Notes

1. George Washington Wing, History of Kewaunee County (Kewaunee, Wis.: Kewaunee Enterprise, ca. 1922): 100, http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/u?/wch,66243.

2. Johnson, Virginia Feld, An-An-api-sebe: Where is the River? Wolf River Ahnapee 1851–1897 (Sturgeon Bay, Wis.: Silverdale Press, 2000), 158, 185; Johnson, et. al. The History of Commercial Development in Algoma, Wisconsin. (Algoma, Wis.: Steele Street Group, 2006), 295.

3. Wisconsin, Vol. 27, p. 202, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

4. Kewaunee County Enterprize, February 24, 1869, 4.

5. Lois Pflughoeft, “History of Ahnapee Brewery,” collection of Ahnapee Record articles displayed at Ahnapee Brewery.

6. Virginia Feld Johnson, An-An-api-sebe: Where is the River? Wolf River Ahnapee 1851–1897 (Sturgeon Bay, Wis.: Silverdale Press, 2000), 194–95; Johnson, et. al. The History of Commercial Development in Algoma, Wisconsin. (Algoma, Wis.: Steele Street Group, 2006), 68–73.

7. “History of our Wisconsin Winery,” Von Stiehl Winery website, https://vonstiehl.com/visit/history/.

8. Nick Calaway, interview by author, (August 3, 2013), correspondence with author (July 6, 2017); Pamela Parks, “Tapping their roots: Ahnapee Brewery Tap Room has historic family ties,” Kewaunee County Star News, July 25, 2013; Eric Christenson, “Ahnapee Brewery adds a touch of history to craft beer,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, August 1, 2013; Karen Ebert Yancey, “Ahnapee Brewery to bottle its beer,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, October 12, 2015; Jim Lundstrom, “Brewer is new owner of Ahnapee Brewery,” Peninsula Pulse, February 10, 2017; Ahnapee Brewery, www.ahnapeebrewery.com.

9. L. Kessinger, History of Buffalo County, Wisconsin. (Alma, Buffalo County, Wis. 1888): 618.

10. Kessinger: 409

11. Buffalo County Journal, April 27, 1861, 3.

12. Buffalo County Journal, September 4, 1862, 3; October 23, 1862, 3; February 19, 1863, 3; August 4, 1864, 3.

13. Alma Journal and Beef Slough Advocate (various dates, October 1868): 4.

14. Barbara Anderson-Sannes, Alma on the Mississippi, 1848–1932 (Alma, Wis.: Alma Historical Society, 1980), 71.

15. Winona (MN) Daily Republican, June 18, 1880, 3; August 19, 1881, 3.

16. Winona (MN) Daily Republican, March 14, 1890, 3; April 18, 1890, 3.

17. Anderson-Sannes: 71; Winona (MN) Daily Republican, May 26, 1893, 3; Winona (MN) Republican Herald, May 21, 1937, 14. George Carisch’s minor league statistics are at https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=carris001geo.

18. L. Kessinger, History of Buffalo County, Wisconsin. (Alma, Buffalo County, Wis. 1888): 618; Buffalo County Journal, November 21, 1861, 3 (for the business partnership).

19. Winona (MN) Daily Republican, October 7, 1871, 3.

20. Winona (MN) Daily Republican, September 13, 1889, 3.

21. Barbara Anderson-Sannes, Alma on the Mississippi, 1848–1932 (Alma, Wis.: Alma Historical Society, 1980), 73; Winona (MN) Republican Herald, July 12, 1937, 3.

22. L. Kessinger, History of Buffalo County, Wisconsin (Alma, Buffalo County, Wis. 1888): 409.

23. www.centralwaters.com/home; Stevens Point Journal, January 28, 2011.

24. Paul Graham, speech and interview May 12, 2012, interview July 5, 2017, correspondence July 6, 2017.

25. Graham, May 12, 2012, www.centralwaters.com/home.

26. Chicago Herald, November 4, 1891, 9

27. Dessureau, Robert M. History of Langlade County, Wisconsin (Antigo, Wis.: Berner Bros., 1922), 83

28. City of Antigo Diamond Jubilee, 1878–1953 (Sparks-Doernenburg Post no. 3, American Legion, 1953), 24, 42

29. Sheboygan Press, March 23, 1937, 20.

30. Milwaukee Sentinel, September 23, 1899, 10.

31. Robert M. Dessureau, History of Langlade County, Wisconsin (Antigo, Wis.: Berner Bros., 1922), 83.

32. Sheboygan Press, March 9, 1921, 16.

33. Sheboygan Press, November 16, 1932, 2; Northern Lakes Brewing Co., Wisconsin Historical Society Archives, Incorporation Records, Series 356, Box 638, Folder N 2289.

34. Thomas H. Ryan (ed.) History of Outagamie County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Goodspeed Historical Association Publishers, ca. 1911): 148, 150, 172. The Crescent references are reprinted in this account.

35. Appleton Post-Crescent, April 30, 1932, 26

36. Appleton Crescent, June 6, 1863, 3

37. Western Brewer (July 1880): 813

38. Milwaukee Sentinel, December 3, 1884, 8

39. Milwaukee Journal, January 18, 1893, 8

40. Commemorative Biographical Record of the Fox River Valley Counties of Brown, Outagamie and Winnebago (Chicago: J. H. Beers & Co., 1895), 612

41. Ryan, 1016, 1145, WHS Wisconsin County Histories, http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/u?/wch,40315

42. Appleton Evening Crescent, May 2, 1918, 3

43. Appleton Post-Crescent, May 12, 1920, 3; February 12, 1926, 3

44. Appleton Crescent, October 17, 1863, 3.

45. Thomas H. Ryan, ed. History of Outagamie County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Goodspeed Historical Association Publishers, ca. 1911): 1016; Wisconsin, Vol. 42, p. 34–20, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

46. Brian Zenefski, “The George Walter Brewing Company” American Breweriana Journal (Nov.-Dec. 2010): 6-7.

47. Commemorative Biographical Record of the Fox River Valley Counties of Brown, Outagamie and Winnebago (Chicago: J. H. Beers & Co., 1895), 664.

48. Appleton Post-Crescent, February 25, 1921, 4.

49. Appleton Post-Crescent, June 16, 1920, 3.

50. Zenefski: ABJ 8-9.

51. Appleton Post-Crescent, April 6, 1933, 7.

52. Geo. Walter Brewing Co. to Solomon Levitan, June 4, 1938, Register of the Wisconsin Division of Beverage and Cigarette Taxes: General Correspondence, 1934–1944, Box 12, Folder 34.

53. Brian Zenefski, “A Conversation with Alex. A. Knaus” CD, 2. vols. (Privately Published, 2014).

54. Appleton Post-Crescent, January 31, 1958, 24; February 14, 1958, 50; December 29, 1958, 16.

55. Appleton Post-Crescent, March 9, 1969, 18 (B7)

56. Brewers Bulletin, April 3, 1972 (in file folder “Breweries Sold” at Beer Institute); Zenefski, ABJ 14.

57. Wisconsin, Vol. 42, p. 34-Q, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

58. Bob Lowe, “Vats readied for microbrewery,” Appleton Post-Crescent, June 27, 1989, C5; Lowe, “New Adler Brau on tap Thursday,” Appleton Post-Crescent, August 1, 1989, B1-2; Oshkosh Northwestern, August 19, 1990, B-1; Steve Lonsway, correspondence with author, July 18, 2017.

59. Todd Haefer, “Hopping on the barley bandwagon,” Oshkosh Northwestern, October 11, 1995: C1; Arlen Boardman, “A highly profitable hobby,” Appleton Post-Crescent, April 25, 1999, Sunday, inc. 12; “Brewery markets beer for Republicans,” Stevens Point Journal (October 6, 1999), 7.

60. Jim Lundstrom, “Longtime Appleton brewpub sold,” Appleton Post-Crescent, October 14, 2004, C1.

61. http://stonecellarbrewpub.com/index.php/profile/history; Interview with Steve Lonsway (July 31, 2014).

62. Steve Lonsway, interview by author, July 31, 2013; Lonsway, correspondence with author, July 18, 2017; Appleton Post-Crescent, April 28, 2013, E1; August 5, 2014, A6; June 9, 2015, 5; Stone Arch Brewpub website, http://www.stonearchbrewpub.com/history/; “Stone Cellar is now Stone Arch Brewpub,” Appleton Post-Crescent, February 5, 2017, 1C.

63. Chuck Doherty, “Former teacher to open microbrewery in Appleton,” Milwaukee Sentinel, June 22, 1990, 6 (part 2).

64. Steve Lonsway, correspondence with author, July 18, 2017; Lee Reiherzer, “Brewed Fresh and True: A History of Fox River Brewing Company” (December 14, 2015) and “Beer Production in Oshkosh and Beyond” (March 15, 2016), Oshkosh Beer, oshkoshbeer.blogspot.com; Bob Lowe, “New Brews,” Appleton Post-Crescent, January 8, 1998, Encore Section 14.

65. Appleton Beer Factory website www.appletonbeerfactory.com; Ben Fogel, interview by author, July 31, 2013.

66. Excise records, August 1897.

67. Franklyn Curtiss-Wedge, History of Trempealeau County, Wisconsin. Part 1. (Chicago: H. C. Cooper, Jr. & Co., 1917), 228; Winona Daily Republican, May 20, 1876, 3.

68. Bradstreet’s Reports of the State of Wisconsin (New York: Bradstreet Co., 1884).

69. Winona Daily Repbulican, June 11, 1887, 3.

70. Milwaukee Journal, March 21, 1891, 8.

71. Alman I. Lord, Industrial Review of Arcadia, Wisconsin (Milwaukee: E. Bulfin, 1900), 6.

72. Curtiss-Wedge, 719–20.

73. Winona Republican Herald, October 6, 1931, 3.

74. Winona Republican Herald, December 30, 1933, 17.

75. Phil. A. Schwangle to C. S. Tutton, May 29, 1939, Register of the Wisconsin Division of Beverage and Cigarette Taxes: General Correspondence, 1934–1944, Box 13, Folder 15.

76. Manley D. Hinshaw to BTD, September 18, 1939, Register of the Wisconsin Division of Beverage and Cigarette Taxes: General Correspondence, 1934–1944, Box 13, Folder 15.

77. Waterstreet.

78. Tom Porter, interview by author June 17, 2009; Lake Louie Brewing website, June 16, 2012; Bob Paolino, “Lake Louie Brewing LLC,” Great Lakes Brewing News (Oct./Nov. 2007): 12–13; Paolino, Great Lakes Brewing News Oct./Nov. 2005: 26.

79. Robin Shepard, “Lake Louie Brewing shakes up lineup, debuting five new beers over the summer,” Isthmus.com, April 30, 2014, http://isthmus.com/food-drink/beer/lake-louie-brewing-shakes-up-lineup-debuting-five-new-beers-over-the-summer/.

80. Porter, correspondence with author (July 6, 2017).

81. History of Northern Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Co., 1881), 68-9.

82. Winona (MN) Daily Republican, October 28, 1872, 3.

83. Milwaukee Sentinel, March 20, 1874, 8; Ashland Press, August 8, 1874, npg.

84. History of Northern Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Co., 1881), 72.

85. Milwaukee Daily Journal, July 21, 1887.

86. “What of Ashland?” Duluth (MN) News Tribune, February 12, 1913, 15

87. Stevens Point Journal, January 23, 1909, 6; Ashland Historical Museum collection.

88. Undated advertisement, Ashland Historical Museum collection.

89. Winona Republican Herald, July 24, 1919, 7

90. Edward B. Johnson to BTD, May 24, 1937, BTD Records, Box 5, Folder 22.

91. Bo Bélanger, correspondence with author, July 10, 2017.

92. Bob Paolino, Great Lakes Brewing News, (Aug./Sep. 1997): 31; Robin Shepard, Wisconsin’s Best Breweries and Brewpubs: Searching for the Perfect Pint (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 2001), 104–05.

93. Brad Bryan, “Wisconsin Co-op Aims to Grow Local Ingredients,” Great Lakes Brewing News, (June/July 2009): 27

94. Hope McLeod, “New South Shore Brewery Tasting Room Opens in Washburn,” Bayfield County Journal, January 28, 2016, http://www.southshorebrewery.com/press.html.

95. Paolino: GLBN, (Oct./Nov. 2007): 46.

96. Kerry Guyette, “If you’ve seen one Legends, you haven’t seen them all,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, November 20, 2003, special section 1-3.

97. Augusta Herald, January 20, 1872, 4; May 25, 1872, 3.

98. Wisconsin, Vol. 8, p. 203, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; Eau Claire Daily Free Press, June 1, 1878, 4.

99. John Henry Ott, Jefferson County Wisconsin and its People vol. 2 (Chicago: S. J. Clarke, 1917), 170.

100. Watertown Republican, March 1, 1871, 3.

101. Jefferson Banner, November 8, 1877 and October 29, 1873, Jefferson Historical Society Database.

102. Jefferson Banner, October 10, 1878.

103. Jefferson Banner, October 26, 1882.

104. Jefferson Banner, July 30, 1975. The article incorrectly claims that Foster purchased the brewery from Henry Downer in 1873. Downer partnered with Rudolph Heger to buy Henry Long’s brewery.

105. Milwaukee Sentinel (September 3, 1873)

106. Memories, Baldwin Township, 125 years:a great place to live:anniversary edition, 1873–1998. (Wis.: s.n. 1998): 34, 63. (University of Wisconsin Library Pamphlet Collection, 99–671): Various issues of Baldwin Bulletin, 1873–74.

107. Winona (MN) Republican-Herald, February 4, 1918, 1; [Madison] Capital Times, February 9, 1918, 2.

108. Steve Cahalan, “Bangor microbrewery aims for October debut,” La Crosse Tribune, September 16, 2012, H1.

109. Sauk County Standard, August 7, 1850, 3.

110. Sauk County Standard, October 5, 1853, 2.

111. C. W. Butterfield, History of Sauk County, Wisconsin, 511.

112. C. W. Butterfield, The History of Sauk County, Wisconsin. (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1880), 511.

113. Richard D. Rossin Jr., “The Breweries of Loomis Parrish” (Privately Published, 2016), 3; correspondence with Rossin (March 4, 2018).

114. Rossin Jr.: 3-6; The History of Sauk County, Wisconsin. (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1880.): 511.

115. Wisconsin, Vol. 52, p. 300-O, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

116. Wisconsin, Vol. 52, p. 425, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

117. The History of Sauk County, Wisconsin. (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1880.): 511; Memorial and Biographical Record and Illustrated Compendium of Biography containing a compendium of local biography including biographical sketches of hundreds of prominent old settlers and representative citizens of Columbia, Sauk and Adams counties, Wisconsin. (Chicago: Geo. A. Ogle, 1901), 236–239; Wisconsin Teamster, July 8, 1960, 7, in Effinger Brewing Co. Records, Box 1, Folder 1, Mss 419, Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison. The account in Wisconsin Teamster gives a different founding date of 1885, but was much further removed from the event.

