Index
Page numbers in italic refer to illustrations.
activation, of cochlear implants, 135–36
activism. See deaf activism; disability activism
ADIP scheme. See Assistance to Disabled Persons for Purchase/Fitting of Aids/Appliances (ADIP) scheme
Advanced Bionics, 37, 219n16, 227n10
AG Bell. See Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
age: at cochlear implantation, 37, 40, 52, 126, 149, 157, 170; deaf, 99; hearing, 99; implant, 100; multiplicity of, in deaf children, 99–100, 100, 103, 191; and neuroplasticity, 169–70
Ahmed, Sara, 147–48, 151, 153–54
Akrich, Madeleine, 131–32
Alexander Graham Bell Academy for Listening and Spoken Language, 64, 72, 73, 222nn8–9
Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (AG Bell), 25, 71, 72, 76, 215n16, 222n6
Ali Yavar Jung National Institute of Speech and Hearing Disabilities (AYJNISHD), 31–32, 38, 40, 41, 44, 79, 134
ambivalence, 27–29, 60–61, 121, 129, 131, 182
American Sign Language (ASL), 76, 165–66, 166, 223n14
Andhra Pradesh, India, 3, 19, 37, 42
anonymous love, 45–46
anticipatory sensing, 97
Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation (ALIMCO), 36, 220n28
Assistance to Disabled Persons for Purchase/Fitting of Aids/Appliances (ADIP) scheme, 16, 19, 32, 35–38; and complex relationships, 142–43, 218n10; costs of devices under, 37, 136–37, 146; critiques of, 36, 137, 146; cutoff age for cochlear implants under, 170; numbers of cochlear implant surgeries performed, 220n28; and numbers versus outcomes, 51–52, 136–37; and recruitment of cochlear implant beneficiaries through rural camps, 57–59; specifications for cochlear implants under, 35–37, 218n10; and technological development, 38–40
assistive technologies: affordability/sustainability of, 132–33; canes, 36, 47; and crip technoscience, 129–30; distributed at camps, 47, 49; and extension of self, 27; manufacturers of, 35–36, 132; nonuse of, 228n23; in UN CRPD, 226n7; wheelchairs, 36, 47, 49, 130, 132, 228n23; WHO recommendations on, 132. See also Assistance to Disabled Persons for Purchase/Fitting of Aids/Appliances (ADIP) scheme; hearing aids
audiograms, 9–10, 10, 165, 213n1, 214n8
audiologists: on care, 103–4; and class-based distinctions in what families are told, 230n17; degree programs available in India, 214n3; evaluation of outcomes by, 53–54, 159–60; and families’ reasons for late intervention, 170; generational differences between, 222n13; and implant maintenance, 133–36; and mapping implants, 5–6; on mothers’ work, 98–99, 104–5; on neuroplasticity, 167, 169–70; perspectives on ADIP scheme, 60–61; and pressure to be on-ear at all times, 141–42; relationship to implant corporations, 37, 125, 139; and total communication, 91. See also auditory verbal therapy; speech and language therapists; surgeons
auditory oral method, 107
Auditory Verbal International (AVI), 72
auditory verbal therapy (AVT), 63–90; AG Bell rebranding of, 222n9; boundaries around, 79; certification, 72–74, 78, 79; and development of social sense through audition, 63–65; and “failure,” 77–78; friction/force involved in, 22; and hand cues, 85–87; and mentoring, 78–79, 223n16; origins of, 69–70, 71–72; practitioners in India, 78–82; principles of, 64–66, 73–74; therapy sessions, 87–91
auralism, 66–67, 69. See also auditory verbal therapy
autistic communication, 21, 66
AYJNISHD. See Ali Yavar Jung National Institute of Speech and Hearing Disabilities
AzBio Sentence Test, 9, 192–93
badminton, 173–74
Bahan, Benjamin, 27
Balavidyalaya, 106–14; infrastructure of, 106; lessons at, 110–12; methodology of, 107–10; origins of, 106–7
Başkent, Deniz, 84
batteries. See cochlear implant batteries
becoming normal. See normality
becoming with, 193
Bedi, Tarini, 131
Beebe, Helen, 69–71, 85, 232n1
“behavior problems,” 128, 135, 196
