamie, 173
science, 78, 100; civic, 18, 279n67; climate change, 115–17; community-oriented, 123–25; environmental, 3, 20, 31, 88, 124, 131; grassroots, 117–18, 173–75, 177, 208; Haraway on, 62–63, 132, 280n83; of measurement, 131–32, 291n28; observations in, 62–63, 113–14; political effects of, 178, 180; urban, 216–17, 279n67; Whitehead, on, 100, 180. See also citizen science; experiments; instrumentation; technoscience
Sebille, Erik van, 150
SeeClickFix platform (U.S.), 213, 230
sensation, 49–50, 64, 65, 68, 72, 77–79, 297n34; distributed, 22, 45, 53, 58, 66, 93; interpretive acts of, 32, 166; processes of, 22, 48, 64, 66
sense, 32, 50, 73, 106, 107, 285n27; concretizations of, 14–15, 79–80; distributing, 47–52, 64–66, 67–68; grounding, 5–8; infolding of, 63–64, 67–68, 102; more-than-human modalities of, 45, 58; programming, 10–12
SenseCam (Microsoft), 284n9
sensibility, 1, 53, 77–78, 167
Sensing London initiatives, 247
sensing practices, 71, 207, 218, 267, 272; air quality, 172, 173–75, 179, 212, 246; animals’, 44, 81–107; arts and sciences, 111, 118–20, 123–24, 138–39; cameras as, 57–60, 65, 67, 75, 78; on climate change, 117–26; collaborative, 50–52, 83; complications in, 130–34; concrescences of, 45, 52, 53–54, 66, 76–77, 279n64; concretizations of, 14–15, 130, 247; digital, 158, 168–69, 177–78, 179, 181; DIY, 17, 18, 35, 124, 208; education on, 221–30; electronic, 29, 176; embedded, 31, 32, 43, 282n41; embodied, 63, 285n27; engagement with, 50, 80, 160, 227; entities’, 52, 127, 285n27; environmental, 58, 66–68, 77–78, 101–2, 118; experiences of, 11, 59, 281n6; experiments in, 1–24, 29–54, 175–76; images as, 39, 43–44, 58, 60–68; individuation of, 11, 66, 78, 279n64; in-forming, 37, 66, 73, 79–80, 101–2, 105; infrastructures of, 8, 93, 116, 246–47; intimate, 50–52; localized, 40, 47; in marine environments, 125–30, 145, 145–51, 147; milieus of, 66, 100–101, 130, 275; mobile, 19, 50; monitoring, 5–8, 10–11, 14, 21, 34, 203, 268; more-than-human entities, 32, 45, 58, 124–25; multiscalar, 34–35; networked, 3, 5–8, 9, 43, 54; nodes of, 34, 40–41, 87, 93, 99, 145, 187; organisms becoming, 81–83; participatory, 37, 54, 176–77, 213–15, 233–36, 271; passive, 58, 214–15, 226–27; processes of, 22–23, 33, 50, 101, 125, 257; programming, 92–93; proliferation of, 3–4, 7–8; proxy, 43–47, 123, 174; radiation, 5, 126; robotic, 40, 170–73; superjectal, 48–49, 77–78, 104; systems of, 40–41, 41–42, 43–47, 53; technicity of, 4, 106; techno-geographies of, 68, 71, 72, 75, 78; triggering other sensors, 43–44; types of, 5; urban, 177, 222–23, 223; variables for, 8, 11, 84, 85, 93, 101, 106, 112, 114–16, 120–25. See also biosensing/biosensors; bodies, sensing; capacities, sensing; citizen-sensing; computation, becoming environmental, sensing processes; data gathering; ecology, sensing; remote sensing; satellites, sensing technology of; technologies, sensing/sensor
sensor-actuators, 44, 207, 224, 227–28, 256, 259, 261, 272. See also actuators
sensor data: analysis of, 234, 268; environmental, 272–73; gathering, 30, 32, 39, 54, 69, 216–17, 257; ground-truthing, 85–86; monitoring, 88, 200; multiple forms of, 63, 217; platforms of, 118, 213–14; processing of, 34–35, 43, 69. See also observations
sensor networks: animal, 87–88, 90–99, 100, 102; CENS, 28, 29, 33, 37–47, 39, 54, 282n41; environmental, 18, 20, 43, 52, 83; extended, 19, 57–59; at James Reserve, 68–73; wireless, 22, 29–30, 34, 41, 194. See also networks
Sensor Planet (Nokia), 35
sensors, 126, 153, 188, 233, 273; agency of, 65, 225, 228; computational, 19–20, 101, 146; concrescences of, 9, 57–58, 177–78, 260; concretizations of, 14–15, 130, 247; data-gathering, 30, 32, 39, 54, 69, 216–17, 257; digital, 260, 274; distributions of, 65, 237; DIY, 17, 18, 35, 124, 208; environmental, 59, 65–66, 106, 197, 198, 204, 269, 271; experimenting with, 175–76; in London, 254–56; monitoring, 5–8, 21, 34, 54, 103, 196, 203, 268; organisms as, 82–83, 90–99; platforms of, 19, 40, 118, 175, 195; processes triggering, 22, 40, 41–42, 43, 45, 249, 251; in smart cities, 194, 216, 220–21, 245–54, 257, 303n23. See also applications/apps, sensor; biosensing/biosensors; buoys; cameras; cities, sensor-based; modalities, sensory; systems, sensor; technologies, sensing/sensor
Serres, Michel, 76
servo-mechanisms, 256
Siberia, tracking of geese in, 85
Simondon, Gilbert, 274, 285n27, 302n75; on affect, 106; on automation, 106, 270; on automatism, 257–58; on citizenship, 273; on computation becoming environmental, 9, 279n64; on concretization, 10, 15, 259–60, 261, 263; on creativity, 52–53; on in-formation/in-forming, 11, 129, 280n73; on mediation, 13; on milieus, 12, 99–103, 271; on organisms, 104; on perception, 105, 289–90n94; relations, 256; on techno-geographies, 58, 66–67, 80, 93; on technologies, 103, 228, 242, 265, 270, 272, 302n2; on withness, 245
Simone, AbdouMaliq, 259, 260, 261
Singer, Brooke, 173
Smart + Connected Communities (Cisco), 186
smart cities, 30, 240, 241, 262, 298n5; apps for, 195, 221, 257, 262; automatism in, 256–59; being and becoming in, 254–61, 265, 279n64; biopolitics 2.0 and, 191–94; citizenship in, 185–205, 230–33; cybernetics in, 196, 256–59; digital infrastructures in, 193, 198, 199–200, 201–3, 207, 241; education on, 221–30; efficiency in, 185, 188, 193–96, 198, 202–3, 207; environmentality in, 187, 190–94, 204, 242, 265; London initiatives, 245–54, 264–65; measurement in, 254–56; networks in, 185, 188–89, 203–5, 220–21, 246, 254–59, 265; participation in, 189, 198–201, 203, 219, 263, 265; Play the City game, 251, 252–54; politics of, 189, 197, 217, 243, 265; practices in, 194, 197, 205, 236, 244, 257, 263, 265; productivity in, 193, 194, 196, 202–3; programming, 196–98; projects related to, 184, 186, 243–44, 247, 256; proposals for, 208, 218; remaking, 187–90; sensors in, 245–54, 303n23; sustainability in, 185–205, 208, 237, 257; systems management in, 249–50, 251, 252–54; use of term, 188, 220; ways of life in, 189, 194, 195–96, 197, 202–5. See also cities; connectedness, in smart cities; practices, in smart cities; technologies, in smart cities; urbanism, participatory digital