118. Wisconsin Teamster, July 8, 1960, 1

119. Effinger Records, Box 5, Folder 17

120. Effinger Brewing Co. ledger, 103–04, Effinger Brewing Co. Records, Box 1, Folder 2.

121. Newsletters, various dates, Effinger Records, Box 5, Folder 18.

122. Effinger Records, Box 5, Folder 17

123. David V. Uihlein to Fred. J. Effinger, February 22, 1966, Effinger Records, Box 5, Folder 12.

124. Beaver Dam Argus, January 6, 1864, 3.

125. Souvenir Program and Centennial History, Beaver Dam, Wisconsin (Beaver Dam WI: Historical Committee, 1941), 95. The Hubbell county history claims that Patzlsberger died in 1859, but this is inconsistent with census records. This history makes several other errors concerning the brewery, including contradictory accounts of which brewery Louis Ziegler bought.

126. Sheboygan Press, April 8, 1920, 1

127. Also useful were: John Smallshaw, “From three to none; story of brewing in a small Wisconsin town,” American Breweriana Journal (November–December 2003): 11–15; Bob Kay, “Beaver Dam Labels,” ibid.: 16–17; Winona [MN] Republican Herald, January 11, 1947, 6.

128. Souvenir Program and Centennial History, Beaver Dam, Wisconsin (Beaver Dam WI: Historical Committee, 1941), 102.

129. Souvenir Program and Centennial History, Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, (Beaver Dam, Wis.: Historical Committee, 1941), 105; Milwaukee Sentinel, June 30, 1885, 8.

130. Janesville Gazette, May 25, 1867, 1.

131. Janesville Gazette November 30, 1869, 1.

132. History of Rock County (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1879), 763: 100 Years of Brewing, 425.

133. Milwaukee Journal, December 2, 1890, 1.

134. Wisconsin, Vol. 49, p. 204-Z, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

135. Milwaukee Journal, June 16, 1891, 8.

136. Robin Shepard, Wisconsin’s Best Breweries and Brewpubs (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), 71-2; Bob Paolino, ed., “Great Taste of the Midwest Festival Program,” (Madison: Madison Homebrewers and Tasters Guild, 2001), 23, http://www.mhtg.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/2001_great_taste_program.pdf; Paolino, Great Lakes Brewing News (June-July 1997): 30.

137. Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, March 13, 1856, 2; Home Town Ties: Berlin, Wisconsin 1848–1998 (Berlin, Wis.: Berlin Journal Newspapers, 1998), 89. (This source provided the location.)

138. Marquette Mercury, June 13, 1853, 5.

139. Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, March 3, 1869, 2; Daily Milwaukee News, February 28, 1869, 4.

140. Berlin City Courant, September 29, 1859, 4.

141. Home Town Ties: Berlin, Wisconsin 1848–1998 (Berlin, Wis.: Berlin Journal Newspapers, 1998), 89.

142. Patrick J. Curran, interview by author, July 23, 2017.

143. Appleton Post-Crescent, June 5, 1937, 18.

144. OPA Community Ceiling Prices, Bottled Beer and Ale, (Washington, DC: Office of Price Administration, 1946), in Stevens Point Brewery files at UWSP.

145. Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, April 21, 1953, 13.

146. Home Town Ties: Berlin, Wisconsin 1848–1998 (Berlin, Wis.: Berlin Journal Newspapers, 1998), 90.

147. Patrick J. Curran, interview by author, July 23, 2017. Most of the information about the later years of the brewery comes from this interview.

148. Bob Paolino, in Great Lakes Brewing News (June-July 1997): 31; (August-September 1997): 39; (February-March 1998): 31.

149. History of the Sand Creek Brewing Co., Winona [MN] Daily Republican, February 18, 1888, 1; November 22, 1919, 10.

150. Jim Wiesenden and Todd Krueger, interviews by author, July 12, 2011; Wiesenden, interview by author July 11, 2017; Barry Adams, “BRF brewery buys two smaller craft brewing companies,” La Crosse Tribune, March 2, 2016, B2; “Sand Creek History,” Sand Creek Brewing Co. http://www.sandcreekbrewing.com/history#pioneer.

151. Susedik, Tina, A Jump into the Past: Bloomer Sesquicentennial History 1855–2005 (Privately published: 2005): 354; Milwaukee Sentinel, June 15, 1888, 6; Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, November 14, 1885, 3.

152. Weekly Wisconsin, December 13, 1890, 7.

153. Susedik, Tina, A Jump into the Past: Bloomer Sesquicentennial History 1855–2005 (Privately published: 2005): 355.

154. Bloomer Advance, September 28, 1933, 1; December 21, 1933, 8; July 12, 1934, 1.

155. St. Paul [MN] Pioneer Press, January 27, 2006.

156. Various correspondence, Register of the Wisconsin Division of Beverage and Cigarette Taxes: General Correspondence, 1934–1944, Box 6, Folder 28.

157. Appleton Post Crescent, March 9, 1938, 19; August 6, 1938, 18.

158. Susedik, Tina, A Jump into the Past: Bloomer Sesquicentennial History 1855–2005 (Privately published: 2005): 356.

159. In particular, this opinion is held by Otto Tiegs and Bob Pirie, who interviewed Tankenoff in the 1990s. (Interviews by author, various dates.)

160. Bloomer Advance, March 6, 2013, A1, A12.

161. Dan Stolt, interview by author, July 13, 2017. Material from this interview supplements most portions of this section.

162. Robin Shepard, Wisconsin’s Best Breweries and Brewpubs (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), 223; Bob Paolino, ed. “Great Taste of the Midwest Festival Program,” (Madison: Madison Homebrewers and Tasters Guild, 2002), 27, http://www.mhtg.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/2002_great_taste_program.pdf.

163. Boscobel Appeal, September 25, 1867, 2; Janesville Gazette, July 17, 1873, 1. Unfortunately the Appeal did not begin publication until March 1867, so it could not have covered the origins of the brewery.

164. Wisconsin State Register, August 11, 1888, 3; Milwaukee Sentinel, August 2, 1889, 8.

165. E. C. Yellowley to BTD (December 9, 1937); C. S. Tutton to William Schneller (February 23, 1938); George Doll to Department of Agriculture and Markets, July 14, 1938; all in Box 6 Folder 29 BTD Correspondence; E. C. Yellowley to BTD (June 17, 1942), Box 18 Folder 20 BTD Correspondence, Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison; John Dutcher, “Something’s Brewing on the River,” manuscript, 2009, 6-7. BTD figures show a few very small sales outside of Wisconsin (in the range of three to ten barrels).

166. Frederick Kunz (Edward Rappe, ed.), “History of the Kunz Family in the Brewing Industry in Manitowoc, Wisconsin.” in Occupational Monograph 70, Manitowoc Historical Society, 1992: 1-2. An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Manitowoc County, Wisconsin (Manitowoc: G. V. Nash, 1878), 36, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.manAtlas1878.

167. Lake Shore Times [Manitowoc] May 1, 1883, 4.

168. Wayne Kroll, Wisconsin’s Farm Breweries: 1830s–1880s (Fort Atkinson: privately published, 2003), 10.

169. John Dutcher, Interviews 7-August 8, 2009, June 12, 2013; “Something’s Brewing on the River” (manuscript 2009) 13; I. A. Lapham, A geographical and topographical description of Wisconsin (Milwaukee: P. C. Hale, 1844), 240. This work cites the “census of 1840.” The dates are those suggested by Dutcher.

170. John Dutcher, “Something’s Brewing on the River,” (manuscript, 2009), 13; Interview with Dutcher, 7-August 8, 2009; Otto Tiegs and Bob Pirie, “Potosi Brewing Co., Preserving the History and Tradition,” American Breweriana Journal 132 (November-December 2004): 19–20.

171. Gordon Lane, interview by author, March 25, 2016; Kathy Flanigan “Biloba Brewing reopens with two parties,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, February 27, 2017; Biloba Brewing Co. website http://www.bilobabrewing.com/our_story.

172. Winona (MN) Republican-Herald, July 26, 1936, 6.

173. Wisconsin, Vol. 4, p. 20, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

174. L. Kessinger, History of Buffalo County, Wisconsin (Alma, Wis.: Kessinger, 1888), 625, 498.

175. Buffalo County Republican, September 3, 1862, 4.

176. Burlington Gazette, June 7, 1859, 1.

177. Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, May 9, 1864, 1; Daily Milwaukee News, May 13, 1864, 4.

178. Wisconsin, Vol. 46, p. 268, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, July 5, 1877, 8.

179. http://www.thehaylofters.com/index.html (accessed September 5, 2015).

180. Wisconsin, Vol. 46, p. 68, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

181. Wisconsin, Vol. 46, p. 86, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

182. Racine Daily Journal, October 14, 1899, 1; Racine Journal, October 2, 1903, 1; Wisconsin Industrial Review XI:4 (April 1911): 7; R. H. Whitbeck, The Geography and Economic Development of Southeastern Wisconsin (Madison: The State, 1921), 177.

183. Manitowoc Herald-News, January 27, 1923, 1.

184. Racine Journal-Times, October 25, 1952: npg in Folder: “Breweries Closed Prior to 1966” Beer Institute, Washington, DC; Racine Journal-Times (March 27, 1951), 16; Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, May 4, 1933, 2.

185. Racine Journal-Times, May 29, 1935, 9; BTD internal memo, July 30, 1941; Box 18, Folder 31, BTD Records, Madison.

186. Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune, August 13, 1947, 2; August 11, 1949, 16; [Chicago] Southeast Economist, March 7, 1946, 3 (the store in question was Barnett Liquors at 75th and Jeffery).

187. Wisconsin Breweries January 1938 (production and sales figures) BTD Box 32 Folder 18.

188. Racine Journal-Times, July 3, 1942, 15; November 21, 1942, 10; December 2, 1942, 15.

189. Racine Journal-Times, August 8, 1946, 6; July 1, 1953, 1; July 11, 1953, 7; Wisconsin State Journal, October 26, 1952, 35; Waukesha Daily Freeman, August 7, 1951, 4; Kenosha Evening News, March 4, 1954, 9; April 29, 1954, 8.

190. Racine Journal-News, February 7, 1912, 5; Commemorative Biographical Record of Prominent and Representative Men of Racine and Kenosha Counties Wisconsin (Chicago: J. H. Beers & Co. 1906): 265-6.

191. Lee Reiherzer, “A Brewery in Butte des Morts,” http://oshkoshbeer.blogspot.com/2015/07/a-brewery-in-butte-des-morts.html; Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, August 10, 1936 (cited by Reiherzer); Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, June 18, 1953, supplement, 45. The two newspaper accounts are virtually identical.

192. Wayne Kroll, Wisconsin’s Frontier Farm Breweries 1830’s-1880’s (Fort Atkinson: privately published, 2003), 8.

193. George Washington Wing, “History of Kewaunee Co.” (Kewaunee: Kewaunee Enterprise, ca. 1921): 67, at http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/wch/id/66155.

194. Wisconsin, Vol. 27, p. 263, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

195. Wayne Kroll, Wisconsin’s Farm Breweries: 1830s–1880s (Fort Atkinson: privately published, 2003), 9; [Manitowoc] Lake Shore Times, May 23, 1882, 1.

196. Voltz appears to be George Voltz, who owned a brewery in Galena around the same time.

197. Bob Klauer and Dick Schnering, “Cassville Brewery History,” (Cassville: privately published, 2010), 1, 19; C. W. Butterfield, History of Grant County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Society, 1881), 982.

198. [Lancaster] Grant County Herald, October 7, 1862, 3.

199. Klauer and Schnering: 9; Wisconsin, Vol. 20, p. 183, 322, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

200. Klauer and Schnering: 13; Wisconsin State Journal, May 2, 1924, 2; Sheboygan Press-Telegram, December 10, 1924, 1.

201. La Crosse Tribune and Leader Press, May 21, 1933, 10; Wisconsin State Journal, July 6, 1933, 11.

202. Wisconsin State Journal, February 14, 1936, 16; Lindner to BTD, June 15, 1938, Folder 6, Box 7; E. C. Yellowley to BTD, January 10, 1939, Folder 6, Box 14; F. W. Jallings to C. S. Tutton, March 13, 1940, Folder 7, Box 14, BTD Records.

203. Wisconsin State Journal, November 25, 1946, 7; Klauer and Schnering, 16–18, 20.

204. Richard Rossin Jr. correspondence with author, December 18, 2017.

205. Wisconsin, Vol. 48, pp. 298-7, 298–15, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; Milwaukee Daily News, April 20, 1879, 1.

206. Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, April 22, 1905, 1; Green Bay Gazette, November 29, 1912, 2.

207. More reflections of old Cedarburg, Grafton, Thiensville & Mequon: a pictorial history. Vol. 2. 1st ed. (Cedarburg, Wis.: E. A. Rappold: Cedarburg Cultural Center, 2002), unnumbered.

208. Wisconsin, Vol. 45, p. 113, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

209. Port Washington Pilot, May 11, 1933, sec. 1 page 1.

210. Robin Shepard, Wisconsin’s Best Breweries and Brewpubs (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), 219–21; Steve Venturini, interview by author, (August 15, 2010, August 12, 2011).

211. The Fermentorium website, www.thefermentorium.com.

212. Janesville Gazette, March 1, 1872, 4.

213. Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, March 14, 1882, 6.

214. History of Northern Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Co., 1881), 539.

215. Lake Shore Times [Manitowoc] August 3, 1886, 3.

216. Lake Shore Times [Manitowoc] November 20, 1888, 5.

217. Sentinel, December 14, 1888, 1; Daily Journal, December 14, 1888, 8; Sentinel, December 16, 1888, 8.

218. Articles of incorporation, Incorporation Records, Wisconsin Historical Society M356, Box 126, Folder C288; various annual reports, Box 146, Folder C1490

219. Manitowoc Daily Herald, November 13, 1912, 1.

220. Manitowoc Daily Herald, September 8, 1917, 5.

221. Wisconsin, Vol. 6, p. 82a12, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

222. H. Wellge & J. Bach, “View of Chilton, Wis. 1878” http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/maps/id/563/rec/8

223. Milwaukee Sentinel, March 3, 1884, 3.

224. Manitowoc Pilot, June 22, 1866, 1, indicates that he had recently moved from Schleswig (Kiel) and that his brewery was nearly complete.

225. Wisconsin, Vol. 6, p. 86L, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

226. [Manitowoc] Lake Shore Times, January 22, 1884, 1.

227. Wisconsin, Vol. 6, p. 86L, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

228. Sentinel, February 8, 1888, 8.

229. Sheboygan Press, June 27, 1925, 1; February 5, 1932, 8.

230. Sheboygan Press, November 26, 1932, 3.

231. Sheboygan Press, May 9, 1933, 6.

232. Sheboygan Press, November 17, 1933, 14; January 8, 1934, 10.

233. Manitowoc Herald-Times, April 6, 1934, 1; Sheboygan Press, June 1, 1934, 1; June 2, 1934, 4.

234. Audit by BTD (July 13, 1934); W.M. Schneller to A. Palmer, both in Folder 14, Box 1 Wisconsin Division of Beverage Tax Correspondance.

