ABC, 64
access to public spaces: access to processes that govern public spaces, 76–77, 91
codes of conduct and, xx–xxi, 105–7, 110–14, 142–43
corporate sorting of public life in Sony Plaza, 98
physical limitations on, 76, 91
advertising: importance of children to advertisers, 110
Sony Plaza as physical advertisement, 103–5
in Times Square, 61–65. See also marketing
aesthetics: aesthetic experience of Trump Tower, 120, 122–36
definition of, 146n5
role of, xxi
Afghanistan: bombing in 1998, 140
invasion of, 140
AIDS and HIV: Americans’ perceptions of, 152n60
Giuliani’s marginalization of New Yorkers suffering from, 11–12, 17, 20–21, 150n30. See also Housing Works
American Institute of Graphic Artists conference: “Dangerous Ideas,” 53
American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, 4–5
Anderson, David Bird, 167n31
Apprentice, The (TV), 117–18, 123, 136
Web site, 165n1. See also Trump, Donald
Art-in-Architecture program, GSA, 27–28. See also Tilted Arc
AT&T Building, 93–95, 162n6, 162n9
controversy at, 89–90
distinctiveness of, 93
Johnson as architect of, 93–95, 162n6, 162n9
original galleria, 95–96
refurbishment by Sony, 95–98. See also Sony Plaza
AT&T Infoquest (science museum), 95, 104–5, 162n12
Atrium at Trump Tower. See Trump Tower
Ault, Julie, 157n26
Austin, Joe, 149n20
Baer, Howard, Jr., 13
bamboo tree grove in IBM Atrium, 73–74, 80–81
proposal to remove, 81–83
Barnes, Edward Larrabee, 73–74
BB the Wonderbot, 103–4, 107–8, 110, 141, 163n31
Beardsley, John, 35, 155n39
Beauty and the Beast (Disney’s stage production at New Amsterdam), 158n34
Bell Laboratories, 95
Benetton, 53
Berger, Joseph, 159n3
Berman v. Parker, 157n16
Betts, Paul, 161n3
Bierut, Michael, 157n21
billboard ads in Times Square, 61–65
Bischoff, Dan, 158n35
blight: applied to Times Square, 50–51
defined, 49
as legal reason for condemnation, 49–51
Bloomberg, Michael, 152n56
Blue Man Group, 57
Board of Estimate: dismantling of, 157n16
Bonus Zoning Ordinance, 118
Bovon, Francois, 158n34
branding, corporate, 95–98, 104, 107, 110, 115, 148n20
Brooks, Diana D., 82
Buck-Morss, Susan, 146n5
Burden, Amanda, 168n5
Burgee, John, 52, 157n18
Business Improvement Districts, xvii, 146n3
Times Square, 155n1, 156n14, 157n29
Buskirk, Martha, 153n1
Calder, Alexander, 88
Carmen, Gerald, 29
Carr, Stephen, xiv, xvi, 147n10
CBS, 64
Central Park: management by nonprofit conservation organization, 147n15
Chan, Ying, 155n51
Chang, Jeff, 149n20
children: BB the Wonderbot and, 103–4, 107–8, 110, 141, 163n31
importance to advertisers, 110
as one of Sony’s target markets, 104–5, 107–10
Sony Wonder Technology Lab and, 98, 102–3, 105, 107–10, 163n32, 164n39
Citicorp Building atrium, 78–79
City Council, 85, 157n16
City Hall (NYC), xi, 148n1
description of design, 3–4
interior of, 4
rededication of refurbished Statue of Justice atop, 150n32
renovations on ceremonial Blue Room, 148n5
security around, 14–15
after September 11, 140
City Hall (NYC) front steps, 1–23
battles between Giuliani and Housing Works over, 9–22
design of, 1–2
government promotion and protest against government on, 2–3, 152n56
history of public life of City Hall and, 3–7
law, speech, and public space, 7–10
as politically charged, 9
symbolic power of, xviii
City Planning Commission, 83, 85, 89–90, 95, 98, 100
special zoning districts established by, 166n15
civic center in New York City, 26–27
codes of conduct, restrictive, x, xx–xxi
governing WTC site, 142–43
problems with legally challenging, 113–14
at Sony Plaza, xx–xxi, 105–7, 110–14
Colangelo, Lisa L., 152n61
Collins, Gail, 150n29
Colors (Benetton’s magazine), 53
Columbus Circle, 160n14
