Index

Page numbers in italics refer to figures.

Aalto, Aino, 130
Aalto, Alvar, 130
Abramovitz, Max, 100, 101, 124
Abrams, Charles, 195, 211
Académie des Beaux-Arts, 19
Academy Council, Royal Danish Academy, 128
acoustic space: architectural acoustics, 20, 146–52, 155–66; Central Hall Westminster, 104, 140, 141, 142–43, 143–44, 147; courtrooms as, 65; defining acoustics in diplomatic conversations, 146; design of, 137; electroacoustic communications, 178; Flushing Meadows, New York, 144–45, 145, 147; General Assembly, 148; headphones and, 69–71; Hitler’s radio broadcasts and, 146–47; impact on diplomatic cultures, 148; of internationalism, 146; intimacy versus monumental design, 137, 144, 152–53, 155, 178–79; listening practices and, 14, 227; noise, 137, 148, 156–57; Osswald recommendations, 19–21; Plenary Hall, 146–55; reverberation and, 120, 155, 157, 163, 164, 176; simultaneous interpretation systems and, 65–76, 153–55; sound control, 155–66; UN Headquarters’ design of, 26, 136, 147–52, 156. See also interpreters
Adams, Frederick, 195
aesthetics: diplomatic labor as collaborative work and, 25; guidelines for UN headquarters, 108, 128–30, 137; infrastructural, 25; liberal internationalism and modernist, 221; modernist, 47; San Francisco Conference design, 36; Third Reich sonic, 146–47; UN contrasted with Third Reich, 50–51; UN sonic intimacy and, 144, 146–53, 165–66; unified expression of, 90
Allied powers, 21, 48, 49, 62, 167
American Architect, The (journal), 19
American Broadcasting Company (ABC), 176
American Institute of Architects, 86
American Institute of Planners, 86
American Society of Civil Engineers, 87
American Society of Landscape Architecture, 86–87
Andersen, Hendrik Christian, 17, 21, 83, 90
Andersen, Olivia Cushing, 17
anechoic chamber, 157–61, 160
Ángel, Zuleta, 124, 126
architects and architecture: courtroom, 51, 62, 71, 77; critics’ reception of Headquarters, 134; design projects within OSS, 32; diplomatic, 8–11; dissolution of Board of Design, 133–34; embassy architecture, 8; giving form to international order, 15, 62; impact on global interiors, 216–17; impact on international imagination, 221; inquiry into global assembly and organization, 14–15, 19; institutional approaches to democratic form, 79; legibility of Headquarters form, 3, 105–6; legitimization of UN platforms and, 79; Nuremberg Trials and, 50; reconstruction agenda and, 184; repurposing UN Headquarters designs, 219, 220; role of, 2–3, 4, 27, 86–87; spatial organization of participants in first General Assembly, 139–40; surge in architectural production, 220–21. See also communications-as-structure; design; modernism
architectural acoustics. See acoustic space
Architectural Forum (journal), 87, 176
Architectural Record (journal), 176
Arendt, Hannah, 10, 116
Arneberg, Arnstein, 112, 127, 128
art placement committee. See Board of Art Advisers
Artzybasheff, Boris, 41
assembly, cultures of. See cultures of assembly
Assembly Hall, United Nations: dome proposal, 19, 90, 106–7, 134, 222; General Assembly Hall, 168–69; interior design, 6, 6, 30, 105, 106; new vocabulary of internationalism and, 30; plan requirements for, 105
asymmetries, 3, 10, 114, 127, 179, 189, 223
Atelier Corbett-Smith, 33
Atelier Lloyd Morgan, 33
audience: cultivating positive disposition in post-colonial publics, 198–99; global polity as, 43, 44, 68–69, 135–36; international interpretation systems for UN, 69, 104; internationalist sentiment in U.S. public, 38; Juhl’s Council Chamber design for, 130–33; mass media and internationalist, 167, 170–71, 174; Nuremberg Trials, 48–49, 55, 62; Plenary Hall acoustics and, 146; Radio Division listen to broadcast, 171; South Asian, 194; speaker intimacy with, 144, 152–53; UN programmatic priorities for, 109, 114, 124; varieties of, 198, 212. See also general public; public sphere