235. Milwaukee Sentinel, July 8, 1934, 8A.

236. Sheboygan Press March 16, 1942, 8.

237. Pat Rowland, correspondence with author, July 14, 2017; Tom Woodrow, “Beer brewing is returning to Chilton after absence of almost 50 years,” Chilton Times Journal, May 10, 1990, npg, found at http://www.rowlandsbrewery.com/images/articles/beer_brewing_is_returning.jpg; Jennifer Church, “Chilton brewer builds a life, batch by batch,” Appleton Post-Crescent, March 15, 1998, D1; Heather LaRoi, “Brewer builds on tradition and hometown charm,” Appleton Post-Crescent, September 23, 2003, F7; “Rowland’s Calumet Brewing Co., Inc.” Undated brochure (c. 2010).

238. Dave Link, “Calumet Brewery to host festivals to make beer better known to county residents,” Chilton Times-Journal (Progress Edition, February 6, 1992): npg, at http://www.rowlandsbrewery.com/images/articles/calumet_brewery_to_host.jpg; Official Festival Program 2012; Rowland’s Calumet Brewing website,http://www.rowlandsbrewery.com/beerfest.html.

239. Marty Nachel, “Rowland’s Calumet Brewing Co.,” Midwest Beer Notes (April-May 1996): 8-9.

240. Bob Paolino, Great Lakes Brewing News (August-September 2005): 27.

241. Church, D2; Pat Rowland, correspondence with author, July 14, 2017.

242. Janet Ortegon, “Malt making reaches zenith with new millennium,” Manitowoc Herald Times Reporter, May 6, 1999, D1.

243. Ed Lowe, “Festival becomes a celebration of colorful host,” Appleton Post-Crescent, May 19, 2006, C1; Pat Rowland, correspondence with author, July 14, 2017. “Rowland’s Calumet Brewing Co., Inc.” Undated brochure (c. 2010).

244. Jim Lundstrom, “Chilton’s beer guru (reluctantly) developing a taste for a fruity brew,” Appleton Post-Crescent, December 20, 2003, E1.

245. Eau Claire Daily Free Press, March 30, 1865, 3; Chippewa Union & Times, March 16, 1867, 1. (Ad first published October 1, 1866.)

246. Semi-Weekly Wisconsin, June 29, 1867, 4; Chippewa Herald, August 22, 1873, 3; Chippewa Falls Democrat, June 3, 1869, 4; Chippewa Union & Times, March 6, 1869, 1.

247. Chippewa Herald, January 2, 1874, 3; September 18, 1874, 3.

248. Wisconsin, Vol. 8, pp. 98, 203, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; http://detritusofempire.blogspot.com/2013/10/a-forgotten-brewery-fx-schmidmeyer.html; Herald, July 14, 1882, 5.

249. The history of the early years of the brewery has been assembled from several sources, including “BD Revisits the Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing Co.” Brewers Digest (February 1978): 14–22, 37; “A Century of Brewing” Chippewa Herald-Telegram Supplement, April 27, 1967; “Leinenkugel’s 125th Anniversary Commemorative Edition” Chippewa Herald-Telegram (September 1992); [add others as needed] and newspaper articles cited specifically herein.

250. Chippewa Herald, January 14, 1871, 3; June 17, 1871, 3; May 17, 1871, 3; January 2, 1874, 3; May 30, 1879, 5.

251. Herald, March 12, 1880, 5.

252. Herald, July 16, 1880, 5; February 18, 1881, 8; July 1, 1881, 5; August 27, 1880, 5.

253. Herald, June 6, 1884, 5; September 6, 1889, 5; June 8, 1888, 5. Some sources claim the Leinenkugel & Miller partnership ended in 1883, but contemporary notices indicated that the partnership dissolved on May 30, 1884.

254. “A Century of Brewing:” 2, 20.

255. Eau Claire Daily Telegram, December 14, 1903, 5; “Insurance Maps of Chippewa Falls, Sept. 1910” Sanborn Map Company, 1910: 10.

256. https://www.leinie.com/heritage#family2.

257. “A Century of Brewing:” 20.

258. Dennis Metzdorf, interview by author, January 11, 2016.

259. Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune, February 11, 1949, 9; La Crosse Tribune and Leader-Press, December 31, 1939, 11.

260. Chippewa Herald, July 27, 1872, 3. The notice was first published months earlier, but this was the first legible example.

261. Wisconsin, Vol. 8, p. 151, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

262. Jim Stirn, interview by author, December 10, 2016; Chippewa River Distillery & Brewster Bros. Brewing Co. website (various dates in 2016 and 2017)https://www.chippewariverdistillery.com/welcome/#beer-spirits

263. History of Dane County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1880), 856.

264. Wayne Kroll, Wisconsin’s Frontier Farm Breweries 1830’s-1880’s (Fort Atkinson: privately published, 2003), 6.

265. Wisconsin State Journal, January 11, 1881, 2.

266. Wayne Kroll, Wisconsin’s Frontier Farm Breweries 1830’s-1880’s (Fort Atkinson: privately published, 2003), 10.

267. Wisconsin, Vol. 32, p. 339, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

268. Richard Steuven, correspondence with author, February 28, 2016; “New WI brewery near the Twin Cities . . . William Kuether Brewing,” press release 2014, Beeradvocate.com/forum/read/313484.

269. Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, September 17, 1860, 1.

270. Fred A. Stare, ed. Story of Columbus (installment 34, page 48)http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.StoryColumbus1

271. Columbus Republican Journal, August 17, 1859, 3.

272. Wisconsin, Vol. 11, p. 202, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

273. [Portage] Wisconsin State Register, July 3, 1886, 3.

274. History of Columbia County, Wisconsin. (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1880), 688. Unless otherwise noted, all other information in this section is from a short history of the company produced by John Robert Kurth, and from an interview with him on August 12, 2011. Some of this is duplicated in Columbus Journal, March 14, 1994, 9.

275. Fred A. Stare, ed. Story of Columbus (part 4, page 779) http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.StoryColumbus1; Public Documents of the State of Wisconsin: being the reports of the various state officers departments and institutions for the fiscal term ending June 30, 1908

vol 4 (Madison: Democrat Printing Co., State Printer, 1910), 528.

276. History of Columbia County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1880), 688.

277. Robin Shepard, “Hydro Street Brewing in Columbus gets ready for its grand opening,” Isthmus.com, January 13, 2012, http://isthmus.com/food-drink/beer/hydro-street-brewing-in-columbus-gets-ready-for-its-grand-opening/; Terri Pederson, “Hydro Street Brewing closes doors,” Beaver Dam Daily Citizen, August 7, 2015, http://www.wiscnews.com/bdc/news/local/article_41a7ef0f-e30d-5744-8b04-42797f734c2e.html; Aaron and Sandye Adams, interview by author, July 23, 2013.

278. MoonRidge Brewing Co. website, https://www.moonridgebrewery.com/about-us; Roger and Cindy Miller, interview by author, June 19, 2017.

279. George Esser. A Pioneer Life: Memoirs of My Life and Autobiography by George Esser. Hermann Eisner, trans. (Cross Plains, Wis.: privately published, ca. 1954): passim.; Esser’s Best History, http://www.essersbest.com/history.html; http://www.essersbest.com/home.html.

280. Valkyrie Brewing Co. website, http://www.valkyriebrewery.com/; Bob Paolino, Great Lakes Brewing News (June/July 2002): 21; (April/May 2005): 38; (Aug./Sept. 2006): 31; Brad Bryan, Great Lakes Brewing News (Dec./Jan. 2011): 16.

281. Randy and Ann Lee, interview by author, July 13, 2017; Taproom Travelers, “Craft Beer Show: Valkyrie Brewing,” August 27, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VL-AJ9vxyRg. Both these sources informed other parts of this section as well.

282. History of La Fayette County, Wisconsin. (Chicago: Western Historical Company. 1881.): 551; John Dutcher, “Something’s Brewing on the River,” unpublished notes.

283. Wayne Kroll, Wisconsin’s Frontier Farm Breweries 1830’s-1880’s (Fort Atkinson: privately published, 2003): L3. An expert brought in from Schlitz testified that the filling equipment was indeed set up to cause underfills. The assistant brewmaster, Carl Reetz, testified that the fillers were set properly. Journal, October 24, 1946, L2; Racine Journal Times, September 22, 1946, 4. Lawrence was sentenced to six months in federal prison in July 1948 for violating the Pure Food and Drug Act by falsifying labels on Indianapolis beer bottles.

284. Waukesha Freeman, June 7, 1859, 3.

285. Milwaukee Journal, October 23, 1946: L3. An expert brought in from Schlitz testified that the filling equipment was indeed set up to cause underfills. The assistant brewmaster, Carl Reetz, testified that the fillers were set properly (Journal, 24 October 1946, L2; Racine Journal Times, September 22, 1946, 4.). Lawrence was sentenced to six months in federal prison in July 1948 for violating the Pure Food and Drug Act by falsifying labels on Indianapolis beer bottles.

286. Sheboygan Press, August 9, 1946, 1.

287. Journal, February 21, 1952, 1 (final edition). The tax charges ensnared former U. S. tax commissioner Joseph D. Nunan, Jr., who was accused of improprieties while representing Bardin’s brewing interests.

288. Journal, August 12, 1948, 22; August 14, 1948, 3. Bardin eventually had to pay $1,800, though the money was not collected until 1957. Racine Journal-Times, December 8, 1949, 5D.; Sheboygan Press, March 27, 1957, 26.

289. Robin Shepard, Wisconsin’s Best Breweries and Brewpubs (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), 56-7; Paolino, Great Lakes Brewing News (February/March 1999): 21; Midwest Beer Notes (June/July 1997): B1; Daniel Higgins, “Hinterland Brewery crafts 20th anniversary celebration,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, August 20, 2015, D2.

290. Megan Mulholland, “Heid toasts German heritage with special giveaway,” Appleton Post-Crescent, December 10, 2001, E1

291. Robin Shepard, Wisconsin’s Best Breweries and Brewpubs (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), 155-6; RateBeer.com.

292. Daniel Higgins, “Owner’s home brewing experience flows through Denmark brewing operation,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, January 27, 2015, D1; Chatterhouse Brewery Facebook page, https://www.facebook.com/Chatterhouse-Brewery-1472546346345927/.

293. Commemorative Biographical Record of the Fox River Valley Counties of Brown, Outagamie and Winnebago (Chicago: J. H. Beers & Co., 1895), 200-1. This source also claims that the father and son business was in Silver Lake, but this is not supported by contemporary records.

294. De Pere News, May 23, 1874, 3; December 12, 1874, 3; January 30, 1875, 3.

295. Milwaukee Journal, February 5, 1892, 5; Eau Claire Daily Telegram, February 22, 1904, 5.

296. Richard Steuven, http://beerme.com/brewery.php?1603; Bob Paolino, Great Lakes Brewing News (June/July 1997): 31; (April/May 1998): 33; (Oct./Nov. 2001): 16.

297. Wisconsin, Vol. 3, p. 56, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; History of Crawford and Richland Counties, Wisconsin. (Springfield, IL: Union Publishing Company, 1884), 599.

298. History of Iowa County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1881), 759; John F. Dutcher, “The History of the Dodgeville Brewery, Iowa County,” unpublished manuscript.

299. From History of the Sand Creek Brewing Co., http://www.sandcreekbrewing.com/history.php#oderbolz, downloaded 7/10/11; Jim Wiesender, interview by author July 12, 2011; Bob Paolino, Great Lakes Brewing News, December–January 2002, 17.

300. [Chicago] Daily Inter Ocean, July 5, 1879, 1.

301. John Schoenknecht and David Kapsos, Brewed with Waukesha Water (Waukesha: privately published, 1993), 5.

302. George Forrester, ed. Historical and Biographical Album of the Chippewa Valley, Wisconsin. (Chicago: A. Warner, 1891-2): 302; Franklyn Curtiss-Wedge, (ed.) History of Buffalo and Pepin Counties Wisconsin (Winona, MN: H. C. Cooper, Jr., & Co., 1919), 999.

303. Wisconsin, Vol. 8, p. 31, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; Durand Times, December 4, 1866, 1.

304. Forrester; Curtiss-Wedge; Sanborn Maps of 1894, 1900, 1904, 1910, 1916.

305. Winona (MN) Republican-Herald, August 31, 1933, 1; April 24, 1943, 12; July 27, 1945, 3; May 6, 1955, 5.

306. Durand Times, September 12, 1866, 1; December 11, 1866, 1; Wisconsin, Vol. 8, p. 46, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School. Articles prior to 1866 have not been found to this point.

307. Chippewa Falls Herald, January 17, 1879, 8.

308. Wausau Daily Herald, September 22, 1996, 2B; Jay R. Edenborg, “Minocqua brew pubs tap into national market,” Wausau Daily Herald, March 28, 1999, 5D. This article reported Loaf & Stein had been open for two years.

309. “Tribute Brewing Co.” https://www.facebook.com/Tribute-Brewing-Co-307053012669805/.

310. The History of Racine and Kenosha Counties, Wisconsin. (Western Historical Co. 1881): 679.

311. George Esser, (Herman Eisner, trans.) A Pioneer Life: Memoirs of My Life and Autobiography (Cross Plains, Wis.: privately published, ca. 1954): 21-2; Eau Claire Daily Free Press, January 6, 1859, 2, 3; Richard D. Rossin Jr., “Historical Timelines of the Eau Claire Breweries,” (privately published: 2014): 2-4.

312. Rossin, 5-7; Eau Claire Weekly Free Press, August 29, 1872, 2; Eau Claire Leader, January 31, 1909, sec. 2 page 5.

313. Rossin, 7-9; Sanborn insurance map Eau Claire, 1883, page 5; Wisconsin, Vol. 8, p. 281, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

314. Rossin 12–13; Daily Free Press, June 11, 1888, 3; Eau Claire News, July 14, 1888, 1.

315. Weekly Leader, October 22, 1890, 3; News, January 12, 1891, 4; Weekly Leader, June 1, 1891, 7.

316. Leader, July 7, 1900, 5.

317. Leader, June 13, 1902, 5; Daily Telegram, December 14, 1903, 5; Leader, May 16, 1905, 3; November 5, 1912, 5; May 2, 1914, 3.

318. Eau Claire Daily Free Press, December 22, 1859, 3; Richard D. Rossin Jr., “Historical Timelines of the Eau Claire Breweries,” (Mauston: privately published: 2014): 54-5. Rossin’s research provided the precise location of the brewery.

319. Richard D. Rossin Jr., “Historical Timelines of the Eau Claire Breweries,” (Mauston: privately published: 2017 supplement): 55-6.

320. Richard D. Rossin Jr., “Historical Timelines of the Eau Claire Breweries,” (Mauston: privately published: 2014): 50-3; Map of Eau Claire (Milwaukee: Phoenix Map Company, 1875), http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/maps/id/1963/rec/41; Eau Claire Daily Free Press, March 23, 1865, 3; June 1, 1865, 3.