Community Board Five, 84, 87–90, 160n22, 163n33
community gardens: sale of, 146n3
compensation of property owners: eminent domain and, 67
rules for just, 48
Times Square hearings and litigation regarding, 51–52
condemnation in public’s interest, 47–69
legal reasons for, 49–51. See also Times Square
conflict of interest between building owner and management of POPS, 89
Consolidated Laws, New York, 48–49, 156n7
contracts for POPS, 145n1
compliance with, 72, 86, 123–25
Cooper-Marcus, Clare, 24, 36, 155n48
corporate branding, 95–98, 104, 107, 110, 115, 148n20
Costa Rican plazas: redesign of, 146n4
Covered Pedestrian Space: bonus multiplier for, 160n10
Crain’s New York Business, 160n12
Crane’s Business Weekly, 52
Cresswell, Tim, 156n12
crime: porn shops in Times Square and, 51, 67
criminalization: of the homeless, 112, 115, 164n45–46
of spontaneous memorials at WTC site, 142
Crimp, Douglas, xviii, 24, 31–35, 37, 39, 40–41, 43, 153n1, 154n30
definition of public space, 154n33
CUNY Politics and Public Space conference (2001), 147n15
D.A.R.E., 168n5
Deitz, Paula, 71
Delany, Samuel R., 51, 148n18
democracy: public spaces as setting for practice of, ix, xi, xii, xvi–xvii, 19–20, 32–33
relationships between design and, xiv–xv, xvi
democratic spaces, xiv–xv
demolition of Times Square: posters distracting attention from, 56–61, 65
public’s interest and, 47
Department of City Planning, New York, 71–72, 85, 89, 91, 98, 113–15, 123, 125, 137, 145n1
design: definition of, xxii
physical control of public space through, 43
design-based studies of public space, xiii–xvi
destination space, 165n4
Deutsch, Claudia H., 162n16
Deutsche, Rosalyn, xvi, xviii, 24, 32–35, 39, 43, 153n1, 154n35
Diamond, William, 23, 28–29, 33, 40
Dinkins, David, 4, 148n5
Discovery (space shuttle): ceremony for crew members of, 16
discrimination against homeless people, 112–14
“Disneyfication” of Times Square, 65
displacement: relationships between language, metaphor, and, 156n12
Dunlap, David W., 162n9
Dunn, Christopher, 147n13, 150n25, 155n54
Dunn, Lisa, 166n19
Dwyer, Jim, 152n57, 168n7
Economist, 94
Eggers and Higgins, 26
Eisenberg, Arthur, 150n25
Elliot, Donald, 163n35
eminent domain: defined, 47–48
exercise of power of, in New York state, 156n7
lawsuits resulting from UDC’s bid to use, 51–52
legislative process approving use of, in Times Square, 157n16
in New York Consolidated Laws, 48
property owners’ right to fight against, 67
public interest undefined in law, 48
suggestions for streamlining process, 158n37
terms used in discourse of, 48–50, 156n12
Environmental Protection Agency, 167n2
Fahn, Charlotte, 160n16
Federal Building (New York), 27–28
offices in, 37
Federal Building (Oklahoma City): bombing in 1995, 40, 140
design history of, xviii
Jacob Javits Plaza and use of public space, xviii, 24–26, 34–44
maintaining fountain at, 27, 153n5
original design, 27
as public space, security issues and, 40–42
after September 11, 140
Tilted Arc, xviii, 24–34, 38, 40, 43, 153n1, 153n13, 154n19
Fenner, Austin, 155n51
Fifth Avenue subdistrict, 122–23. See also Trump Tower
Finkelpearl, Tom, 154n28
Finkelstein, Lola, 161n31
First Amendment, 7–8, 19, 22. See also free speech
Fish, Nicholas, 87, 161n28
Flying Enterprise (ship), 5–6
Francis, Mark, xiv, 147n10
Frank, Thomas, 157n24
Franklin, Nancy, 165n2
Fraser, Nancy, xvii, xviii, 1, 98, 145n2, 162n18, 165n50
free speech: front steps of New York’s City Hall as site for, 3–22
Housing Works challenges to controls on, 10–22
relationships between public spaces and right to, xviii, 7–10
Freston, Tom, 105
General Services Administration (GSA), 31