Banham, Reyner, 6
Barnes, Mary, 221
Barnhart, Edward Norton, 33
Barton, Hubert (Hu), 32, 33, 42, 51
Barton, Marie, 33
Bassov, Nikolai, 107, 122
Bastian Brothers, 41–42
Bauhaus, 51
Bayer, Herbert, 23
Bazel, Karel Petrus Cornelis de, 17
BBN. See Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN)
Beaudouin, Eugène, 219
Beauvoir, Simone de, 50
Bell Telephone Laboratories, 112, 157–58
Bennett, Glenn, 100
Beranek, Leo L., 156–66
Berman, Sam, 33
Bern Bureau for Radio Nations, 172
Binghamton Sun, The, 153
Birse, Arthur, 65
Board of Art Advisers, 128–30, 217
Board of Design, 21, 133; acoustics and, 147–49; design process, 101–4; dissolution of, 104; final composition of, 100–101; interior design and, 122–23; staff designers and architects, 102; UN Headquarters planning process and, 85–86, 97. See also Headquarters Planning Office
Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN), 156, 161–62, 164
Bolt, Richard, 156, 159–60, 161
Bonnard, Pierre, 219
Bordigoni, André, 219
Boston Sunday Post, 158
Breuer, Marcel, 215, 217
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 176–77
British Ministry of Information, 21
broadcast architecture, 1–2, 14, 168
broadcasting: communications engineering and, 178; First General Assembly, Central Hall, London, 173; Hitler’s, 146–47; Lake Success, 120; League of Nations, 171–72; networks, 34; Nuremberg Trials, 62; of the organization, metaphorical, 170; radio broadcast, 171; Radio Division shift in focus, 177; San Francisco Conference, 34–35, 120; UN Department of Public Information (DPI), 176; United Nations, 167–79
broadcast studios: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 173; global interiors as, 14, 64, 173–78, 173, 174, 175, 216; National Broadcasting Company (NBC), 173, 176; Paramount studios, 35; Radio City, 176; studio design, 176–77; Universal studios, 35; UN radio booth, Lake Success, 174; UN recording studio, Flushing Meadows, 175. See also television
Broggi, Carlo, 21
Brooks Harding, 41
Brown, Arthur, Jr., 33
Building Materials and Techniques seminar, 195
“Buildings for Business and Government” (exhibition), 221
building types: auditorium, 124; “dead room,” 157; global interior, 220–26; new forms, 2, 24, 176; parliament, 141; UN Headquarters, 218–20. See also council chambers; Courtroom 600; global interiors; Plenary Hall, United Nations
built environment, 184–86, 185, 195, 212
bureaucracy at the United Nations: bureaucratic processes, 114; global superstructure, 7–8, 85–86, 115, 118, 184, 226; institutional internationalism and, 77; Roosevelt’s proposal, 80–81; visual language of, 37
Bureau International des Expositions, 222

Camenzind, Alberto, 219
camera silenta, 157
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), 176–77
Cantril, Hadley, 118
Carlu, Jacques, 129, 150, 155
Carnegie, Andrew, 16
Castells, Manuel, 13, 187
Central Hall Westminster, 104, 140, 141, 142–43, 143–44, 147
Chatham House, 82
Choate, Ben P., 86
Church House, London, 81, 104, 114
Churchill, Winston, 65
CIAM (International Congresses of Modern Architecture). See International Congresses of Modern Architecture
Cité mondiale, 21
civil engineers, 184
Clarke, Gilmore D., 90
Clay, Lucius D., 48–49
Clemenceau, Georges, 65
Clemmer, Leon, 220
Cohen, Benjamin, 170
Collins, George R., 220
colonialism, 182–83, 185–86. See also decolonization processes
Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 176
Committee on Communications, 169