321. Eau Claire Weekly Free Press, August 29, 1872, 2; Richard D. Rossin Jr., “Historical Timelines of the Eau Claire Breweries,” (privately published: 2014): 46-7; Wisconsin, Vol. 8, p. 93, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, December 27, 1873, 2; Janesville Gazette, December 29, 1873, 1 Eau Claire Daily Free Press, April 21, 1876, 4.

322. Richard D. Rossin Jr., “Historical Timelines of the Eau Claire Breweries,” (privately published: 2014): 22.

323. Eau Claire News, April 1, 1876, 3; Rossin, 23-4; Wisconsin, Vol. 8, p. 90, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

324. Eau Claire Argus, March 4, 1880, 3; Eau Claire Weekly Free Press, February 10, 1881, 3; Rossin, 25.

325. Rossin, 25-7; Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, January 3, 1884, 7; Milwaukee Daily Journal (July 2, 1885); 1.

326. William F. Bailey, ed. History of Eau Claire County, Wisconsin (Chicago: C. F. Cooper, 1914), 379; Richard D. Rossin Jr., “Historical Timelines of the Eau Claire Breweries,” (privately published: 2014): 40-1; 59–60; Eau Claire Weekly Free Press, March 2, 1871, 1; March 30, 1871, 3; Daily Free Press, September 4, 1873, 4.

327. Lois Borland, Sawdust City (Stevens Point: Worzalla Pub. Co., ca. 1960): 130.

328. Daily Free Press, December 10, 1875, 4; (January 15, 1877).

329. Wisconsin, Vol. 8, p. 127, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; Wisconsin, Vol. 9, p. 392, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; Daily Free Press, August 9, 1880, 3; January 14, 1882, 3; Weekly Free Press, September 1, 1881, 7.

330. Eau Claire Weekly Free Press, May 23, 1878, 3; Eau Claire Daily Free Press, August 10, 1878, 4; Richard D. Rossin Jr., “Historical Timelines of the Eau Claire Breweries,” (privately published: 2014): 30. Rossin’s research in the Eau Claire County Register of Deeds was essential to untangling conflicting accounts.

331. Weekly Free Press, April 17, 1879, 3; Daily Free Press, August 9, 1880, 4; November 20, 1880, 4; Eau Claire Argus, November 25, 1880, 3; December 9, 1880, 3; February 10, 1881, 3.

332. Eau Claire Daily Free Press, June 18, 1883, 3.

333. Daily Free Press, July 21, 1882, 4; June 18, 1883, 3; July 24, 1883, 3; September 5, 1883, 3; November 22, 1883, 3.

334. Rossin, 33.

335. Eau Claire Daily Free Press, December 23, 1889, 3.

336. Eau Claire News, June 27, 1890, 4.

337. Eau Claire Leader, December 6, 1891, 6; Eau Claire Weekly Free Press, February 4, 1892, 6; Eau Claire Weekly Leader, June 17, 1894, 4.

338. Eau Claire Leader, February 21, 1906, 3; May 1, 1907, 1. Some accounts claim the rebuilding was in response to a fire in 1909, but there was no fire that year.

339. John Smallshaw, “Last Walter’s Brewery at Eau Claire Ends Family History of Hops and Hope,” American Breweriana Journal 118 (July-August 2002): 7; Smallshaw, “Walter Brewing Co.—The Beer that is Beer,” http://www.falstaffbrewing.com/walters.htm; “Walter’s beer, Eau Claire” ChippePediahttp://www.chippepedia.org/Walters+beer,+Eau+Claire.

340. Wisconsin, Vol. 8, p. 107, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

341. Wisconsin, Vol. 8, p. 115, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

342. “Our Beers,” Northwoods Brewpub & Grill http://northwoodsbrewpub.com/our-beers/.

343. Liam Marlaire, “It’s Back,” Eau Claire Leader-Telegram, June 12, 2009, 1A-2A; Marlaire, “Brewing Debate,” Eau Claire Leader-Telegram, March 18, 2010, 1A-2A.

344. Leos Frank, interview by author (July 8, 2011).

345. Brad Bryan, “Northern Wisconsin,” column, Great Lakes Brewing News (August-September 2013): 29; (August-September 2015): 29.

346. Andrew Dowd, “Eau Claire City Council Oks deal with Lazy Monk Brewing,” Eau Claire Leader-Telegram, May 13, 2015. http://www.leadertelegram.com/News/front-page/2015/05/13/Brewery-deal-approved.html.

347. Leos Frank, interview by author, July 14, 2017.

348. Will Glass, interview by author, July 14, 2017; “The Brewing Projekt,” kickstarter.com https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/williameglass/the-brewing-projekt; “The Brewing Projekt,” thebrewingprojekt.com/about.html; Eric Christenson, “Building a Brewing Building,” VolumeOne http://volumeone.org/articles/2014/10/16/8158_building_a_brewing_building.

349. Glass; The Brewing Projekt website.

350. Glass; Emma Wheeler, “The Brewing Projekt set to move to new Oxford Avenue location,” WQOW.com, February 23, 2017, http://www.wqow.com/story/34590235/2017/02/Thursday/the-brewing-projekt-gains-support-from-eau-claire-redevelopment-authority.

351. Justine Childs, “Brewery Takes Off,” volumeone.org, February 24, 2016, https://volumeone.org/articles/2016/02/26/13429_brewery_takes_off.

352. Robin Shepard, Wisconsin’s Best Breweries and Brewpubs (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), 102; “Door County Winery, Biographies” https://store.dcwine.com/winery/visit-us/bios/.

353. Robin Shepard, “Ahoy beer mates! Shipwrecked brews sail from Door County to Madison,” Isthmus.com, April 22, 2011, http://isthmus.com/food-drink/beer/ahoy-beer-mates-shipwrecked-brews-sail-from-door-county-to-madison/.

354. “Captain’s Blog,” Shipwrecked Brew Pub and Inn, various dates, http://www.shipwreckedmicrobrew.com/captains-blog.

355. “About Us,” Shipwrecked Brew Pub and Inn, http://www.shipwreckedmicrobrew.com/about-us.

356. History of La Fayette County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1881), 463, 603; [Galena] Northwestern Gazette, August 15, 1845, 1; John Dutcher, interview by author August 7, 2009.

357. Richard Rossin Jr., The History of Joseph Schorer and his Breweries in Sauk City and Elroy, Wisconsin (Privately published: 2016): 20–28. Rossin is responsible for tracking down the location of the brewery (p. 20).

358. Michael D. Benter, Roll Out the Barrels: Brewers of Eastern Dodge County, Wisconsin, 1850–1961 (privately published, 2004), 1-15. Benter also drew upon the work of Wayne Kroll for his parts of his history of the brewing operations of Schmid.

359. Footprints through Farmington (Farmington, Wis.: Farmington Historical Society, Inc., 2001), 237.

360. History of Washington and Ozaukee Counties, Wisconsin. (Chicago, Western Historical Company, 1881), 702.

361. The Dun records suggest Ernst died in mid-1874, but his tombstone lists a date of 1879 and the West Bend Democrat reports that he was putting up a new barn in August 1876. (Tombstone photo found https://www.ancestry.com/mediaui-viewer/tree/36323033/person/19132657891/media/a38569f9-de15-49dd-bddd-cfe37fe0a229).

362. Wisconsin, Vol. 55, p. 204, 284–20, 245, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

363. West Bend Democrat, October 18, 1876, 2.

364. Wisconsin, Vol. 55, p. 245, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

365. “Trend: Self-Serve Beer Taps,” Restaurant Development + Design, February 25, 2016, http://rddmag.com/2016-02-25-19-07-13/fed-summit/18-development/531-trend-diy-beer-taps; Rob LoBreglio, interview with author (August 9, 2017).

366. Bob Paolino columns in Great Lakes Brewing News (February-March 1999): 20; (August-Sep. 1999): 20; (December-January 2000): 21; (April-May 2005): 35, 38.

367. BeerMe.com (http://beerme.com/brewery.php?5702).

368. History of Northern Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Co., 1881), 904.

369. Daily Milwaukee News, September 19, 1867, 4.

370. Wisconsin, Vol. 18, p. 474, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

371. Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, June 16, 1881, 1.

372. Fond du Lac Journal, August 29, 1850, 3.

373. Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, January 30, 1865, 1.

374. Wisconsin, Vol. 18, pp. 185, 256, 292, 304, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

375. History of Northern Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Co., 1881), 904: Milwaukee Sentinel, April 8, 1872, 1.

376. Wisconsin, Vol. 18, pp. 292, 304, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

377. Wisconsin State Register, May 10, 1875, 2.

378. Sheboygan Press, July 13, 1934, 2.

379. Wisconsin, Vol. 18, p. 383, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

380. Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, July 10, 1901, 4.

381. Capital Times, February 25, 1922, 12; Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, October 15, 1974, 13.

382. Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, March 17, 1933, 2.

383. Holland’s quadrennial city directory of Fond du Lac, Wis. (Chicago: Holland Publishing Co., 1887), 78-9 found at http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.WFHollands

384. Holland’s quadrennial directory; 79; History of Northern Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Co., 1881), 604; Journal, January 17, 1884, 2.

385. Fond du Lac Daily Commonwealth, July 1, 1912, 6, 9; May 2, 1913, 7; July 19, 1913, 4; La Crosse Tribune, May 20, 1908, 3.

386. Wisconsin State Journal, July 6, 1932, 16.

387. Sheboygan Press, June 14, 1937, 4; State Journal, December 17, 1939, 11; A. B. Bechaud to F. X. Ritger, (April 22, 1937), Register of the Wisconsin Division of Beverage and Cigarette Taxes: General Correspondence, 1934–1944, Box 8, Folder 41.

388. Register of the Wisconsin Division of Beverage and Cigarette Taxes: General Correspondence, 1934–1944: Box 13, Folder 24, various documents.

389. Manitowoc Herald-Times, January 25, 1941, 9.

390. Fond du Lac Commonwealth Reporter, October 4, 1965, 3; Sentinel, September 2, 1951, B6.

391. Wisconsin, Vol. 18, p. 426, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

392. Holland’s Fond du Lac City Directory for 1872: 210.

393. Holland’s Fond du Lac Directory for 1875: 93.

394. History of Northern Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Co., 1881), 904.

395. Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, December 12, 1882, 3.

396. Holland’s Quadrennial City Directory of Fond du Lac (Chicago: Holland Publishing Co., 1887), 112, 168.

397. Holland’s Fond du Lac Directory for 1872: 68.

398. Holland’s Fond du Lac Directory for 1875: 100.

399. Crawford Beecher Thayer, Happy 150th birthday, Fort Atkinson (Fort Atkinson: W. D. Hoard & Sons, 1986), 52.http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.FABirthday

400. Wayne Kroll, Wisconsin’s Farm Breweries: 1830s–1880s (Fort Atkinson: privately published, 2003), 9.

401. [Fort Atkinson] Wisconsin Chief, July 15, 1857, 2.

402. Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, July 21, 1879, 2; Watertown Republican, July 23, 1879, 5.

403. History of Jefferson County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Co., 1879), 510.

404. Theron W. Haight, Memoirs of Waukesha County (Madison: Western Historical Association, 1907), 474.

405. Milwaukee Daily Journal, September 6, 1886, 4; Sentinel, December 28, 1886, 1.

406. “William Spaeth,” Hoard Historical Museum, http://hoardmuseum.org/william-spaeth/.

407. Crawford Beecher Thayer, Happy 150th birthday, Fort Atkinson (Fort Atkinson: W. D. Hoard & Sons, 1986), 52.http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.FABirthday

408. Western Brewer (October 1908): 547.

409. Ice and Refrigeration Illustrated 44 (March 1913): 165.

410. Appleton Post-Crescent, September 26, 1924, 1; December 10, 1924, 1.

411. Manitowoc Herald-Times, February 16, 1927, 5.

412. Internal memo May 15, 1940, Register of the Wisconsin Division of Beverage and Cigarette Taxes: General Correspondence, 1934–1944: Box 14, Folder 24.

413. Clyde Tutton to Carl Ebner Brewing Co. (July 28, 1944), Register of the Wisconsin Division of Beverage and Cigarette Taxes: General Correspondence, 1934–1944: Box 27, Folder 9.

414. L. Kessinger, History of Buffalo County, Wisconsin (Alma, Wis.: L. Kessinger, 1888), 408; Wayne Kroll, Wisconsin’s Farm Breweries: 1830s–1880s (Fort Atkinson: privately published, 2003), 6, History of Buffalo and Pepin Counties Wisconsin (Winona, MN: H. C. Cooper, Jr., & Co., 1919), 367.

415. L. Kessinger, History of Buffalo County, Wisconsin (Alma, Wis.: L. Kessinger, 1888), 408.

416. Buffalo County Republican (German) September 3, 1862, 2; February 21, 1863, 2.

417. Wisconsin, Vol. 4, p. 23, 30, 32, 34, 56, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; Winona [MN] Republican-Herald, March 4, 1916, 4.

418. Wisconsin, Vol. 4, p. 34, 60, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

419. Winona Republican Herald, August 25, 1908, 6; October 26, 1911, 6; November 6, 1940, 17.

420. History of Northern Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Co., 1881), 168; L. Kessinger, History of Buffalo County, Wisconsin. (Alma, Buffalo County, Wis. 1888): 408.

421. Wisconsin, Vol. 4, p. 23, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

422. L. Kessinger, History of Buffalo County, Wisconsin (Alma, Wis.: L. Kessinger, 1888), 408.

423. Wisconsin, Vol. 4, p. 11, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; Winona [MN] Republican, April 3, 1879, 2; April 4, 1879, 2.

424. Winona [MN] Republican-Herald, February 25, 1960, 3.

425. Series 356 Incorporation Records, Box 245, Folder 115, Fountain City Brewing Co., Madison, Wisconsin Historical Society.

426. Winona [MN] Republican, February 16, 1885, 3; May 6, 1885, 3; November 13, 1885, 3.

427. Republican, January 23, 1889, 3.

428. Republican-Herald, January 12, 1918, 10.

429. Western Brewer 53 (September 1919): 82: Incorporation Records.

430. Republican-Herald, October 11, 1933, 3.

431. Ralph Blahnik, internal memo, June 11, 1937, Register of the Wisconsin Division of Beverage and Cigarette Taxes: General Correspondence, 1934–1944, Box 8, Folder 16.

432. Waterstreet; Brewery Statistics Company, ca. 1942 Register of the Wisconsin Division of Beverage and Cigarette Taxes: General Correspondence, 1934–1944, Box 18, Folder 26.

433. Winona News, June 8, 1965, npg; Brewers Bulletin, June 14, 1965, npg, both in Folder “Breweries Closed Prior 1966” Beer Institute, Washington, DC.

434. Milwaukee Sentinel, April 17, 1892, 24.

435. Fox Lake Representative, December 15, 1911, 4.

436. Michael D. Benter, Roll Out the Barrels: Brewers of Eastern Dodge County, Wisconsin, 1850–1961 (privately published, 2004), 108-9.