Bell, Alexander Graham, 106–7. See also Alexander Graham Bell Academy for Listening and Spoken Language; Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Bell, Kirsten, 28
beneficiaries (of cochlear implants), 41–44, 214n5
Besky, Sarah, 131
Bharatiya Janata Party, 46, 148
Biehl, João, 159
bilingual-bicultural approach, 22, 23, 76, 77, 151–52
biosocial connections and refusals, 13
biotechnical embrace, 137
brain, the, 217n27; and AVT, 74–75; class-based differences in talking about, 230n17; different deaf conceptualizations of, 215n14; and hearing brains, 74, 167, 169; plasticity of, 167–69, 222n11; post-implantation, 171; and sensory politics, 78
Brueggeman, Brenda Jo, 163, 217n28
Buchbinder, Mara, 171
camps, 44–49, 57–59; mega, 46–48
care: ethics of, 105; as financial, 146–47; maintenance as form of, 127–28, 146–47; mehanat as, 99–103; re/habilitation as, 103, 104; and relational signals, 122–24. See also maintenance, of cochlear implants
childhood, in India, 96, 225n1
children. See cochlear implant users; deaf children
CIGI. See Cochlear Implant Group of India
class, 87, 141, 142–45, 205–12, 230n17
classrooms. See infrastructures
closed captioning, 68
Cochlear (company), 4, 5, 182; CP802 processor, 7, 11; and first pediatric case in India, 4, 6; Kanso processor, 12, 143–44; Brett Lee as global hearing ambassador, 25, 26, 138, 141, 155; location of, 6, 37, 41; marketing by, 5, 143, 148, 158; numbers of implants provided internationally, 219n16; and “relationships,” 5, 7, 41, 137–38; technology, 11–12, 12, 142, 143–44, 228n16, 228n24
cochlear implant batteries: access to, 127, 150; cost of, 126–27; distribution of, 44; government support for cost of, 37, 42, 136; maintenance of, 133
Cochlear Implant Group of India (CIGI), 1, 26, 43, 219n16; 2019 conference, 52, 53–54, 79–80, 153, 167, 169, 185–86
cochlear implant manufacturers, 4, 35–36, 37; Advanced Bionics, 37, 219n16, 227n10; branding of, 227n10; dependence on, 129, 131, 137–39; indigenous, 39, 218n13; marketing by, 227n11; MED-EL, 37, 219n16, 227n10; Neurelec, 37, 218n10, 219n16; professionals’ relationships with, 52, 223n16; relationship with state and families, 41–43, 138–39. See also Cochlear
cochlear implant processors: accessories, 134, 134–36, 143; batteries for, 126–27, 150; broken, 41, 128, 172, 175; CP802 processor, 7, 11; data tracking, 142; distributed as gifts, 44; inequality in versions of, 142–45; Kanso processor, 12, 143–44; maintenance of, 127, 133; noise-cancellation features in, 12, 142; Nucleus processor, 4, 11–12, 12; obsolescence, 11, 12, 143, 145; Sprint processor, 12
cochlear implants: activation of, 42, 135–36; ADIP application process for, 40, 104–5; alternatives to, 147–55; ambivalence towards, 27–29; deaf criticism of, 17, 27–28; definition/elements of, 4–5; difference from other assistive technologies, 27; distribution of parts for, 44; expense of, 37–38, 126–27, 134, 134–35, 146, 174, 183; indigenous development of, 39, 218n13; inequality in, 142–46; mapping of, 5–6; nonusers of, 136–40; and “normality,” 157–58, 165, 171; numbers of internationally or in India, 219n16; and varying approaches to disability, 16. See also cochlear implant processors; cochlear implant users; maintenance, of cochlear implants
cochlear implant surgeries: as biopolitics, 33; as care, 46; “celebratory,” 31–33; “firsts” in India, 1, 31–33, 43; funding for, 57; infrastructure for, 39–40; mentoring practices in, 6, 39, 52, 56, 58–59; numbers versus outcomes, 51–56; and recruitment of patients through rural camps, 57–59
cochlear implant users: adults getting implants, 177–82; case files of, 191–92; composite cases/trajectories, 205–12; constraints on potential of, 102–3, 174–77; cutoff age for, 40, 52, 126, 170; families’ investment in, 184–85; first pediatric case in India, 1–2, 4, 6–7, 13–14; language used to describe, 41–42; and normality, 173–74, 182–84; recruitment of, 56–59; surgeons’ relationships with, 53