communications-as-structure, 11: engineering and infrastructure, 83–85, 169; inside Nuremberg courtroom, 30, 69–74; Palais des Nations infrastructure and, 21; UN Headquarters and, 19, 112, 135–137, 154
communications infrastructures: centrality of, 11–14, 79, 83–85; early planning phase, 169; global reach of, 226; radio and, 83–85, 135, 139, 144, 169; UN development agenda and, 186. See also global communications systems
communication technologies, 8, 112; Report to the General Assembly, 136
communism, 9
community centers, 209–10
Community Projects Administration (CPA), 206
conferences: Conference and General Services, 122; Conference Division, 175; Conference Secretariat, State Department, 32–34; International Telecommunication Union conference, 172; London International Conference on Military Trials, 48; Macy Conferences, 12; Paris Peace Conference, 65, 68; Peace Conferences (1899; 1907), 16; Reich party conference grounds, 49; “small conference,” 213; Versailles Peace Conference, 66, 90; Yalta Conference, 29, 42, 119. See also San Francisco Conference on International Organization
Conference Secretariat, State Department, 32–34
Conklin, Groff, 138
consecutive interpretation, 66, 68
Cook, Faith Reyher, 100
Coolidge Shepley Bulfinch & Abbott, 158
Copenhagen Radio House, 130
Cordier, Andrew W., 122
Cordonnier, Louis-Marie, 16
cores, 203–10, 212
Cormier, Ernest, 105, 108
corporate architecture, 6, 7
Costa, Lucio, 217
council chambers: architecture, 95, 102, 106, 108; ceiling in Economic and Social Council Chamber, 131–32; design, 104–5, 108–9, 122–25, 129–30, 153, 174, 177, 215–16; ECOSOC Council Chamber, 120, 128–30; floorplans with infrastructure, 130; layout plans for three council chambers, 125–26; Security Council Chamber, 124–25, 126–27, 127; tables, 105, 114–15, 120, 122–25, 128; Trusteeship Council Chamber, 128–30, 133. See also table configuration, signification of arrangement
Council of Europe Pavilion, 222
Courier (UNESCO publication), 190
courtroom architecture, 51, 52, 62, 69, 77
Courtroom 600, jurisdiction of, 56, 58
Courtroom 600: American prosecution team post-Nuremberg, 77; architecture, 30, 51–52, 62, 70, 77; final plan, 59–61; first proposal for, 55–58; general public, placement of, 75; interpretation systems, 69, 77, 153; Dan Kiley design for, 51–52, 55–56, 56, 58–62, 58–61, 70, 71, 76; lighting, 52; media in, 52, 61–62, 64; original plan, 58–59; press, 62; provisional plan, 53–54; renovations, 63–64; as world stage, 52, 53, 55
Covarrubias, Miguel, 129
Crane, Jacob, 186, 189, 190, 195, 211
Crossette, Barbara, 170
Cruft Laboratory, 157. See also Electro-Acoustic Laboratory
cultural internationalism, 17, 128–29, 215
cultures of assembly: architectural structuring of, 6, 8, 15, 19, 25, 27, 36–37, 216, 220, 225; exportation of, 192; international seminars and workshops and, 194, 198; overview, 79–80; Presentation Branch and, 46; seating politics impact on, 114; temporary headquarters impact on, 104; UN’s outreach efforts and, 181, 188, 190
cybernetics, 178
Суд народов (The Nuremberg Trials) (film), 62

Davis, Hallowell, 157
Dazian’s Theatricals, 42
Dean, Gordon, 55–56
De Beauvoir, Simone, 49–50
de Blois, Natalie, 144, 145, 176
decolonization processes, 5, 85, 123–24, 130, 182–86, 187, 192–93, 199–200
de Groote, Christian, 220
de Huszar, George, 118
democracy: acoustics and, 164–66; architectural symbolisms of, 42, 51; decentralized UN structure and, 81–82; “democratic conduct” and, 118–19; itinerant platforms as tools of, 225–26; mass media and, 138; methods for cultivation of, 118; midcentury liberalism and, 216; Practical Applications of Democracy (de Huszar), 118, 119; preference for round tables, 118–25; spatial hierarchies and, 137, 141
Department of Administrative and Financial Services, 170