437. History of Northern Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Co., 1881), 185.

438. Manitowoc Pilot, December 20, 1861, 2.

439. Ibid., 995; Wisconsin, Vol. 53, p. 213, 292 457, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

440. Tim John, The Miller Beer Barons (Oregon, Wis.: Badger Books, Inc., 2005), 42-6, “Historical Data on the Gross and Engelhardt Families and the Gross Brewery—St. Martin’s Road” Franklin Historical Society, (no author or date, copy in Miller Milwaukee Archives); From Cabins to Condos: the History of Franklin, Wisconsin since 1834 (Franklin: Franklin Historical Society, 2006), 22-3, 158, 162. Different pages give different closing dates for the brewery. Thanks to Dan Scholzen of Miller Brewing Co. for information and references.

441. Wayne Kroll, Wisconsin’s Farm Breweries: 1830s–1880s (Fort Atkinson: privately published, 2003), 10.

442. Carl F. Wilbert (Marion R. Thurk, ed.) History of the Town of Mequon (c. 1990) unpaged, at http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.OzMequonWilbert; Kroll, Farm Breweries: 10.

443. Theron W. Haight, ed. Memoirs of Waukesha County. (Madison, Wis.: Western Historical Association, 1907), 364, 446.

444. Wayne Kroll, Wisconsin’s Farm Breweries: 1830s–1880s (Fort Atkinson: privately published, 2003), 12.

445. Daily Milwaukee News, December 2, 1870,

446. Janesville Gazette, February 16, 1874, 1.

447. Wisconsin, Vol. 51, p. 28, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

448. Winona Daily Republican, July 27, 1869, 2.

449. Galesville Republican (no date ca. 1930s) in Trempealeau/Jacob Melchoir folder at La Crosse Area Research Center, Murphy Library, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse.

450. Wisconsin, Vol. 54, p. 94, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

451. Richard D. Rossin Jr., The History of the Mauston Brewery, 1858–1916 (Mauston, Wis.: privately published, 2011, updated 2016): 10–11; Juneau County Chronicle, November 2, 1905, in Rossin: 36.

452. Richard D. Rossin Jr., The History of the Mauston Brewery, 1858–1916 (Mauston, Wis.: privately published, 2011, updated 2016): 11.

453. History of Washington and Ozaukee Counties, Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1881), 472.

454. Wisconsin, Vol. 55, p. 205, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

455. Western Brewer (January 1883): 70.

456. American Brewers’ Review 21 (February 1907): 55.

457. American Brewers’ Review 30 (June 1916): 224; Western Brewer (February 1917): 63.

458. Memo, October 3, 1938, Register of the Wisconsin Division of Beverage and Cigarette Taxes: General Correspondence, 1934–1944, Box 10, Folder 20.

459. Wayne Kroll, Wisconsin’s Farm Breweries: 1830s–1880s (Fort Atkinson: privately published, 2003), 12.

460. Wisconsin, Vol. 55, p. 161, 184-1, 284–20, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

461. Randy Sprecher, interview by author, July 28, 2011; “Press Releases,” sprecherbrewery.com, (various dates). The Sprecher interview informs most of this section.

462. Todd Haefer, “Mamma Mia! A pizza beer that delivers,” Stevens Point Journal, May 28, 2008, 4A.

463. “Hard Craft Soda,” Sprecher Brewery http://www.sprecherbrewery.com/beer.php?cat=9.

464. Royal Brevväxling, “Is a Sprecher’s restaurant on tap for Milwaukee?” OnMilwaukee, July 10, 2011, onmilwaukee.com; sprecherspub.com.

465. Tom Daykin, “Bavarian Bierhaus Brewpub and Beer Garden to open in Glendale next spring,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, September 18, 2015, http://archive.jsonline.com/business/bavarian-bierhaus-brewpub--beer-garden-to-open-in-glendale-next-spring-b99579283z1-328232751.html/; Milwaukee Business Journal, May 2, 2016, https://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/news/2016/05/01/prostgo-inside-the-new-bavarian-bierhaus-in.html; “About,” “Beer Menu,” Bavarian Brewhaushttp://www.thebavarianbierhaus.com/widgets.php?section=5732.

466. History of Washington and Ozaukee Counties, Wisconsin. (Chicago, Western Historical Company, 1881), 528. While there is no real reason to question the date, the accuracy of the account is diminished by the claim that the brewery “is still in a flourishing condition” when it had been though almost a decade of financial difficulties and ownership changes.

467. Wisconsin, Vol. 45, p. 47, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; Western Brewer (March 1885): 479.

468. Wisconsin, Vol. 45, p. 60z19, 122, 144, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School. Western Brewer (January 1881): 44 reported that Kusting/Kersting succeeded Klug & Co.

469. Milwaukee Journal, September 27, 1924, 1.

470. Wisconsin State Journal, May 24, 1933, 4; June 20, 1933, 7; Sheboygan Press, July 28, 1933, 17. Sentinel, July 16, 1933: B12; June 15, 1934, 17; Journal, June 3, 1933, 3; December 2, 1934, 2-5. Articles of Incorporation, Wisconsin Co-operative Brewery, Incorporation Records, Wisconsin Historical Society M356, Box 1019, folder 4900 (also the location of the financial records mentioned).

471. Milwaukee Journal, June 21, 1890, 8; Weekly Wisconsin, June 28, 1890, 8. References to meetings at Wagner’s brewery are in earlier chapters, and the last mention of drinking at the brewery was in the Milwaukee Daily Sentinel on November 6, 1879.

472. Wisconsin, Vol. 6, p. 109, 86–31, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

473. Blesch’s name was spelled many ways, and his first name was occasionally listed as Anton, which may have been a mistaken representation of the name of his wife Antoinette.

474. Green Bay Advocate, March 15, 1855, 4; July 2, 1857, 3.

475. [City] Wisconsin Free Democrat, August 27, 1856, 2; Wisconsin Weekly Free Democrat, February 10, 1858, 2.

476. Wisconsin, Vol. 5, p. 62, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; Betsy Foley, ed. The Green Bay Area in History and Legend: Green Bay Press-Gazette articles by Jack Rudolph. (Green Bay, Wis.: Brown County Historical Society, 2004), 78.

477. Wisconsin State Journal, August 8, 1865, 1.

478. Green Bay Advocate, July 3, 1856, 3; February 3, 1859, 3.

479. Green Bay Advocate, January 9, 1859, 1; February 3, 1859, 3; March 3, 1859, 3. History of Northern Wisconsin claims the brewery started in 1857, but the newspapers are more likely to be accurate.

480. Green Bay Press-Gazette, July 25, 1872, 4.

481. Wisconsin, Vol. 32, p. 381, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

482. Commemorative Biographical Record of the Fox River Valley Counties of Brown, Outagamie and Winnebago (Chicago: J. H. Beers & Co., 1895), 426-7; Wisconsin, Vol. 5, p. 89, 114, 115, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

483. Racine Journal-News, August 1, 1919, 4.

484. Manitowoc Herald-News, March 17, 1924, 11; September 13, 1924, 1; Appleton Post-Crescent, March 18, 1924, 1.

485. Wisconsin State Journal, September 26, 1935, 2

486. Post-Crescent, April 14, 1939, 15.

487. Milwaukee Journal, April 22, 1946, 8.

488. Sheboygan Press, November 18, 1949, 11; Racine Journal Times Sunday Bulletin, November 20, 1949, 5.

489. Green Bay Advocate, February 4, 1858, 3 (most legible version—ad appeared earlier).

490. Green Bay Advocate, January 26, 1860, 3.

491. Wisconsin, Vol. 5, p. 66, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

492. Xavier Martin, “The Belgians of Northeast Wisconsin,” Wisconsin Historical Collections XIII (1895): 381, 387.

493. Wisconsin, Vol. 5, p. 106, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

494. Green Bay Advocate, February 3, 1859, 3; Betsy Foley, ed. The Green Bay Area in History and Legend: Green Bay Press-Gazette articles by Jack Rudolph. (Green Bay, Wis.: Brown County Historical Society, 2004), 78.

495. Green Bay (Weekly) State Gazette, September 9, 1882, 4.

496. Milwaukee Daily Journal, August 4, 1887, 1: Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, August 29, 1887, 3.

497. Milwaukee Sentinel, January 16, 1891, 8; April 19, 1891, 16.

498. Commemorative Biographical Record of the Fox River Valley Counties of Brown, Outagamie and Winnebago (Chicago: J. H. Beers & Co., 1895), 949.

499. American Bottler 29:12 (December 1909): 64.

500. Green Bay Gazette, March 1, 1910, 1.

501. Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune, June 24, 1922, 1.

502. Milwaukee Journal, January 19, 1936, I6.

503. Sentinel, December 6, 1960, part 2 page 7.

504. Fond du Lac Commonwealth Reporter, June 15, 1966, 18; Sentinel, April 30, 1969, special section 7.

505. Commemorative Biographical Record of the Fox River Valley Counties of Brown, Outagamie and Winnebago (Chicago: J. H. Beers & Co., 1895), 106-7; Wisconsin, Vol. 5, p. 115, 122, 159, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; Betsy Foley, ed. The Green Bay Area in History and Legend: Green Bay Press-Gazette articles by Jack Rudolph. (Green Bay, Wis.: Brown County Historical Society, 2004), 78.

506. Milwaukee Sentinel, January 16, 1891, 8.

507. Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, March 13, 1890, 1.

508. Stevens Point Gazette, January 22, 1896, 3.

509. Western Brewer (April 1906): 177.

510. Green Bay Gazette, September 20, 1907, 1.

511. Journal Proceedings of the Fifty-Second Session of the Wisconsin State Legislature (Wisconsin, Legislature, Assembly, 1915), 1345.

512. Appleton Post-Crescent, May 25, 1926, 1.

513. Milwaukee Journal, March 24, 1927, 13.

514. Green Bay Weekly Gazette, October 26, 1872, 3. This article claims that the capacity was to be 3,000 barrels per month, which would have made it the second largest brewery in the state at the time, so the figure is likely inaccurate.

515. Weekly Gazette, May 24, 1873, 3.

516. Eau Claire Weekly Telegram, February 27, 1902, 4.

517. Western Brewer 31 (April 1906): 184.

518. Western Brewer 33 (February 1909): 97.

519. Titletown Brewing Company—History, https://www.titletownbrewing.com/history.

520. Jeff Bollier, “Titletown Brewing celebrates 20 years Friday,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, December 8, 2016; Bob Lowe, “True Brew,” Appleton Post-Crescent, June 5, 1997, Encore-24.

521. Tom Murphy, “New plans brewing for site of old depot,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, May 15, 1994, E1; Murphy, “Titletown Brewing set to tap the barrel,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, December 3, 1996, A5.

522. “Callers support downtown brewpub,” Wausau Daily Herald, August 17, 1997, 1A; “Downtown Wausau’s potential is huge,” Wausau Daily Herald, February 18, 1998, 10A.

523. Adam Rodewald, “Titletown opens new brewery, tap room,”Green Bay Press-Gazette, October 12, 2014, A6; Rodewald, “Schmitt: Titletown group to redevelop Larsen Green,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, May 27, 2015, A1; Richard Ryman, “Cannery Public Market Coming to Downtown Green Bay,” Appleton Post-Crescent, August 2, 2014, A7; Kendra Meinert, “Up on the Roof Tap,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, August 11, 2016, W8, W11.

524. Daniel Higgins, “Titletown Brewing sets the stage for latest Let Me Be Frank Productions show,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, October 19, 2014, E4.

525. Daniel Higgins, “Titletown Brewing in Bottles,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, February 18, 2015, D1-D2.

526. Jeff Bollier, “Women fuel craft beer’s expansion,” Appleton Post-Crescent, May 4, 2015, 7A.

527. “Brewery,” Hinterland Brewery website, http://hinterlandbeer.com/brewery/.

528. Richard Ryman, “Hinterland owner returns to true love,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, February 5, 2005, 10C-9C.

529. Daniel Higgins, “Hinterland Brewery crafts 20th anniversary celebration,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, August 20, 2015, D2.

530. Directory of Outagamie County (Appleton: Post Publishing Co., 1910), 861.

531. Ryman.

532. Daniel Higgins, “Hinterland Brewery brings back its Packerland Pilsner,” October 7, 2014, D1; Higgins, “Packerland Pilsner rolling out in cans,” Press-Gazette, May 23, 2015, A5. The 2013 date for White Cap comes from the Hinterland Brewery Facebook page and from

533. Robert Hornacek, “Hinterland Brewery celebrates groundbreaking in Titletown District,” Fox 11 News, http://fox11online.com/news/local/green-bay/hinterland-brewery-celebrates-groundbreaking-in-titletown-district; Jeff Bollier, Green Bay Press-Gazette, February 28, 2017, http://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/story/news/2017/02/28/last-batch-hinterland/98500044/.

534. Andrew Fabry, interview by author, August 10, 2017; Jeff Flynt, “Badger State Brewing Company Announces Expansion,” WTAQ.com, February 11, 2016, http://wtaq.com/news/articles/2016/feb/11/badger-state-brewing-company-announces-expansion/.

535. Fabry: interview; Jeff Bollier, “Green Bay brewery becomes 100% wind-powered,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, May 20, 2015, http://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/story/money/2015/05/20/green-bay-brewery-becomes-wind-powered/27682579/.

536. Laurel White, “Drink a ‘Dubbel Czech’ brew while watching Aaron Rodgers this weekend,” The Capital Times, January 10, 2015, http://host.madison.com/news/local/writers/laurel-white/drink-a-dubbel-czech-brew-while-watching-aaron-rodgers-this/article_95d5936b-abdf-55df-8fdb-7cbc02e223ad.html.

537. Bob Paolino, Great Lakes Brewing News (October-November 2014): 29.

538. “The Brewery,” Stillmank Brewing Co. https://stillmankbrewing.com/the-brewery/; Daniel Higgins, “On the Menu,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, September 9, 2014, D1; Higgins, “The Craft of Brewing Beer,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, September 28, 2014, E4.

539. Higgins, “Stillmank Brewing celebrates a year of firsts,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, March 31, 2015, D1.

540. Jeff Bollier, “Crafting a taste,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, August 26, 2015, D1-D2; “Beers,” “About,” “Blog,” http://leatherheadbrewingcompany.com/.

541. Jon Martens, Christina Marie Curtis, interviews by author, August 20, 2017.

542. The Explorium website, https://exploriumbrew.com/; Mike & Joan Doble, interview by author, July 22, 2017.

543. Wisconsin, Vol. 51, pp. 18, 41, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

544. Carl Quickert, (ed.) Washington County, Wisconsin: Past and Present (Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co. 1912): 174; History of Washington and Ozaukee Counties, Wisconsin. (Chicago, Western Historical Company, 1881), 584.

545. West Bend Democrat, July 26, 1876, 3.

546. Wisconsin, Vol. 55, p. 217, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

547. The Brewers’ Journal 41 (October 1, 1917): 498. Most industry journals date the sale to 1902, but the Oshkosh Daily Northwestern reported the sale on August 2, 1901.