Art-in-Architecture program, 27–28
commission for Federal Plaza sculpture, 27–29
security issue used in defending its control of Federal Plaza, 40–42
“use” versus “sculpture” argument against Tilted Arc, 29, 31–32
Gibson, Kristina, 146n3
Gilman, Sander L., 20, 152n58
Giuliani, Rudolph W., xi, xviii, 1, 3, 7, 149n16, 150n27
construction of his public image, 10, 20
importance of City Hall steps as site of representation for, 10
legal battles with Housing Works over steps of City Hall, 9–22
marginalization of New Yorkers suffering from AIDS/HIV, 11, 12, 17, 20–21, 150n30
New York Yankees Day celebration, 12–13, 150n30
“Next Phase of Quality of Life: Creating a More Civil City” speech (1996), 11–12, 149n19–20
rededication of refurbished Statue of Justice, 150n32
after September 11, 140
Glass House (Johnson), 161n4
Glenn, John, 16
Goldberger, Paul, 27, 93, 99–100, 120–21, 153n6, 161n1, 166n10
Goldstein, Barbara, 156n13
Goodgold, Sally, 162n22
graffiti: Giuliani’s attitudes toward, 149n20
Grant, Peter, 157n20
Ground Zero, 141
Group of 35, 158n37
Grove, Elisa Lipsky-Karasz, 167n37
Grove, Lloyd, 167n37
GSA. See General Services Administration
Gwathmey, Charles, 100
Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects, 95
Haberman, Clyde, 149n12
Habermas, Jürgen, xvii, 145n2, 162n18
Hafetz, Jonathan L., 165n47
Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization, 8
Hall, Peter, 157n21
Handelman, Stephen, 150n28
Hanly, Elizabeth, 164n39
Harris, Melissa, 161n31
Harvey, David, 147n9
Hawthorne, Christopher, 162n6
Heisel, Sylvia, 132
Heller, Susan, 167n31
Hénaff, Marcel, 147n12
Hess, Michael D., 151n52
Hilfiger, Tommy, 57
historic-preservation organizations, 156n4
HIV/AIDS. See AIDS and HIV
Holusha, John, 167n28, 167n38
Holzer, Harold, 52
homeless, the, xvi, 146n3
criminalization of, 112, 115, 164n45–46
exclusion from Sony Plaza, 105–7, 112–14
legal battles of Housing Works over steps of City Hall regarding, 9–22
restrictive codes of conduct and campaign against, xxi
Horowitz, Gregg M., 153n13
Housing Works, xviii, 3, 7, 149n17, 151n40
cost to city of May 2005 ruling in favor of, 19, 22, 152n57
criticisms against Giuliani, 11–12, 17, 20–21
government contracts to provide housing and services to people with HIV/AIDS, Giuliani’s cuts to, 19–20
legal battles over the steps of City Hall, 9–22
World AIDS Day event, 15–16, 18, 21
Housing Works, Inc. v. Safir, 150n24, 150n31
Housing Works v. Kerik, 152n56
How to Turn a Place Around: A Handbook for Creating Successful Public Spaces (Project for Public Spaces), xiv
Huxtable, Ada Louise, 45, 137, 167n41
IBM, 94, 159n9
bamboo tree grove in, 73–74, 80–83
controversy over proposed changes to, 73–76, 81–85
exterior of, 78
failure to comply with provisions for management of sculpture display, 87–89
new owner with new agenda, 81–87
original contract and original design, 75, 77–81
plan view of, 80
postrenovation conflict over, 87–89
relationship to office tower, 78–79
removal of a few stands of bamboo, effect of, 74, 84
after renovation (2001), 76
reviews on first opening, 73–74
value of bonus square footage built in return for, 77
IBM Building: after September 11, 141
Impellitteri, Vincent R., 5
individual rights: broad changes to U.S. domestic policies regarding, xxi–xxii
interior public spaces, xx–xxii. See also IBM Atrium
Sony Plaza
Trump Tower
Jacob Javits Plaza, xviii, 26, 34–44
critical responses to, 34–39
difficulty of designing public space in New York addressed by, 37–39
eating lunch as one use of, 35–36
limitations of physical layout and design, 37
plan view of, 39
renaming of Federal Plaza to, 24