Department of Public Information (DPI): establishment of, 85, 169–70; goals, 177; Lundquist, 76; public relations division, 170; Radio Division, 171
design: competition for UN Headquarters, 7; diplomacy and, 39, 40; G-2 presentation rooms, 55; mid-century Dutch design, 128; modernism, 94, 106; at the Nuremberg Trials, 56–61; at San Francisco, 33, 38–39; UNESCO Headquarters, 218–19; UN Headquarters planning process, 85–86; UN international design team, 100; as universal language, 31–32; UN lapel pin design, 77; visualization, 55
Design Board. See Board of Design
de Silva, Minnette, 196
Deutsch, Karl W., 12, 178
development agenda, 169–70, 184, 186, 194
diplomacy: acoustics of, 146, 148–50, 155–66; backstage, 8, 104, 137, 226; discussions, 39–40, 40, 66, 80, 146; global, 2–3, 13, 15, 178; open, 138; visual aids in, 40
diplomatic imaginary, 12, 15, 87
diplomatic immunity, 82
diplomatic interiors, 3, 4, 8–11, 217, 220–22, 226
diplomatic practices, 3, 196
dome: proposal for, 106–7, 134; as symbol of universality, 19, 90, 222
Domus (journal), 87
Donovan, Bill, 30–31, 48, 51, 56, 76
Doxiadis, Constantinos, 185, 195, 196
Drew, Gerald A., 43
Drexler, Arthur, 221
Dreyfuss, Henry, 55
Drummond, Sir Eric, 66–67, 138
Du Bois, W. E. B., 31
Dudley, George A., 4, 100, 102
Duhart, Emilio, 220
Dumbarton Oaks Conversations, 29–30: interpretation at, 68; mass media and, 30, 138; Roosevelt proposal for UN structure, 80–81; schematization of UN structure, 37; United Nations and, 76
Dumbarton Oaks publication, 37–39, 39
Dunn, Clyde, 32
Duschinsky, Walter, 178

Echaniz, Julio Vilamajó, 101, 124
Eckbo, Garrett, 52
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE), 182, 193, 196
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), 182
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): ceiling model, 131; chamber design, 120–22, 120, 121, 130; chamber press area and ceiling, 132; model of ECOSOC chamber, 129; regional commissions, 182–83; schematic relationship of three councils, 37–38, 38; table arrangements, 122–24, 123, 125–26; Technical Assistance Administration and, 187–89
Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), 182
Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), 182
Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA), 182, 220
economic development, 184, 187
ECOSOC. See Economic and Social Council
Edman, Irwin, 129
Ekistics (Doxiadis), 211
Electro-Acoustic Laboratory (EAL), 157–58
embassy architecture, 8
Embury II, Aymar, 90, 144
Empire and Communications (Innis), 11
Empire Service, 173
Emrich, Marian, 33
engineering and infrastructure, 184
Entezam, Nasrollah, 81
European hegemony, 84–85
European parliament, 222
exclusions, 137
exhibitions: The Airways to Peace (MoMA), 23, 26; Buildings for Business and Government (MoMA), 221; CIAM and, 203–6; International Exhibition on Low-Cost Housing, 193; Know Your United Nations (Brooklyn Museum), 25; Low-Cost Housing Exhibition, 193, 198–203, 200–201, 201, 202; Model Village, 203–11; New York World’s Fair, 13, 33, 98, 222; Regional Seminar and International Exhibition, 193–95, 198, 203, 211, 212–13, 213; regional seminars, 193–94, 195, 211; The Road to Victory (MoMA), 23
expertise networks, 183–92
Expo 58 (Brussels), International Section, 222
extraterritoriality, 84, 90, 97, 172

Feller, Abe H., 94
Fenzl, Alfred, 16
Ferriss, Hugh, 90–92, 100, 101
field operations, 170, 181–83
Filene, Edward, 66–67
Filene-Finlay system of telephonic interpretation, 66–70, 67, 69, 251n124. See also simultaneous interpretation systems
filmic representations of UN interiors, 224