548. Western Brewer 44 (January 1915): 50.

549. Motor Truck: The National Authority of Power Haulage (August 1913): 601. A photo of the wreck is included in this source.

550. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, June 14, 2007, 2B; “Chandelier Ballroom History,” http://www.chandelierballroom.com/history.html.

551. Milwaukee Journal, April 20, 1937, 15.

552. Wisconsin, Vol. 56, pp. 295, 343, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; Atlas of Waukesha Co. Wisconsin (Harrison & Warner, 1873), 22, 29, at http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.AtlasWaukCo1873.

553. New Brewer 30:3 (May-June 2013): 56-7; Bob Paolino, ed., “Great Taste of the Midwest Festival Program,” (Madison: Madison Homebrewers and Tasters Guild, 2006), 37; “Home,” http://www.angryminnow.com/index.php.

554. Jason Rasmussen, interview by author, July 13, 2017. This interview also informed other portions of this section.

555. Bob Paolino, ed., “Great Taste of the Midwest Festival Program,” (Madison: Madison Homebrewers and Tasters Guild, 2009), 51; Bo Belanger, correspondence with author, July 2017.

556. History of Iowa County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1881), 802.

557. History of Iowa County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1881), 802.

558. Wisconsin, Vol. 24, p. 397, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

559. George and Robert, M. Crawford, eds. Memoirs of Iowa County, Wisconsin. (Northwestern Historical Association, 1913), 173; John Dutcher, Something’s Brewing on the River: 25.

560. Grand Rapids (WI) Daily Tribune, July 27, 1901, 2. The fire was on 21 July.

561. Wisconsin State Journal, February 13, 1933, 14; November 1, 1933, 17.

562. Wisconsin State Journal, December 14, 1935, Sports 2 (among many references).

563. A. J. Palmer to J. E. Semrad, July 27, 1934, in BTD, Box 4, Folder 14, Wisconsin Historical Society (WHS).

564. Joe Semrad, email to author May 22, 2011.

565. History of Vernon County, Wisconsin. (Springfield, IL: Union Publishing Co., 1884), 574.

566. Wisconsin, Vol. 3, p. 26D, 26–16, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

567. History of Vernon County, Wisconsin. (Springfield, IL: Union Publishing Co., 1884), 578-9.

568. The first advertisement with Bezucha’s name (spelled Bezuka) appeared in the Hillsboro Sentry on March 27, 1890. Some sources have claimed that Carl Ludwig operated this brewery during 1890–91, but while he lived in Hillsboro the brewery he owned was in nearby Yuba.

569. Hillsboro Sentry, July 16, 1895:3; March 11, 1897, 3; March 18, 1897, 3

570. Industrial Refrigeration 40 (June 1911): 350.

571. Wisconsin Domestic Corporations, 1848–1945, M356, Box 336, Folder H 843.

572. Letters on Brewing 12:4 (July 1913): 344.

573. Records of Wisconsin Corporations, M356, Box 360 Folder H 2512 (Hutter): Box 362 Folder H 2713 (Hillsboro).

574. Obert Voll to Fred Jallings (March 1, 1937); A. B. Bechaud to F. X. Ritger, April 22, 1937; William Nathenson to Heinrich, May 17, 1937; E. S. Tutton to Schneller, January 20, 1938, BTD Box 8 Folder 41.

575. Memo, November 25, 1939, BTD, Box 14, Folder 46.

576. Herb Page, et. al. Wisconsin Beer Labels (privately published, 2008), 55-6; Hillsboro Brewing Co. to BTD, December 13, 1941, BTD Box 20, Folder 27.

577. Hillsboro Brewing Co. www.hillsborobrewingcompany.com.

578. Horicon Argus, August 27, 1858, 3; March 4, 1859, 4. The address is confusing since the 1860 map of Dodge County locates the depot on the other side of the Rock River from Hubbard Street, though there were railroad properties near Hubbard and Gray.

579. Homer Bishop Hubbell, Dodge County, Wisconsin: Past and Present. (Chicago: S. J. Clarke, 1913), 362. This section appears to have been copied directly from the 1881 county history, since it claimed “today there are still two breweries in the town” whereas both breweries had been closed for more than two decades at that point.

580. Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, June 18, 1878, 4; Milwaukee Sentinel, June 22, 1884, 9.

581. Appleton Post-Crescent, April 11, 1924, 4; July 7, 1924, 4 (both were in the “Twenty-five Years Ago” section of reprinted news highlights).

582. Ice and Refrigeration 42 (March 1917): 177.

583. Hortonville Brewing Co., Articles of Incorporation, Wisconsin Historical Society Archives, Series 356, Box 340, Folder H 1134.

584. Manitowoc Daily Herald, February 9, 1916, 8.

585. Rustic Rail advertisement, Green Bay Press-Gazette, January 27, 2005, Menu Guide-14; Lisa Hildebrand, “Rustic Rail ready to fire up the grill,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, February 13, 2005, E1; Liz Albrecht, “A Taste of Green Bay’s History,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, May 5, 2005, Weekend-18.

586. Richard C. LaRowe, Hudson and North Hudson, Wisconsin: an Intensive Survey of Local Architectural and Historical Resources (Hudson, Wis.: 1984): 50; Edward D. Neill, History of Washington County and the St. Croix Valley (Minneapolis: North Star Publishing Co., 1881), 233.

587. Hudson Star & Times, December 15, 1869, 4.

588. Hudson Star & Times, December 23, 1870, 1.

589. Wisconsin, Vol. 51, p. 18, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

590. Richard C. LaRowe, Hudson and North Hudson, Wisconsin: an Intensive Survey of Local Architectural and Historical Resources (Hudson, Wis.: 1984): 50; Edward D. Neill, History of Washington County and the St. Croix Valley (Minneapolis: North Star Publishing Co., 1881), 233; Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, November 22, 1873, 2. Casanova was most likely employed at the Aiple brewery in Stillwater, though the 1894 Stillwater directory lists Anthony Casanova at Aiple and Anton Casanova at Joseph Wolf Brewing Co. (Only Anton remains in the 1898 directory.)

591. Western Brewer (March 1910): 138.

592. Greg and Molly Harris, interview by author (February 9, 2013); Taproom Travelers, “Craft Beer Show: American Sky Brewing,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usTSCzyddwA; Michael Foley, “American Sky Beer Opens Taproom at Hudson Brewing Co.,” Hudson Patch, September 27, 2012, https://patch.com/wisconsin/hudson-wi/photos-american-sky-beer-opens-the-hangar-taproom.

593. “Lucid Brewing Acquires Wisconsin-Based American Sky Brewing,” The Growler 917 (June 2015): https://growlermag.com/lucid-brewing-acquires-wisconsin-based-american-sky-brewing/; Clare Kennedy, “Lucid Brewing closes newly acquired Hudson taproom,” Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal, September 10, 2015, https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2015/09/10/lucid-brewing-closes-newly-acquired-hudson-taproom.html.

594. Mike Fredericksen, interview by author, August 29, 2015; “Brewhouse,” Pitchfork Brewing Company website, https://www.pitchforkbrewing.com/about/.

595. History of Washington and Ozaukee Counties, Wisconsin. (Chicago, Western Historical Company, 1881), 584; Jerome A. Watrous (ed.) Memoirs of Milwaukee County (Madison, Wis.: Western Historical Association, 1909), 829.

596. Homer Bishop Hubbell, Dodge County, Wisconsin: Past and Present. (Chicago: S. J. Clarke, 1913), 368. Thielke was listed as a farmer in the 1870 population census. The 1881 history specifically says Huels sold the brewery in 1865, but this does not work if Thielke ran it for eight years and sold it in 1871. Benter (see below) supports the 1865 date.

597. Michael D. Benter, Roll Out the Barrels: Brewers of Eastern Dodge County, Wisconsin, 1850–1961 (privately published, 2004), 134–40; Atlas of Dodge County Wisconsin (Madison: Harrison & Warner, 1873).

598. Map of the County of Clark, Wisconsin (Neillsville: Charles E. Bussell, 1880).

599. History of Northern Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Co., 1881), 245.

600. Watertown Republican, September 21, 1870, 3.

601. Ibid. 246.

602. Wisconsin, Vol. 6, p. 200, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

603. One Hundred Years of Brewing (reprint edition) (New York: Arno Press, 1974), 424.

604. Buckley, Frank. "Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws: Official Records of the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement: A Prohibition Survey of the State of Wisconsin," in Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws, Official Records of the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement vol 4 (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1931), 1105, http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/search.asp?id=1273; History of Iron County (Iron County WPA Historical Project, 1938), 341.

605. Milwaukee Sentinel, June 12, 1887, 2.

606. Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, September 22, 1989, 4; Centralia Enterprise & Tribune, September 24, 1898, 6; Stevens Point Journal, October 8, 1898, 3.

607. Winona [MN] Republican-Herald, May 12, 1921, 3.

608. Wayne Kroll, Wisconsin’s Farm Breweries: 1830s–1880s (Fort Atkinson: privately published, 2003), 7.

609. Janesville Gazette, August 1, 1846, 8, is just one of many examples.

610. Gazette, January 30, 1847, 6, among many.

611. History of Rock County (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1879), 565.

612. History of Rock County (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1879), 565. Again, this source’s dates seem at odds with some contemporary sources as well as internally inconsistent. The 1867 date is confirmed by local and tax records, but this would not have been at the end of an eight year partnership as the book claims. The 1868 date for the buyout by Rogers is from Janesville Gazette, March 23, 1868, 4; Janesville Daily Recorder, January 1, 1889, 12; Janesville Weekly Gazette and Free Press, June 30, 1861, 4.

613. Janesville Gazette, August 11, 1871, 6.

614. Janesville Gazette, July 17, 1873, 4.

615. Gazette, October 20, 1873, 4; December 1, 1873, 4.

616. Janesville Gazette, July 17, 1873, 4; February 17, 1881, 4; February 18, 1881, 4; Wisconsin, Vol. 50, p. 204z184, 358, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

617. Wisconsin, Vol. 50, p. 390, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; Janesville Daily Recorder, January 1, 1889, 12; One Hundred Years of Brewing 508.

618. Headlight, Souvenir Edition (Janesville: Headlight, 1896), 29. In addition, Croak Brewing made special mention that they were installing a bottling line in 1906, implying that there had been no bottling works before.

619. Daily Gazette, May 9, 1903, 8.

620. Daily Gazette, July 24, 1906, 5, 8.

621. Daily Gazette, February 23, 1914, 12.

622. Daily Gazette, November 22, 1918, 2; December 3, 1918, 5.

623. Daily Gazette, February 22, 1919, 1; April 3, 1919, 3.

624. Daily Gazette, May 24, 1919, 5; June 5, 1919, 5; August 1, 1919, 2.

625.Daily Gazette, October 25, 1921, 5; Wisconsin State Journal (November 9, 1921); 15.

626. Wisconsin State Journal, August 28, 1939, 9.

627. History of Rock County (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1879), 565.

628. Janesville Gazette, November 20, 1879, 4.

629. Janesville Gazette, November 2, 1865, 1.

630. Gazette, May 3, 1870, 4; July 9, 1870, 4; February 3, 1872, 1.

631. Gazette, August 12, 1871, 1.

632. Gazette, July 19, 1872, 4; July 20, 1872, 4; August 3, 1872, 4.

633. Gazette, December 16, 1867, 3.

634. Wisconsin, Vol. 49, p. 204L, 204Z24, 213; Vol. 50, p. 204Z187, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; Western Brewer, August 1880: 817; Janesville City Directory, 1880 (Janesville: William Hogg, 1880), 162,http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.JvilleHogg1880. (There was an ad for Marshall on the inside back cover of this volume, unfortunately the cover is missing from the existing copy.)

635. Daily Gazette, September 4, 1883, 4; Daily Gazette, September 9, 1884, 4. Even as late as 1888, the site was still sometimes referred to in the press as Roethinger’s brewery Daily Gazette (February 11, 1888)

636. Daily Gazette, November 4, 1885, 4.

637. Janesville Daily Recorder, January 1, 1889, 12.

638. Janesville Daily Gazette, July 30, 1901, 5.

639. Daily Gazette, August 21, 1911, 6.

640. Daily Gazette, July 28, 1913, 5 April 18, 1914, 2; Western Brewer (1914): 218; Amendment to Articles of Incorporation, Wisconsin Historical Society Archives, Incorporation Records, Series 356, Box 86, Folder B2112.

641. Western Brewer (April 1917): 123; Involuntary Forfeiture of Incorporation, January 1, 1919, Wisconsin Historical Society Archives, Incorporation Records, Series 356, Box 86, Folder B2112. The brewery did not file an annual report for 1918.

642. History of Rock County (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1879), 565.

643. Robert Biers, “A second (and third) look at Bunster’s Brewery,” Janesville Breweries, July 24, 2016, https://www.facebook.com/search/str/janesville%2Bbreweries/stories; Biers, correspondence with author, various dates.

644. History of Rock County (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1879), 565.

645. Gazette, August 25, 1855, 6; [Janesville] Weekly Democratic Standard, November 17, 1856, 3.

646. Janesville Morning Gazette, January 1, 1858, 3.

647. A. Bailey’s Janesville Directory for 1862: 18.

648. Robert Bier, “The Jacob Singer Brewery,” Janesville Breweries, September 12, 2016, https://www.facebook.com/search/str/janesville%2Bbreweries/.

649. Robert Biers, “A second (and third) look at Bunster’s Brewery,” Janesville Breweries, July 24, 2016, https://www.facebook.com/search/str/janesville%2Bbreweries/stories; Biers, correspondence with author, various dates.

650. Janesville Daily Gazette, March 4, 1862, 2.

651. There remain some problems with the dates of Pixley, Kimball & Co. establishing this particular shop. History of Rock County (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1879), 563, 565, cites different dates and circumstances for the conversion to “less liquid and more substantial enterprises,” which contradict each other.

652. Martyn Cornell, Amber, Gold & Black: The History of Britain’s Great Beers (Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press, 2010), 127–36.

653. Janesville Daily Gazette, November 11, 1862, 2. (The announcement itself was dated 8 November.)

654. Janesville Gazette, October 6, 1866, 1.

655. Janesville Gazette, January 5, 1876, 4; February 4, 1876, 8; March 22, 1876, 4.

656. Janesville Gazette, June 16, 1875, 1; October 18, 1875, 4.

657. Gazette, December 15, 1875, 1; February 4, 1876, 8; March 22, 1876, 4.

658. Gazette, January 5, 1876, 4.

659. Wisconsin, Vol. 50, p. 208, 302, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; Gazette, August 22, 1877, 4.

660. Janesville Gazette, November 3, 1875, 4.

661. Janesville Gazette, December 17, 1869, 1; April 20, 1870, 3.

662. Gazette, August 15, 1871, 4.

663. Gazette, September 4, 1871, 2 (date is correct, the article referred to the previous year’s Fair); September 9, 1873, 4; Daily Gazette, October 1, 1883, 4.