Schwartz’s 1997 American Society of Landscape Architects Award for, 35
after September 11, 140. See also Federal Plaza
Jacobs, Carrie, 155n53
Jefferson, Thomas, 4
Johnson, Philip, 52, 93, 100–101, 156n5, 157n18, 161n1
AT&T Building, 93–95, 162n6, 162n9
projects of, 161n5
Kahn and Jacobs, 26
Kalman, Tibor, xix, 52–56, 60–61, 64, 66, 68, 140, 157n24, 158n37
Karp, Ivan C., 82, 160n13
Katz, Cindy, 147n15
Kayden, Jerold, 71–73, 145n1, 148n19, 159n1, 161n24, 162n19, 165n4–5, 165n48
Kelso, Karen, 168n5
Kennedy, John F., 28
Kimmelman, Michael, 153n12
Koch, Edward, 4, 47, 117, 125, 137, 148n5
Lambert, Bruce, 159n5
land value: pricing out existing residents and, xiv
Langhammer, Mrs. Frank, 126, 166n23
League of Urban Landscape Architects, 100
Leval, Pierre N. (judge), 152n56
Leven, Susan, 126, 166n22
Levine, Caroline, 153n13
Levitan, Jean, 136–37, 167n39
Levy, Jan, 166n20
Lieberman, Marc, 132
Light, Andrew, 147n12
Lindsay, John, 4
locations of free speech: “charged” vs. “marginal,” 9
Low, Setha M., 146n3, 146n4, 167n1
Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC), 142
Luehrs, Mark, 112
Mandell, Jonathan, 166n13
Mangin, Joseph, 3
at Sony Plaza, 104–5
stealth, 164n38
Martha Schwartz: Transfiguration of Commonplace, 34
Martin, Thomas, 112–13
Maziarz, George D., 158n36
McCobb, Patricia, 100, 162n21
McComb, John, Jr., 3, 148n2
McElroy, Jaime, 164n46
McGregor, David, 91, 161n36
Mele, Christopher, xiv, 146n8
Merker, Kyle, 160n22
Merrifield, Andy, 147n9
Messinger, Ruth, 89, 161n33, 161n35
Metropolis Magazine, 61
Meyer, Elizabeth K., 37, 154n38
Microsoft, 64
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 161n5
millennium celebration security plan for Times Square, 141
Miller, Kristine, 148n16–17
Minor, Judge, 152n56
Minskoff, Edward J., 73–76, 81–85, 87–89, 135, 160n14, 161n28
Mitchell, Don, 8, 146n3, 147n14, 164n46
“mixed use” building: Trump Tower as, 133
modifications: major versus minor, 84–85, 89–90, 162n22
Mondale, Joan, 154n19
morality of New Times Square: creating, 51, 60–61, 69
Motherwell, Robert, 28
Mottola, Thomas D., 105, 168n5
MTV, 64
Municipal Art Society (MAS), 72, 74, 83, 89, 145n1, 156n5
mission of, 159n4
Muschamp, Herbert, 77–78
museum: Infoquest in AT&T Building, 95, 104–5, 162n12
Sony Wonder Technology Lab as, 98, 102–3, 105, 107–10, 163n32, 164n39
My First Sony products, 105
Nadal, Luc, 147n12 Nation, 110
National Coalition for Homeless, 164n45–46
National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty (NLCHP), 112, 164n45–46
NBC, 64
New Amsterdam Theater, 156n4, 158n34
New Jersey Casino Control Commission, 135–36
New London (Connecticut): eminent-domain case in, 67
Newsday, 120
advertisements in, 61–65
creating morality of, 51, 60–61, 69
creation of new image for, 54, 56–61, 65
kinds of tenants choosing to locate in, 53–54
new public for, 60–61. See also Times Square
New Year’s Eve in Times Square: security for, 45, 141
New York City: Division of AIDS Services, 12, 17–18
Planning Department, xix, xx, 105
public life bound by regulation and codes of conduct, x
as uniquely familiar, ix
New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU), 7, 151n40
First Amendment cases against Giuliani involving, 12–13, 16–20
New York Consolidated Laws, 48, 49, 156n7
New York Department of City Planning, 76–77, 81–83
New York State Urban Development Corporation (UDC), xix, 48–52
New York State Urban Development Corporation Act (UDCA, 1968), 156n8
New York Times, 47, 52, 95, 132, 136, 152n57
condemnations for new tower, 66
New York Yankees: New York Yankees Day celebration, 12–13, 150n30
1998 victory celebration for, 15