communication, continuum of options and outcomes for, 22, 75–77
communication, multimodal. See multimodality
Covid-19 pandemic, 148, 149–50, 150
crip technoscience, 129–30
critical periods, 101, 103, 145, 167, 230n18
Croft, Rose, 67–69
“cruel optimism,” 28
cued speech, 22, 76, 77, 223n14
“curative violence,” 46
Das, Veena, 96
data tracking, 142
Davis, Lennard, 187
d/Deaf culture, 14, 173–74, 215n11
D/deaf studies, 14, 27–28, 217n28
deaf activism, 16–17, 151–55, 215n13
deaf anthropology, 14
DeafBlind children, 23
deaf children, 205–12, 223n18; comparison between, 13–15; imaginary of child without language, 195–96; and interaction with deaf adults, 17–18; “star cases,” 14, 51, 194. See also cochlear implant users; fathers of deaf children; mothers of deaf children
“Deaf Children Can Learn to Hear” (Beebe), 70–71
deaf development, 13
deaf futurism, 194
deafness: diagnosis, 58, 169–71; eradication of, 54; as malleable/fixable, 3; as neurological emergency, 148–51, 169; as normal, 182–85; spectrum of, 165
“DEAF SAME,” 13
deaf schools. See schools for deaf children
DeafSpace project, 194–95
deaf spectrum, 165
“deaf speech,” 72, 81, 222n7, 231n27
Decoteau, Claire Laurier, 34
degraded signals, 84, 87, 142, 145
de Laet, Marianne, 129
dependence, 34–35, 42–43, 61, 128, 131, 159
Desjarlais, Robert, 31
DHVANI (Development of Hearing, Voice and Natural Integration), 108
disability: and becoming, 3, 164; categories of, 45–46, 49–50; certification of, 34, 40, 165, 170, 179, 218n8; multiple disabilities, 2, 60, 107–8, 118–19, 230n19; and passing, 162–65, 186; state’s approach to, 31–61, 165, 220n24
disability activism: deaf activism, 16–17, 151–55, 215n13; and deaf futurism, 194–95; and normality, 180–81; and technologies, 15–17, 32, 126, 129–30
disability aids and appliances. See assistive technologies
disability rights, 15–18, 32–33, 125–26, 180. See also disability activism
disability simulations, 11
disability studies, 14, 27–28, 129–30, 162–64, 229n11
distributed parenting, 96, 116, 122
distribution as mode of governance, 33, 38, 42; at camps, 45–47, 58; as form of welfare, 16, 34, 61
divyangjan (divinely abled), 45–46, 50
Dokumacı, Arseli, 130
domestication, 27
early intervention: critical period in, 101; goals of, 98; ISL-based, 19, 77, 153; and mothers’ roles, 95, 98; offered by AYJNISHD, 32. See also Balavidyalaya; education
economics/finances, of families of deaf children, 88, 146–47, 174, 184–85
education: implant users’ experiences with, 13, 174–75, 183–84; infrastructure in schools, 21, 106, 151; investment in, 184; mainstreaming of deaf children, 70, 72, 103, 108, 141, 174–75; offered by AYJNISHD, 32; parents’ backgrounds, 105; reservations/quotas in, 16, 33, 165; use of ISL in, 19, 154, 182–85. See also Balavidyalaya; Mothers Teaching Center; schools for deaf children
embodiment, joint, 96–98, 111, 124
employment, disability reservations/quotas in, 16, 33, 165, 178
enumeration of implants, 46–48
ethical publicity, 35
Evans, Lionel, 91
families of deaf children, 2, 8, 13–14; and ADIP scheme, 60; AVT focus on, 74; and disability activism, 17–18; fathers, 99, 101, 115, 119, 126–27, 140–41, 183; finances, 88, 146–47, 174, 184–85; grandparents, 7, 88, 102, 105, 115; instructional materials for, 108–10; languages spoken by, 7–8, 87–88, 226n11; and late interventions, 170, 183–84; relationships with state and corporations, 41–42, 147; responsibility for hard work, 101, 103. See also mothers of deaf children
family, implant recipients as part of (kinship through corporations), 4, 5, 137–38
fathers of deaf children, 99, 101, 115, 119, 126–27, 140–41, 183
Fennell, Catherine, 20
five-sensed normality, 66–68, 69
fix, fixing, and fixity, 130–33, 139–40
Flexer, Carol, 74, 75, 167, 169
Foucault, Michel, 196
Fritsch, Kelly, 129–30
Garretson, Mervin, 91
Geary, Adam, 161–62