664. Gazette, January 17, 1873, 4.

665. Gazette, November 26, 1875, 1.

666. Gazette, March 13, 1874, 4.

667. History of Rock County (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1879), 566; Gazette, September 1, 1879, 4.

668. Daily Gazette, October 1, 1883, 4.

669. Gazette, May 29, 1884, 4.

670. Janesville Daily Recorder, January 1, 1889, 12.

671. Daily Gazette, April 23, 1890, 4.

672. Daily Gazette, June 20, 1891, 2.

673. Daily Gazette, August 24, 1901, 6; October 3, 1901, 2.

674. Daily Gazette, May 30, 1902, 6 (among many advertisements)

675. Daily Gazette, July 7, 1902, 5.

676. Daily Gazette, February 8, 1904, 4.

677. Janesville Gazette, August 11, 1873, 4. (reformatted for textual clarity)

678. Robert Biers, Hemming’s Saloon Brewery, Janesville Breweries, September 5, 2016, https://www.facebook.com/janesvillebreweries/.

679. Gazette, March 24, 1882, 4. The 1879 establishment date is from an advertisement in the 1892 Janesville city directory facing page 136.

680. Janesville Daily Recorder, January 1, 1889, 12.

681. Daily Gazette, October 24, 1899, 2; October 3, 1912, 3.

682. Daily Gazette, May 13, 1921, 5.

683. Headlight Souvenir Edition (Janesville: Headlight, 1896), 30. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.JvilleHead1896.

684. Midwest Beer Notes (Aug/Sept 1995): 14; (Aug/Sept 1997): A7.

685. Midwest Beer Notes (June/July 1998): 22.

686. Great Lakes Brewing News (Feb/March 1999): 21.

687. Wisconsin State Journal, April 6, 2003, C1.

688. Great Lakes Brewing News (Dec. 2004/Jan. 2005): 27.

689. Wisconsin State Journal, April 7, 2005: C1; Great Lakes Brewing News, Jun/Jul 2005, 35.

690. History of Jefferson County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1879), 481. The location also comes from this source.

691. Jefferson Banner (January 12, 1871)http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php

692. History of Jefferson County, 481; Banner, January 17, 1884,http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php

693. Western Brewer (October 1883): 1806; Banner, February 28, 1884,http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php

694. Banner, February 26, 1885;, May 15, 1885;, June 11, 1885; (August 6, 1885); (April 24, 1890),http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php

695. Banner (February 9, 1928),http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php

696. History of Jefferson County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Co., 1879), 481.

697. Jefferson Banner, October 12, 1882;, October 19, 1882; December 6, 1883, (June 26, 1884),http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php

698. Jefferson Banner, April 15, 1866; (August 4, 1887);, April 18, 1889; (June 6, 1889); (May 1, 1890);http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php

699. Banner, February 18, 1892; (August 3, 1892); (December 6, 1894);, December 27, 1894; (April 11, 1895),http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php

700. American Brewers’ Review (July 1904): 291; Banner, November 22, 1911; (May 1, 1912); (April 8, 1914), http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php.

701. Banner, February 14, 1912;, May 28, 1913; April 8, 1914, http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php

702. Banner (February 3, 1938); (February 24, 1938),http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php

703. History of Jefferson County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Co., 1879), 481.

704. Jefferson Banner, June 10, 1880; (September 1, 1887),http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php

705. John Henry Ott, (ed.) Jefferson County Wisconsin and its People. (Chicago: S. J. Clarke, 1917), 227; Banner (June 9, 1887);, March 30, 1893;, September 22, 1909;, July 12, 1912;, May 24, 1916;http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php

706. Banner, December 10, 1891;, March 25, 1897;, March 22, 1900; (January 31, 1912),http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php

707. Banner (June 4, 1891); (September 11, 1902),http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php

708. Banner, November 19, 1919; (December 3, 1919); January 28, 1920;, August 18, 1921;, November 23, 1922;http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php

709. Wisconsin Historical Society Archives, Incorporation Records, M 356, Box 871 Folder S5857; Banner, May 12, 1938;http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php

710. Banner, November 21, 1940, 1; October 7, 1943.

711. Wisconsin State Journal, January 30, 1944, 9.

712. Milwaukee Journal, March 18, 1947, 2; Janesville Daily Gazette, August 7, 1953, 1; Banner, April 24, 1947;, August 13, 1953, March 9, 1972;, April 20, 1972; November 2, 1973; December 19, 1973.

713. Jefferson Banner (August 14, 1867)http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php

714. Banner (October 18, 1900)http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/index.php

715. Jefferson Banner, March 19, 1891;, July 16, 1891;, March 10, 1892; (August 3, 1892);, September 14, 1893; (August 2, 1894); (April 11, 1895),http://jeffersonhistoricalsociety.org/database/search.php

716. Portage County Gazette, December 17, 1999, 1-2; Bob Paolino, Great Lakes Brewing News (April/May 1998): 33.

717. Paolino, Great Lakes Brewing News (Aug./Sept. 2005)33; (Oct./Nov. 2006): 38; (Dec. 2006/Jan. 2007): 39; Paul Graham, interview by author May 12, 2012; Robin Shepard, Wisconsin’s Best Breweries and Brewpubs (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), 142-3.

718. 1857-8 State Business Directory

719. Appleton Post-Crescent, October 23, 1930, 15.

720. Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, August 1, 1895, 1.

721. Wisconsin Historical Society Archives, Incorporation Records Series 356, Box 326, Folder H 301.

722. Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, February 11, 1899, 8.

723. Western Brewer (February 1908): 92; American Brewers’ Review (December 1908): 630; Appleton Post-Crescent, October 23, 1930, 15. American Breweries II has the name change to Jacob Helf estate three years before he died.

724. Thomas Henry Ryan, History of Outagamie County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Goodspeed Historical Association, 1911), 846.

725. American Brewers’ Review (May 1910): 208-9.

726. Appleton Post-Crescent, December 11, 1930, 16

727. Sheboygan Press, September 20, 1966, 10. The Leo Regenfuss information is from Brewers’ Digest annual directory.

728. Electric City Brewing Co. to Solomon Levitan, August 28, 1937, BTD, Box 7, Folder 48.

729. Racine Journal-Times, August 10, 1945, 5.

730. Wisconsin State Journal, April 20, 1946, 2; List of Breweries Closed, Folder “Breweries Closed Prior 1966,” Beer Institute, Washington, DC.

731. Southport Telegraph January 21, 1843, 3; Weekly Wisconsin (Milwaukee) March 12, 1851, 3

732. Milwaukee Sentinel, May 9, 1854, 3; Kenosha Democrat, May 5, 1854, 2.

733. Kenosha Tribune & Telegraph, May 27, 1858, 3.

734. Western Brewer (May 1877): 161, 168 (ad).

735. Weekly Wisconsin, September 23, 1899, 5.

736. Wisconsin, Vol. 27, p. 226, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

737. Wisconsin Historical Society Archives, Incorporation Records Series M 356, Box 486, Folder M 215.

738. Burlington (IA) Daily Gazette, September 28, 1886, 3: Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, December 15, 1886, 1. Numerous saloons in Iowa had advertised they carried New Era Beer prior to the ruling.

739. Atlanta (GA) Constitution, August 10, 1887, 5.

740. Wisconsin Historical Society Archives, Incorporation Records Series 356, Box 283, Folder G 144.

741. Milwaukee Journal, October 30, 1893, 1; Sentinel, October 31, 1893, 8.

742. Kenosha Tribune & Telegraph, May 27, 1858, 3; Kenosha Telegraph-Courier, May 18, 1899, 1. This obituary incorrectly states that he leased his brewery to E. Griesbach in 1890, but Sanborn map data shows Griesbach took over the old Muntzenberger brewery.

743. Tribune & Telegraph, August 12, 1858, 3.

744. Kenosha Union, June 28, 1866, 2.

745. Wisconsin State Register, October 4, 1876, 2.

746. Milwaukee Daily Journal, June 6, 1889, 1.

747. Wisconsin, Vol. 27, p. 178A, 178M, 183, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

748. Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, April 4, 1868, 1.

749. Daily Milwaukee News, April 15, 1868, 7; July 16, 1868, 4.

750. Wisconsin, Vol. 27, p. 134, 187I, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

751. Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, May 26, 1871, 2.

752. Wisconsin Historical Society Archives, Incorporation Records, Series 356, Box 1019, Folder W4871.

753. Various documents, Register of the Wisconsin Division of Beverage and Cigarette Taxes: General Correspondence, 1934–1944, Box 5, Folder 14; Bob Skilnik, The History of Beer and Brewing in Chicago: 1833–1978 (St. Paul: Pogo Press, 1999), 181, 187, 198.

754. Kenosha News, January 14, 1961, 4 (from the “Twenty-five Years Ago” column).

755. Racine Journal-Times, January 22, 1936, 18.

756. Racine Journal-Times, July 2, 1936, 16.

757. Bill Siel, “Raise a glass to local brewing,” kenoshanews.com undated original article ca. January 1, 2013.

758. Bill Siel, “Raise a glass to local brewing,” kenoshanews.com undated original article ca. January 1, 2013.

759. Public Craft Brewery website, http://www.publiccraftbrewing.com/index.html.

760. Kewaunee County Enterprize, March 21, 1860, 2.

761. George Wing, History of Kewaunee County (Kewaunee: Enterprise, ca. 1922): 6.

762. Kewaunee County Enterprize, June 6, 1860, 2.

763. Enterprize, June 5, 1861, 2; February 6, 1861, 3.

764. Kewaunee County Enterprize, March 19, 1862, 3.

765. Kewaunee County Enterprize, May 25, 1864, 2; November 23, 1864, 2.

766. Wisconsin, Vol. 27, p. 202, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

767. Kewaunee County Enterprize, June 27, 1866, 3; August 1, 1866, 3; September 26, 1866, 3.

768. Charles Wing, History of Kewaunee County (Kewaunee: Enterprise, ca. 1922): 12, 68, 79. This history is at best imprecise about dates, since the dates around Brandes’ arrival in America, his time working on the Great Lakes, and his arrival in Kewaunee do not work with the 1852 date for the wreck of the Atlantic.

769. Milwaukee Journal, May 17, 1893, 8; Sentinel, May 17, 1893, 8.

770. Janesville Gazette, June 8, 1868, 1.

771. Milwaukee Sentinel, January 27, 1890, 2 (though this article refers to Anton Nuhlicek, it is may be just a duplication of first names).

772. Brewers’ Journal (April 1916): 262.

773. Manitowoc Herald-Times, March 18, 1933, 12; (8April 1933): 12; May 3, 1933, 12; May 8, 1933, 15; June 30, 1933, 14; Kewaunee Enterprise (April 7, 1933). While some sources have the post-Prohibition Kewaunee Brewing Co. listed as a continuation of the pre-Prohibition company, or at least on the same site, the Enterprise article and the 1933 Sanborn maps make it clear that they were using the former Rauch brewery.

774. Green Bay Press-Gazette, July 18, 1933, 5.

775. Manitowoc Herald-Times, June 6, 1933, 11;

776. Herald-Times, April 23, 1936, 13.

777. Herald-Times, December 17, 1942, 13.

778. Kewaunee County Enterprise, August 1, 1866, 3.

779. Wisconsin, Vol. 27, p. 206, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

780. [Manitowoc] Lake Shore Times, May 23, 1882, 1.

781. Western Brewer (April 1912): 182.

782. Milwaukee Sentinel, December 24, 1891, 3; January 11, 1892, 2; Journal, January 11, 1892, 8; February 5, 1892, 5.

783. Sentinel, March 25, 1894, 18; November 26, 1894, 5 April 9, 1895, 10; Wisconsin Historical Society Archives, Incorporation Records, Series 356, Box 58, Folder B538.

784. Wisconsin Historical Society Archives, Incorporation Records, Series 356, Box 397, Folder K194.

785. Edwin Majkrzak, History of Kiel (Kiel: Majkrzak, 2001), 14; History of Northern Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Co., 1881), 540; Kiel’s Heritage: A History of Kiel, 1854–1954 (Kiel: Semco Color Press, 1954), 78, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.Heritage. The location of the brewery comes from Majkrzak, the 1954 history incorrectly states that all the Gutheil brothers moved to Chilton.

786. Manitowoc Herald-News, September 30, 1927, 13. The same article was also published in Sheboygan Press, October 3, 1927, 11.

787. Wisconsin, Vol. 32, p. 256Z, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

788. Manitowoc Herald-News, September 30, 1927, 13. The same article was also published in Sheboygan Press, October 3, 1927, 11.

789. Milwaukee Sentinel, April 19, 1872, 2; Edwin Majkrzak, History of Kiel (Kiel: Majkrzak, 2001), 14; Kiel’s Heritage: A History of Kiel, 1854–1954 (Kiel: Semco Color Press, 1954), 78, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.Heritage. The location of the brewery comes from Majkrzak.

790. Wayne Kroll, Wisconsin’s Farm Breweries: 1830s–1880s (Fort Atkinson: privately published, 2003), 10.

791. Wisconsin, Vol. 32, p. 256Z1, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

792. Manitowoc Pilot, December 17, 1874, 3.

793. Wisconsin, Vol. 32, p. 256Z, 419, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

794. Western Brewer (December 1883): 2190; Wayne Kroll, Wisconsin’s Farm Breweries: 1830s–1880s (Fort Atkinson: privately published, 2003), 10.

795. Wayne Kroll, Wisconsin’s Farm Breweries: 1830s–1880s (Fort Atkinson: privately published, 2003), 10.

796. Winona [MN] Daily Republican, May 23, 1887, 3.

797. La Crosse Tribune, April 30, 1992, npg., in La Crosse ARC, folder “La Crosse—Businesses—Breweries—General.”

798. C. W. Butterfield, History of La Crosse County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Co., 1881), 780; Wisconsin, Vol. 29, p. 236G28, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

799. Wisconsin, Vol. 30, p. 242, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

800. E. H. Hoffman, “Stories About the Men Who Helped Build City,” La Crosse Tribune and Leader-Press, January 25, 1931, 4; “Early Brewery History in La Crosse,” La Crosse Tribune and Leader-Press, February 14, 1932, 9; La Crosse Weekly Argus, October 3, 1896, 5. A 1900 brewery directory confirms bottling by that date.

801. Minneapolis Journal, October 28, 1899, 6.

802. Jubiläums-Ausgabe des Nordstern (1907): 20, in La Crosse Area Research Center, Folder La Crosse, Businesses, Breweries, Bartl.

803. “Bartl Brewery Building Sold,” La Crosse Tribune (c. 1948) in La Crosse Area Research Center, Folder La Crosse, Businesses, Breweries, Bartl.

804. Manitowoc Herald-Times, July 27, 1933, 2; Winona [MN] Republican-Herald, July 20, 1931, 6.

805. Winona Republican-Herald, October 23, 1933, 3; May 3, 1934, 11

806. Winona [MN] Republican-Herald, January 11, 1947, 6; La Crosse Tribune (undated article ca. 1950): npg, in La Crosse Area Research Center, Folder La Crosse, Businesses, Breweries, Bartl.