Niagara Falls: development of, 158n36
Nickelodeon, 105
NYCLU. See New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU)
NYC Zoning Handbook, 122
O’Conner, Anahad, 167n2
Odyssey Partners investment group, 81
Office of Corporation Counsel, 151n40
Oklahoma City Federal Building bombing (1995), 40, 140
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 38–39
1000 on 42nd Street (Selkirk), 57
On the Plaza: The Politics of Public Space and Culture (Low), 146n4
openness and accessibility. See access to public spaces
PaceWildenstein Gallery, 81, 84, 87–89, 161n27
Paley Park, 74, 159n6
parks conservancies, xvii
Parks Council, 83
Pataki, George E., 64–66, 158n36
Patriot Act, xxi–xxii
transformation of public space by, 143–44
Placemaking: The Art and Practice of Building Communities (Schneekloth and Shibley), xv
Plaza Bonus Zoning Ordinance, New York City, 71, 77, 145n1
Poor, Alfred Easton, 26
POPS. See Privately Owned Public Spaces
pornography: crime in Times Square and, 51, 67
effect of redevelopment on sex workers, 67–68
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey: regulation of WTC site by, 142–43
Post Modern Productions Inc, 132
Powell, John A., 165n46
PPG Building (Johnson), 161n4
preservation, historic, 155n4
press conferences on City Hall steps: Housing Works legal battles over, 9–22
policies rewritten and selectively enforced regarding, 10, 12–17
restrictions on, 151n45
twenty-five person limit, 12–14, 20, 150n24, 150n31
Presser, Michael, 90, 161n34, 163n22, 163n33
Privately Owned Public Spaces (POPS), x–xi, xvii, xix–xxii, 71–73
benefits to private owners, 87
categories of changes allowed in, 84–85, 89–90, 162n22
compliance with contracts for, 72, 86, 123–25
holding events in, 86
legal structure of program, xx, 76–77, 84–87, 90
problems with program, 72–73, 76–77, 84–87, 91
the public framed by, 73
security at, after September 11, 168n4. See also IBM Atrium
Sony Plaza
Trump Tower
private space: public investment in, 119–21, 136–37
Project for Public Spaces (PPS), xiv, xvi, 84
mission of, 146n6
property owners: lawsuits resulting from UDC’s bid to use eminent domain in Times Square, 51–52
right to fight against eminent domain, 67
psychologists: advertising and marketing using expertise of, 110
public(s), the: controls on who appears as part of, 20–21, 33
denizens of Times Square edited to transform, 58–61
target markets at Sony Plaza and, 104–5
of Times Square, 47–49
of WTC site, 141–43
public and appropriate use: permanent form given to GSA-approved definition of, 35, 39
public art, 157n26. See also Tilted Arc
public forum, traditional, 8
rules set up governing, 9
steps of City Hall as, 2–3, 152n56
public interest, the: condemnation in, 47–69
reasons for use of eminent domain on Forty-second Street in, 48–52
renovation of IBM Atrium in, argument for, 82
public investment in private space, 136–37
public involvement in decision making, xv, 85, 91
public ownership, ix–xi
public/private partnerships managing public spaces, 146n3
Public Space (Carr et al.), xiv–xv
public space(s), xiii–xvi
criminalization of homeless people in, 112, 115, 164n45–46
defining, ix–xvii, 154n33
design-based studies of, xiii–xvi
destination space, 165n4
dynamic nature of, 32
essential and obvious characteristics, ix–xi
forms of restricting access to, x
lack of legal definition of, 113, 147n13
litigating for access to, 113
methodological lenses used to understand, xii
normative definition of, xi
Patriot Act and idea of “right” to, xxi–xxii, 143–44
preoccupation with enduring physical qualities of, xi
private spaces linked to, through public policy, 21