gender, 32, 123, 231n26. See also mothers of deaf children
gesture, 85–87, 89–90, 91, 107, 191
gifts, assistive devices and cochlear implants as, 16, 42, 43–44, 45, 146, 219n17
goals in IEPs, 190–91
Goffman, Erving, 162
Good, Mary-Jo DelVecchio, 137
Goods and Services Tax (GST), 36
Goodwin, Charles, 92
Goodwin, Marjorie Harness, 105
Graham, Stephen, 127–28
grandparents, 7, 88, 102, 105, 115
Green, Mara, 92
Guinness World Records, 47–48, 220n25
habilitation, 213n2
Hadder, R. Neill, 11
Hamraie, Aimi, 129–30
hand cue, the, 85–87
Haraway, Donna J., 193
Harmon, Kristen, 163–64
hearing: and auditory hierarchy, 171–72, 183; “basic” versus “finer,” 144–45; residual, 8–9, 70, 139; in speech banana, 9–10, 10, 214n8; in speech string bean, 214n8; “think hearing” ASL sign / “mentally hearing,” 165–66, 166. See also audiograms; listening and spoken language
hearing aids, 8–9; and brain development, 168; compared with cochlear implants, 132–33; cost of, 37; distribution of, 42, 57; improvements in, 36, 76
hearing birthdays, 99
“hearing-deaf children,” 67, 68
hearing tests, 9, 82–84, 159–60, 165, 192–93, 221n30. See also audiograms
Herzfeld, Michael, 23–24
Higgins, Paul, 14
Hindu, The (newspaper), 125
Hoeyer, Klaus, 160
Howes, David, 63, 78, 105, 193, 217n26
Hunt, Nancy, 34
Iglehart, Frank, 160
implants. See cochlear implants
India: cochlear implant manufacturers’ relationship with, 41–43, 138–39; disability rights in, 15–18; distributed parenting in, 96; Indian Administrative Service, 38–39, 154, 178, 231n22; and state power, 34, 46–50, 178–82, 218n6; state’s approach to disability, 3, 16, 19, 31–61, 165, 218n8. See also Assistance to Disabled Persons for Purchase/Fitting of Aids/Appliances (ADIP) scheme; and specific states
Indian Sign Language (ISL): courses in, 77, 153; and disability rights organizations, 16–17; interpreting, 17, 19, 25, 35, 49, 152–53; undervaluing of, 55, 152–53, 176; use of, by deaf children, 7–8, 19, 25, 126, 151–54, 177
Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre, 19, 153
Individualized Education Plans (IEPs), 161, 189–90, 190, 198
inequalities, 11–12, 142–45, 171–72
infrastructures, 106, 122–23, 192, 194–95, 216n20, 232n6; in schools for deaf children, 21, 154; sensory, 19–21
International Committee on Auditory-Verbal Communication, 71, 72
International Day of Persons with Disabilities (December 3), 31, 32
intersensing, 23, 96–98, 111, 124, 192. See also multisensory engagement
Jarret House, 71
joint embodiment, 96–98, 111, 124
Jones, Caroline, 75
jugaad, 226n4
Kafer, Alison, 155, 215n9, 216n18, 229n5
Kalam, Abdul, 39
Kashmir, 46
Kaufman, Sharon, 28
Keating, Elizabeth, 11
Kierans, Ciara, 28
Kim, Eunjung, 46
Kittay, Eva Feder, 105
Kusters, Annelies, 92
labor: domestic, 7, 8, 121; of listening, 84–85; mehanat, 99–103, 225n6; of mothers of deaf children, 7, 8, 88, 121, 225n6; signal, 84, 122
Ladd, Paddy, 27
Lady Noyce School, 154
Lane, Harlan, 27–28
language games, 65, 76, 89, 119–20
lesson planning, 88–89
lipreading, 1, 6–7, 68–69, 85–87, 89, 107
listening ability, training of, 67–69, 112–14
listening and spoken language: as communication option/outcome, 22, 76, 223n14; and neuroplasticity, 167–69; as ultimate goal, 171–72, 175–77, 195–96
Lloyd, Stephanie, 25, 217n27, 229n3
Locke, Peter, 159
Mahmood, Saba, 162
maintenance, of cochlear implants, 125–35, 228n22; and care, 140–42; cost/expense of, 126–28, 134, 134–35; and fixity, 130–33; as personal issue/responsibility, 127–28, 146–47; problems with, 125–29; and relationship with manufacturers, 135–40; routines for, 133–35; and tinkering, 129–30
Make in India campaign, 36, 39, 55
Manning, Erin, 82
manualism, 66–67
manufacturers of assistive devices. See cochlear implant manufacturers
Mauldin, Laura, 69, 214n2, 217n32
medical camps. See camps
mehanat (hard work), 99–103, 225n6
Mills, Mara, 165, 194, 213n1, 214n7