films and filming: broadcasting and filming research, 14, 173, 176–77; at Central Hall Westminster, 140; debate about, 139; documentary films, 170; environmental noise, 161; film and visual information division, 169–70; The Glass Wall (film, 1953), 223; A Global Affair (film, 1964), 224; Nuremberg: Its Lesson for Today (film, 1948), 62; Nuremberg Trials, 51, 56, 62, 72; The Nuremberg Trials (film), 62; photographic still, The Twilight Zone, 223; shaping public opinion, 174; staging UN events, 33, 119, 122, 145; UN’s global interiors featured in, 222–23
Finnish Pavilion, 1939–40 New York World’s Fair, 130
Fitzmaurice, Robert, 195
Flegenheimer, Julien, 21
Fletcher, Sir Angus, 97
Flushing Meadows, New York, 104; acoustic space at, 144–45, 147; comprehensive view of Assembly, 145; critics’ reception, 146; IBM at UN Assembly at, 76; Permanent Headquarters Committee, 99; UN Headquarters proposals, 90–91, 92; UN Secretariat brief for, 144
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 188
Fosdick, Dorothy, 37–38
Foucault, Michel, 3, 9
Fouilhoux, J. André, 98, 176
free press (U.S.), control over, 138
functionalism, 106
furniture and furnishings: as agents of foreign policy, 9; at Flushing Meadows, 175; internationalism and, 27, 30; mid-century, Dutch and Scandinavian, 128; San Francisco Conference buildings, 42; at temporary UN headquarters, 114; at UNESCO House, 217, 219

Gaddafi, Muammar, tent of, 9
Gandhi, Mahatma, 206, 209
Geddes, Norman Bel, 141
Geddes, Patrick, 12
General Assembly, UN: acoustic design, 159–66, 166, 167; architectural form of, 106; arrangement of tables (see table configuration, signification of arrangement); communication systems at, 26–27; diplomatic voice and, 137; dome proposal, 19, 90, 106–7, 134, 222; Dumbarton Oaks Proposals and, 37; first London meeting of, 139–40; General Assembly plan, 23; guided tours, 222; ideological opposition to internationalist program of, 136; Plan of General Assembly, 162–63; section and plan of, 165
General Motors Laboratories, 161
general public: access to UN headquarters, 34, 77, 109, 113; accountability to, 85; as “audience,” 19, 212; Courtroom 600, placement of, 73; media interface with, 138; need for symbolisms, 106; participation within UN public sphere, 139–40; space planning, placement of, 2, 75, 140, 144; Technical Assistance Administration and, 189; UN relationship with, 99–100. See also audience
Geneva, 21, 68, 82
geopolitical concerns, world order and, 80–85
Giedion, Sigfried, 7, 199, 204
Gill, Robert J., 60
Glenn, Robert, 120
global assembly, 10, 19
global communications systems: centrality of, 79, 82–83; Committee on Communications, 169; global governance and, 79; national communications systems as liability, 84; UN as communications organism, 3, 12, 79–80, 85, 95, 112; UN General Assembly and, 26–27, 167–68. See also communications infrastructures
global governance: architectures of, 16, 219–20; communications as framework for, 79; Palais des Nations competition brief and, 19; simulacrum of, 179; as “steering” versus power, 12, 178. See also world governance
global interiors: about, 1–2; appropriation of UN configurations for, 219–20; as broadcast studios, 14, 64, 173–78, 173, 174, 175, 216; as building type, 220–26; communications infrastructures and, 11–14, 79, 83–85, 169, 186, 226; diplomatic interiors and, 3, 4, 8–11, 217, 217, 220, 221, 222, 226, 226; as global management forum, 2; goals, 4, 10; integral values of, 76; limited capacities of, 227; material culture of, 3, 13; as media, 9, 10; mid-century international impact of, 225; multilateralism and, 27, 216–17; multilingual spaces, 15; Plenary Hall brief and, 19; as public sphere, 9, 16; reconceptualization of international institutions and, 23–24; rules of engagement and exchange and, 12; San Francisco Conference and, 48, 192; as structuring vehicle, 3, 10; twentieth century signification, 216–17; twenty-first century signification, 227; UN deployment of, 9; UN Headquarters and, 2, 4, 9, 10, 27; UN platforms as metaphorical, 181, 183, 188, 190, 212; UN Seminar at New Delhi and, 212