September 11 impact on, xxi, 139–44, 167n1
as site for democratic action, ix, xi–xii, xvi–xvii, 19–20, 32–33
trade-offs of linking commercial spaces and, 110
value of interior, 114–16
public space–public sphere hybrid, xii, xvi, xvii
litigation required to maintain, 3, 10–22
public sphere(s), 145n2
definition of, xvii
generated by Tilted Arc, 26–34
producing, xv
social equity as central to, 165n50
transnational, xvii, 145n2
“public use” argument against Tilted Arc, 29–30
Quinn, Christine, 151n45
Rashbaum, William K., 168n3
Rauschenberg, Robert, 82
Reconstructing Times Square: Politics and Culture in Urban Development (Reichl), 47
Giuliani’s spatial controls on free speech on City Hall steps, 10, 12–17
of speech in traditional public forums, 8
symbolic and real possibility of places changed by, 23
Reichl, Alexander J., 47, 148n18, 155n2–3, 156n5
Rein, Lisa, 148n5
relaxation and recreation, xiv
Republican National Convention in New York (2004), 143–44
“Requiem for an Atrium” (Smith), 84
retail: public space in Sony Plaza given up for, 98–101
in Trump Tower, 126, 129, 132–33
review process for modifications, 89–91
rhetoric: public space controlled through, 32–33, 43
Richardson, Lynda, 149n18, 151n39, 152n60
Rivlin, Leanne G., xiv, 147n10
Roers, Maurice, 160n23
Rose, James B., 84
Rose, Joseph, 160n13
Rothschild, Peter, 160n16
Rowe, Stacy, 164n46
Rubin, Robert E., 158n37
Sachs, Susan, 155n56
Sagalyn, Lynne B., 51, 148n18
Scala, Arlene Holpp, 136–37, 167n39
Scardino, Albert, 166n25
Schaffer, Richard, 89–90, 161n33–35
Schneekloth, Lynda, xv, xvi, 147n11, 167n1
Schneider, Philip, 125, 131, 166n18, 167n29
Schulhof, 95
Schumer, Charles E., 158n37
Schwartz, Barry, 148n6
Schwartz, Martha, xviii, 24–25, 34–44, 154n30
science museum in AT&T Building (Infoquest), 95, 104–5, 162n12
Scutt, Der, 120
around City Hall, 14–15
in Federal Plaza, 40–42
after September 11, 140–41, 168n4
Segall, Rebecca, 164n42
Selkirk, Neil, 56–60, 157n30
Selling the Lower East Side (Mele), xiv
Senie, Harriet, 153n1
September 11: impact of, xxi, 139–44, 167n1, 168n4
Smithsonian exhibit on, 21–22
Serra, Richard, xviii, 24, 25, 37, 153n1, 153n13, 154n19
commission for Federal Plaza sculpture, 27–29
explanation of Tilted Arc as site-specific, 30–31
values concerning public art, 24, 33. See also Tilted Arc
sex business in Times Square, 51, 62, 67–68
Shibley, Robert, xv, xvi, 147n11
Shipp, E. R., 167n33 Shortstop (Rauschenberg), 82
Silverman, Michael, 101–2
Simmons, Harry, Jr., 100
Sinatra, Frank, 164n40
Smith, Johnathan M., 147n12
Smith, Ken, 84, 160n20
Smith, Neil, 147n9
Smithsonian National Museum of American History, 21
Social Life of Small Urban Spaces, The (Whyte), 79
Some Assembly Required (Sorkin), 66
Sony Corporation, 89
stealth marketing by, 164n38
Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications, 164n38
Sony Music, 105
Sony Plaza, xi, xx–xxi, 93–116
BB the Wonderbot, 103–4, 107–8, 110, 141, 163n31
codes of conduct, xx–xxi, 105–7, 110–14
inside, 102–3
materials used in design of, 102–3
modifications, 95–98, 162n22
as physical advertisement, 103–5
plan of bonus spaces, 99
public museums and target markets, 103–14
public space calculus, 98–102
after September 11, 141
Sony Wonder Technology Lab, 98, 102–3, 105, 163n32, 164n39
visiting, 107–10
Sorkin, Michael, xv, xvi, 66, 68, 159n40, 167n1
Soter, Tom, 166n8
special district zoning, 166n15
Special Midtown District: Fifth Avenue as subdistrict of, 122–23
speech: graffiti as form of, 149n20. See also free speech
Spencer, Marguerite L., 165n46
Staeheli, Lynn, 146n3
Starting from Zero (Sorkin), 12
stealth marketing, 164n38
Stern, Robert M., 52–53