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 16, 32, 34, 44, 49, 55, 152–53, 218n10
modalities, continuums of, 75–76. See also auditory verbal therapy; multimodality; total communication
Moser, Ingunn, 129
mother-child attachment, 104, 109, 116
mothers of deaf children, 95–124; and Balavidyalaya, 106–14; becoming professionals, therapists, and school founders, 81, 106–7, 114, 174; and maternal sense, 97–98; and mehanat, 99–102; and Mothers Teaching Center, 114–22; and multimodality, 96–97, 122–24; “natural” traits or “unique abilities” of, 97–99, 104; and oral/aural failure, 77–78; and relational signals, 122–24; roles played by, 7–8, 95–96, 108; as single parents, 121, 123–24; skills learned by, 95–96, 120–21; supporting each other, 116, 121–22; work of, 7, 8, 88, 95–96, 121, 225n6
Mothers Teaching Center (pseudonym), 114–22, 226n11
multimodality, 21–24, 90–94, 217n27; as form of care, 105; as fraught achievement, 22; and hand cue, 87; in mothers’ processes, 96–97, 122–24. See also total communication
multiple disabilities, implanting children with, 60, 107–8, 118–19, 230n19
multisensory engagement, 21–24, 75; in Balavidyalaya instructional materials, 109; five-sensed normality, 66–68, 69; and hand cue, 87; importance of, 192–93; intersensing, 23, 96–98, 111, 124, 192; preceded by unisensory engagement, 71; in therapy sessions, 90; and total communication, 90–94. See also multimodality
Muñoz, José Esteban, 18
Nagarajan, Rema, 178
Narayanaswamy, Saraswathi, 106–7
National Association of the Deaf (India), 16–17
National Association of the Deaf (U.S.), 17, 215n13
neuroplasticity, 69, 167–69, 217n27, 222n11
nonusers (“off-ear”), 135, 136–37, 139, 147–48, 227n12, 227n15
normality, 157–87; of deaf children, 101–2, 183; and disability identity, 18, 163–64; and experiences of implant users, 173–85; five-sensed normality, 66–68, 69; meanings of, 160, 229n3; multiplicity of, 187; as narrowing, 2–3; and neuroplasticity, 166–69; and passing, 162–64, 180, 185–86; and potentiality, 157–61; sensory, 35; total communication as threat to, 91–92
older children, 40, 55, 60, 107, 169–70
“On (Almost) Passing” (Brueggeman), 163
“On (Always) Passing” (Brueggeman), 163
open sets, 192–93
oral/aural failures, 77–78
outcomes, evaluation of, 53–55, 159–60
Palaniappan, Deepa, 25
Pals, Carina, 84
parents of deaf children. See families of deaf children
passing, 162–64, 180, 184, 185–86, 231n27
Pennycook, Alastair, 22
Pentcheva, Bissera, 91–92
Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995, 19
physical contact. See touch, sense of
plasticity. See potentiality/plasticity
Plemons, Eric, 187
Pols, Jeannette, 129
potentiality/plasticity: and age, 169–71; in experiences of implant users, 173–77; neuroplasticity, 69, 167–69, 217n27, 222n11; and normality, 157–61, 176–77, 195–96; and pluripotency, 2, 22, 169
Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund, 57, 206
processors. See cochlear implant processors
Puig de la Bellacasa, María, 128
Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram program, 59
recipients (of cochlear implants), 41–44, 214n5
re/habilitation, 213n2. See also auditory verbal therapy; normality
Rehabilitation Council of India, 158
relational infrastructure, 122–24
repair, 129–31
residual hearing, 8–9, 70, 139
Rhoades, Ellen, 74, 75, 167, 169
Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, 15, 19
Rosenzweig, Elizabeth, 169
Russell, Andrew, 128
Sadana, Rashmi, 131
sameness work, 13
Sarampalis, Anastasios, 84
scaffolding, 20, 96–97, 110–11, 122–24
Scherer, Patricia, 92–93
schools for deaf children: classroom infrastructure in, 21, 154; and deafness as normal, 182–84; implanted children’s experiences in, 177, 183–84; and implant maintenance, 141; and ISL, 7–8, 154–55, 177; and Mothers Teaching Center, 114; and origins of AVT, 70, 72; recruitment for implant surgeries in, 56; spoken language pilot program in, 55. See also Balavidyalaya