807. La Crosse Tribune (undated article ca. 1950): npg, in La Crosse Area Research Center, Folder La Crosse, Businesses, Breweries, Bartl.

808. La Crosse Tribune, August 17, 1951, 10.

809. La Crosse Tribune, October 4, 1971, npg, in La Crosse Area Research Center, Folder La Crosse, Businesses, Breweries, Bartl.

810. “First Brewery . . .” La Crosse Tribune & Leader-Press, February 7, 1932, 10.

811. La Crosse Independent Republican, December 6, 1854, 4.

812. C. W. Butterfield, History of La Crosse County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Co., 1881), 663.

813. La Crosse Tribune & Leader-Press, April 9, 1933, 2: La Crosse Tribune, January 3, 1954, 28.

814. [Madison] Wisconsin Daily Patriot, June 26, 1863, 4.

815. La Crosse Tribune, January 2, 1950, 9

816. Daily Milwaukee News, November 24, 1866, 4.

817. La Crosse Daily Democrat, November 9, 1879, npg, in in La Crosse Area Research Center, folder “Michel Brewery.”

818. La Crosse Tribune, January 2, 1950, 9

819. Wisconsin State Journal, April 16, 1886, 8.

820. Weekly Wisconsin, April 3, 1897, 4.

821. Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, September 23, 1897, 8.

822. Eau Claire Leader, July 26, 1910, 2. Similar ads ran for several months.

823. Weekly Wisconsin, May 20, 1899, 5; Wisconsin Historical Society Archives, Incorporation Records, Series 356, Box 435, Folder L478.

824. La Crosse Tribune, January 2, 1950, 9

825. Wisconsin Historical Society Archives, Incorporation Records, Series 356, Box 489, Folder M231

826. Little Rock Daily Arkansas Gazette, October 13, 1913, 6.

827. La Crosse Tribune, January 2, 1950, 9; Wisconsin Historical Society Archives, Incorporation Records, Series 356, Box 489, Folder M231.

828. Winona Republican-Herald, March 31, 1933, 5; May 29, 1933, 6; October 7, 1933, 3. An ad from August 1, 1934 claimed that Peerless was just returning to the market, so there must have been some delay.

829. La Crosse Tribune, January 2, 1950, 9; La Crosse Tribune (undated article ca. 1950): npg, in La Crosse Area Research Center, Folder La Crosse, Businesses, Breweries, Bartl.

830. Wisconsin Republican-Herald, July 10, 1953, 15.

831. La Crosse Tribune, January 3, 1954, 28.

832. Winona Daily News, June 22, 1955, 18; July 6, 1955, 1.

833. Eau Claire Daily Telegram (March 6, 1954); 3; La Crosse Tribune, October 15, 1995, npg; in La Crosse Area Research Center, folder “Michel Brewery.”

834. Maxene Renner, “Michel Building’s Days Numbered,” La Crosse Tribune, March 26, 1997, npg., in La Crosse Area Research Center, folder “Michel Brewery.”

835. E. H. Hoffman, “Stories About the Men Who Helped Build City,” La Crosse Tribune and Leader-Press, January 25, 1931, 4; Biographical History of La Crosse, Monroe, and Juneau Counties, Wisconsin. (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1892), 308.

836. Paul D. Koeller and David H. DeLano, Brewed with Style: The Story of the House of Heileman (La Crosse: University of Wisconsin-La Crosse Foundation, 2004), 6.

837. Ibid.

838. Winona [MN] Daily Republican, August 16, 1895, 3; Koeller and DeLano, 8.

839. Koeller and DeLano: 9.

840. St. Paul Globe, April 16, 1905, 33.

841. St. Paul Globe, April 19, 1905, 5.

842. Koeller and DeLano: 10–11.

843. Atlanta Constitution, April 28, 1916, 13.

844. Salt Lake City Republican, June 12, 1910, 5; Del Vance, Beer in the Beehive: A History of Brewing in Utah (2nd ed.) (Salt Lake City: Dream Garden Press, 2008), 31-3.

845. Koeller and DeLano: 13; Indianapolis Star, June 7, 1914, 3.

846. Bismarck (ND) Tribune, May 21, 1915, 3.

847. Winona [MN] Republican-Herald, January 2, 1919, 6. This source claims that the brewery was sold to stockholder L. Zeisler for $120,000, but even if true, it made no difference overall in ownership or operations.

848. Winona [MN] Republican-Herald, March 11, 1921, 5.

849. Koeller and DeLano: 22-4.

850. Winona [MN] Republican-Herald, November 11, 1932, 4; April 11, 1933, 7; April 22, 1933, 3; Koeller and DeLano: 25.

851. Winona [MN] Daily Republican, June 17, 1933, 7; July 28, 1933, 4, Koeller and DeLano: 26.

852. Koeller and DeLano: 26-8; Winona [MN] Republican-Herald, March 19, 1936, 3; March 23, 1950, 3.

853. Koeller and DeLano: 28-9.

854. La Crosse Tribune (undated article ca. 1950): npg, in La Crosse Area Research Center, Folder La Crosse, Businesses, Breweries, Bartl.

855. Winona [MN] Daily Republican, May 21, 1948, 2; February 24, 1950, 1; Janesville Daily Gazette, March 11, 1954, 2.

856. Koeller and DeLano: 33-7, 157–65.

857. Ibid.: 167–74.

858. Appleton Post-Crescent, September 28, 1964, 18; Winona [MN] Republican Herald, January 28, 1937, 13.

859. Koeller and DeLano: 45-6, 56-7.

860. Ibid.: 93-7.

861. Koeller and DeLano:

862. Koeller and DeLano: 112-3, 116–23, 127-9, 135–41; Grant Blum and Ken Brekke, “Shakeout likely among smaller U. S. breweries,” La Crosse Tribune, September 1, 1989, 1A;

863. Johnstown [PA] Tribune-Democrat, September 29, 2006, C4; Mike Tighe, “City Brewing gets 100,000-barrel contract with craft group,” La Crosse Tribune (February 11, 2014). The latter article also shows the emphasis on contract brewing at all plants.

864. Bob Paolino, Great Lakes Brewing News (Feb./Mar. 2006): 30; (Aug./Sept. 2006): 31; (June/July 2007): 35; (Oct./Nov. 2013): 28.

865. Minneapolis Star Tribune, July 21, 2016, D3.

866. Richard D. Rossin Jr. “The Sparta Brewery of Ignatz Furst” (Privately Published, 2016), 1.

867. “First Brewery . . .” La Crosse Tribune & Leader-Press, February 7, 1932, 10.

868. E. H. Hoffman, “Stories About the Men Who Helped Build City,” La Crosse Tribune and Leader-Press, January 25, 1931, Der Nordstern (Undated ca. 1896): In La Crosse Area Resource Center, Folder “Zeisler Brewery”

869. Winona [MN] Daily Republican, January 19, 1874, 3; Semi-Weekly Wisconsin, June 13, 1874, 2.

870. Hoffman.

871. Wisconsin, Vol. 30, p. 252, 375, 551, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

872. Winona [MN] Daily Republican, August 18, 1893, 3.

873. Hoffman.

874. Stevens Point Daily Journal, July 27, 1878, 1.

875. E. H. Hoffman, “Stories About the Men Who Helped Build City,” La Crosse Tribune and Leader-Press, January 25, 1931, 4.

876. Alton [IA] Democrat, May 6, 1893, 8.

877. Minneapolis Journal, September 25, 1908, 1.

878. [Lincoln] Nebraska State Journal, October 15, 1901, 8; May 31, 1902, 12. These represent the many other ads elsewhere.

879. La Crosse Tribune, February 10, 1905, 6.

880. Winnipeg Tribune, May 28, 1908, 5.

881. Janesville Daily Gazette, April 22, 1905, 7; Eau Claire Leader, April 26, 1905, 4: Marshfield Times April 21, 1905, 9.

882. The first in the series appeared in Janesville Daily Gazette, April 2, 1912, 3, among other newspapers. The series ran until July 1913.

883. C. W. Butterfield, History of La Crosse County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Society, 1881), 633.

884. Weekly Wisconsin, June 21, 1890, 7.

885. La Crosse Tribune, February 24, 1905, 2; March 2, 1905, 7; National Register and State Register of Historic Places, www.wisconsinhistory.org.

886. Myer Katz “The Night the Old Gund Brewery Burned,” La Crosse Tribune, February 5, 1984, 10; Winona [MN] Daily Republican, September 23, 1897, 2; September 24, 1897, 3; October 12, 1897, 3.

887. La Crosse Leader Press (c. April 1906) npg; La Crosse Daily Chronicle, April 26, 1906, npg; both in La Crosse Area Research Center, folder “Gund Brewing Co.”

888. Janesville Daily Gazette, October 4, 1904, 5.

889. New Ulm [MN] Review, March 11, 1908, 5. The vote was fifty to thirty-five, which supports the description of “small town.”

890. Katz; Biographical History of La Crosse, Trempealeau and Buffalo Counties, Wisconsin. (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1892), 173-4.

891. Hoffman.

892. Milwaukee Journal, January 16, 1921, 6.

893. Carl H. Miller, Breweries of Cleveland (Cleveland: Schnitzelbank Press, 1998), 117-9, 155-6.

894. National Register and State Register of Historic Places, www.wisconsinhistory.org.

895. Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, September 1, 1886, 3; November 2, 1886, 3; November 13, 1886, 3.

896. E. H. Hoffman, “Stories About the Men Who Helped Build City,” La Crosse Tribune and Leader-Press, January 25, 1931, 4.

897. La Crosse Argus, August 3, 1907, npg, in in La Crosse Area Research Center, folder “Monitor Brewery.”

898. La Crosse Tribune & Leader-Press, March 17, 1933, 6.

899. Winona [MN] Daily Republican (July 17, 1896)

900. Tye Schawalbe, interview by author (September 5, 2011).

901. La Crosse Tribune, March 7, 1906, 6.

902. Robin Shepard, Wisconsin’s Best Breweries and Brewpubs (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001): H1; Second Supper April 21, 2011, 6; Bob Paolino, Great Lakes Brewing News (June/July 2004, 20)(Aug./Sept. 2005): 33; (Aug./Sept. 2007): 46 Brad Bryan, Great Lakes Brewing News, Dec. 2008/Jan. 2009: Dec. 2009/Jan. 2010: 41.

903. Pearl Street Brewery website http://pearlstreetbrewery.com/; La Crosse Tribune, July 17, 2011): H1; Second Supper, April 21, 2011, 6; Bob Paolino, Great Lakes Brewing News, June–July 2004, 20 Aug./Sept. 2005: 33; Aug./Sept. 2007: 46 Brad Bryan, Great Lakes Brewing News, Dec. 2008/Jan. 2009: Dec. 2009/Jan. 2010: 41.

904. Steve Cahalan, “Turtle Stack Brewery opens tasting room on Saturday,” La Crosse Tribune, June 22, 2015.

905. “Our Story,” Turtle Stack Brewery http://www.turtlestackbrewery.com/our-team-1/.

906. “First Brewery . . .” La Crosse Tribune & Leader-Press, February 7, 1932, 10.

907. George Button, letter July 2, 1859, Alfred Sanford Papers, cited in La Crosse Area Research Center, folder La Crosse, Businesses, Breweries, Bluff Brewery.

908. Manuscript note, La Crosse Area Research Center, folder La Crosse, Businesses, Breweries, Bluff Brewery (a copy of the advertisement is in the same folder); Wisconsin, Vol. 29, p. 12, R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Report Volumes. Baker Library, Harvard Business School; Richard D. Rossin, Jr., correspondence with author, May 10, 2016.

909. La Crosse Tribune Leader-Press, February 7, 1932, 10.

910. Robin Shepard, Wisconsin’s Best Breweries and Brewpubs (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), 85-6; Jeff Smith, “Community Builder award winner initially had California in mind,” Wisconsin Dells Events, June 3, 2016, http://www.wiscnews.com/wisconsindellsevents/news/article_a6a12a8a-ce13-5480-b96b-8f90c18493aa.html.

911. Geneva Lake Brewing Co. website, http://genevalakebrewingcompany.com/brews/; Geneva Lake Brewing Co. Facebook page,https://www.facebook.com/GLBrewCo/.

912. Bob Paolino, Great Lakes Brewing News (Dec. 1999/Jan. 2000): 20.

913. Rob Larson, “The Founder’s Monologue,” Tyranena e-newsletter September 10, 2008; Paolino, (Aug./Sept. 2009): 32.

914. Great Lakes Brewing News (Feb./Mar. 2001): 20 (ad for Rocky’s Revenge as a Schwarzbier).

915. Wisconsin State Journal, April 6, 2003: C1, C10. The New Brewer (May/June 2013), 134; (May/June 2016): 152.

916. “Staff,” Tyranena Brewing Co. website, http://tyranena.com/people/.

917. John Dutcher, unpublished notes for Something’s Brewing on the River (viewed August 7, 2009); interview with Dutcher, June 9, 2016.

918. Otto Tiegs and Bob Pirie, “Dahlke Brewing Company,” American Breweriana Journal (March-April 1996): 4-6.

919. Tiegs and Pirie: 6-7.

920. Tiegs and Pirie: 8: Stevens Point Daily Journal, July 9, 1936, 5.

921. Stevens Point Daily Journal, July 15, 1937, 6. Tiegs and Pirie: 9-11. Tiegs and Pirie claim that Dahlke brewed 12,000 barrels in 1937, but this figure does not match state statistics.

922. Michael D. Benter, Roll Out the Barrels: Brewers of Eastern Dodge County, Wisconsin, 1850–1961 (privately published, 2004), 19. Brewery names and locations are also from Benter. Some of Benter’s information was drawn from Wayne Kroll.

923. Benter: 21-2.

924. Benter: 22, 24-7.

925. Michael D. Benter, Roll Out the Barrels: Brewers of Eastern Dodge County, Wisconsin, 1850–1961 (privately published, 2004), 28–30.

926. Wayne Kroll, Wisconsin’s Farm Breweries: 1830s–1880s (Fort Atkinson: privately published, 2003), 8; John Dutcher, unpublished notes for Something’s Brewing on the River.

927. Map of Kewaunee County, Wisconsin (Wisconsin, unknown city): E. M. Harney and M. G. Tucker, 1876.

928. Green Bay (Weekly) State Gazette, April 7, 1883, 4. This article also confirms that Eisenbeis & Co. succeeded Laux.

929. Redding and Watson’s Map of Walworth County, Wisconsin (Elkhorn, Wis.: Redding and Watson, 1857).

930. American Brewers’ Review (January 1906): 11; Jane Kietzer, Lomira through the years, 1899–1999. (Fond du Lac, Wis.: Action Publications, 1999.): 35.

931. The Beverage Journal (August 1921): 102.

932. Milwaukee Journal, May 25, 1933, 12.

933. “Uncle” Ernie Oest, “It’s Beer-Not Milk that Quenched Thirst in America’s Dairyland,” American Breweriana Journal 95 (November-December 1998): 34; Brewers Digest Annual Buyers Guide and Directory (1951): 61.

934. Kietzer: 36.