Stern, William, 45–46
Stetson, Damon, 153n7
Stone, Andrew M., xiv, 147n10
Storr, Robert, 153n9
Strong, Tracy B., 147n12
Sturtz, Herbert, 163n35
Supreme Court, 67, 157n16
Swanke Hayden Connell Architects, 120
Takahashi, Lois M., 164n46
tax abatements for Trump Tower, 133, 167n33
Tennant, Charles E., 166n17, 166n21
Tiffany’s, 126
Tilted Arc (Serra), xviii, 24, 26–34, 43, 153n1, 153n13
art historians on, 31–34
criticism as central to history of, 33–34
debates over, 29, 154n19
hearing over relocation of, 29–33
opponents of, 29–30
plan view of, 38
site-specific nature of, 30–31
time, location, and manner doctrine to limit speech acts, 9
Times Square, 45–69
combination of moral, legal, and design arguments transforming, 46–47, 49–51, 69
condemnation in public’s interest, 47–69
construction site (1998), 55
demolition and the public’s interest, 47
“economic potential” of, UDC’s arguments for increasing, 51
eminent domain used in, 48–52, 157n16
historic preservation in, 155n4
iconic status of, 45–46
image of, as dirty and dangerous, 50
map of, 50
poster campaign giving impression of transformation, 56–61, 65
proposals for, 52–56
publics of, 47–49
redevelopment effect on the public of, x, 67–68
redevelopment of, xviii
renaming to “the New Times Square,” 45
after September 11, 140–41
sex business in, 51, 62, 67–68
Times Square Business Improvement District, 155n1
mission statement of, 157n29
Report on the Secondary Effects of Concentration of Adult Use Establishments in Times Square Area, 156n14
Times Square Roulette (Sagalyn), 51
Times Square Studios, 64
transnational public spheres, xvii, 145n2
Trump, Donald, 103, 117–18, 167n30, 167n36
Apprentice show, 117–18, 123, 136, 165n1
profits from Trump Tower, 129, 132–33
public release of private financial information, 135–36
tax abatement lawsuit, 167n33
Trump Organization, 132–33
Trump Tower, xi, xxi, 102–3, 117–37, 163n30
aesthetic experience of, 120, 122–36
bathrooms at, 133
bonus spaces in, 119
considered too tasteless for architectural press to honor in print, 120
description of interior, 126–32
doorman at, functions of, 123–24
elevators and escalators in, 129
hallway in, 126–28
as mixed-use, 133
negotiations and deals leading to, 165n6
position within Fifth Avenue Subdistrict, 122–23
private style of public spaces of, xxi
public financing for, 119–21, 136–37
public relations image projected by, 135
public spaces in, 79
sensations of privacy and hospitality tied to aesthetic of, 125–26
after September 11, 141
sole bench on ground floor, 131–32
system of POPS in, 118
tax abatements on, 133, 167n33
tensions between public and private values embodied by, 121
as tourist destination, 118
Trump’s noncompliance with his contracts, 123–25
Trump’s profits from, 129, 132–33
upper-level POPS in, 129–31
views of city and Central Park from condominiums, 126–29
Uniform Land Use Review Procedure (ULURP), 84–85, 90, 160n21
Urban Development Corporation (UDC) (New York State), xix, 48–52
U.S. Supreme Court, 67, 157n16
Vallone, Peter, 151n45
Viacom, 64
Viladas, Pilar, 153n13
Vogel, Carol, 160n19
Vranica, Suzanne, 164n38
Weiser, Benjamin, 150n23
Well, David, 12
Weyergraf-Serra, Clara, 153n1
Whyte, William H., 36, 79, 83, 86, 133, 155n49, 163n31
Will, George F., 154n19
Wilson, Fred, 152n63
World AIDS Day event, 15–16, 18
vigil (2004), 21
World AIDS Day press conference, 15
World Trade Center (WTC) site, xxi, 12
code of conduct governing, 142–43
public of, 141
Wright, Carol von Pressentin, 148n1, 162n13
Zipser, Howard, 166n17
Zoning Resolution (New York City, 1961), x–xi, 101, 113–14, 145n1
Zukin, Sharon, 146n3, 147n9, 167n1