Schwenkel, Christina, 20
semiotic bricolage, 98
semiotic repertoires, 92
senses, the. See hearing; multisensory engagement; social sense; touch, sense of; vision/visual cues
sensory bricolage, 98
sensory divisions as violence, 23, 46
sensory hierarchies, 65, 92, 145, 171
sensory infrastructures, 19–21
sensory politics, 78
sensory reach, 27
sensory unruliness, 22, 92, 193, 197
Shravanadosha Mukta Karnataka (Deafness-Free Karnataka) program, 59–60, 221n31
Siebers, Tobin, 162
sign language, 214n4; ASL, 76, 165–66, 166, 223n14; ASL concept for “mentally hearing” in, 165–66, 166; as communication option/outcome, 22, 76, 77, 151–52; friction involved in deaf children learning, 22–23. See also Indian Sign Language
Smelser, Neil, 28
social media, 48, 50, 138, 149, 150
social sense: AVT practitioners’ focus on, 80–81, 88; development of, through audition, 63–65; mothers’ scaffolding of, 97, 122–24; and multisensory engagement, 75
sound booth tests, 9, 159–60, 192–93
speech: “deaf speech,” 72, 81, 222n7, 231n27. See also listening and spoken language
speech and language therapists: and auditory hierarchy, 171–72; and class-based distinctions in what families are told, 230n17; degree programs available in India, 214n3; generational differences between, 222n13; and implant maintenance, 133–36; on mothers’ work, 98–99; on neuroplasticity, 167, 169–70; on parents’ belief in children’s hearing, 172; perspectives on ADIP scheme, 60–61; and pressure to be on-ear at all times, 141–42; relationship to implant corporations, 37, 125, 139; and surgeons, 79–80; and total communication, 90–91. See also auditory verbal therapy
speech banana, 9–10, 10, 214n8
speech string bean, 214n8
speech therapy, 65, 80, 223n18
state power, 34, 46–50, 178–82, 218n6. See also India
Sterne, Jonathan, 11, 217n25, 221n3
surgeons: and cochlear implants as gifts, 43; on deafness as emergency, 151; experiences of, 56–60; and fundraising for adults to get implants, 178; India’s first cochlear implant surgeon, 43; media representations of, 220n21; and mentoring, 6, 39, 52, 56, 58–59; on multimodal engagement, 93; on normality, 157–58; and numbers versus outcomes, 51–53, 54–55; therapists’ frustration with, 79–80
surgeries. See cochlear implant surgeries
Sydney Morning Herald, 149
Talbot, Pamela, 86–87
Tamil Nadu, India, 37, 42, 44, 125–26, 136, 209
Taussig, Karen-Sue, 160
technologies, 110; apps, 55, 142, 228n16, 228n24. See also assistive technologies; cochlear implants; hearing aids
therapy clinics. See Ali Yavar Jung National Institute of Speech and Hearing Disabilities; auditory verbal therapy; speech therapy
“Third Way, The” (Croft), 66–67
Thompson, Marie, 85
Thrift, Nigel, 127–28
Times of India, 178
Timmermans, Stefan, 171
total communication: as communication option/outcome, 22, 76, 223n14; criticisms of, 224n32; defined, 91–93, 223n14; importance of, 23, 193; origins of, 224n30; in therapy sessions, 90–94
touch, sense of: importance of, 82, 84; and mother-child attachment, 104, 109; in Mothers Teaching Center program, 115, 117; prohibitions on, 23; in therapy sessions, 75–76, 90
unisensory approach, 69–71. See also auditory verbal therapy
United Nations: Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 36; Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 15, 153, 226n7
Vaidya, Rajani, 26
Vinsel, Lee, 128
violence, division of senses as, 23, 46
vision/visual cues: in competition with hearing, 67, 69, 70–71, 75, 169; eye contact, 90, 109, 111; gestures, 85–87, 89–90, 91, 107, 191; lipreading, 1, 6–7, 68–69, 85–87, 89, 107; in therapeutic techniques, 75–76; in total communication, 90. See also Indian Sign Language; sign language
wheelchairs, 36, 47, 49, 130, 132, 228n23
Wilson, Daniel, 162
Woodward, James, 14
work. See labor
World Health Organization, 132
Yousafzai, Malala, 182