global knowledge production, 11–14, 12
global polity, 9, 77, 79; communications systems for global reach and, 82–83; modeling platforms for multilateral institutions and, 80; as UN “zone of operation,” 95
global publics: atomized listening and, 69–71; legitimization of UN platforms and, 30, 79; Nuremberg Trials mediascape and, 61; process of formation, 116
global space: Courtroom 600 as, 62; International Criminal Court (The Hague) as, 77; San Francisco Conference as, 34; UNESCO House as, 77; Veterans Building as, 43–44; “World Capital or Headquarters?” as, 95
global theater in UN building, 109
Gordon-Finlay, Alan, 67
government. See global governance
Goycoolea, Roberto, 220
Gropius, Walter, 51, 217
G-2 presentation rooms, 55
Gueft, Olga, 130
Gutton, André, 219

Habermas, Jürgen, 10
Harris, Michael M., 161
Harris, Whitney Robson, 77
Harrison, Wallace K.: about, 97–98; Board of Art Advisers, 128–30; concept for international design team, 100; Director of Planning appointment, 7, 98–99; dissolution of Board of Design, 133–34; George A. Dudley and, 4; functionalism in architecture and, 106; General Assembly building proposal, 90; influence over Board of Design, 100–101, 108; International Labor Organization Headquarters, 67, 82, 219; mural proposals and, 128–29; preliminary report to General Assembly, 109, 112; tables, signification of arrangement and, 119–20, 122–24
Hart, James D., 33
Harvey Wiley Corbett, 98
headphones, 66, 69–71, 76, 152, 155, 163
headquarters, signification of term, 94–95
Headquarters, United Nations. See United Nations Headquarters
Headquarters Commission, 98
Headquarters of International Institutions, The (Jenks), 82–83
Headquarters Planning Office, 104; broadcasting and filming research, 173, 176–77; debate over aesthetics, 146–52; design control by, 128; General Assembly acoustic design and, 152; importance of human voice, 135–37; official report of, 135, 135–36; plan requirements for General Assembly Hall, 105; press booth sightlines, 153; Security Council interior layout, 127–28; sound system debate, 146
Heart of the City, The (Tyrwhitt, ed.), 203
Hébrard, Ernest, 17, 21
hegemonies, 9, 11, 84–85
Herbert, Jean, 65
hierarchies: diffusion of authority as goal, 37; invisible, 14
hierarchies in space planning, 2, 114, 126, 137, 141, 144
Hiss, Alger, 32, 42
Hitchcock, Alfred, 222
Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, 90
Hood, Raymond, 98, 176
Houses of Parliament: sound systems installation, 150, 152, 151. See also European parliament; world parliament
housing agenda, 184, 194; Housing and Community Improvement, 195; International Exhibition on Low-Cost Housing, 193, 198–203; Tropical Housing & Planning Monthly Bulletin (Doxiadis), 211
Housing and Town and Country Planning (HTCP) Section, 184
Human Condition, The (Arendt), 10, 116
humanist values, 90, 106, 164
human voice: acoustic space and, 146, 164; architectural acoustics and, 146–52, 155–66; Bolt, Beranek and Newman sound system, 164–66; centrality of to planning process, 149, 167, 178; control and regulation of sound at UN and, 135–37; courtroom architecture and, 65; in General Assembly, 137, 141, 147; interpretation interface and, 155; Le Corbusier on, 153; on media technology and, 64; radio and, 178; as signal, 26, 64, 135–37, 143, 156; UN organization and, 135
Hunter College, temporary headquarters, 99, 104, 174
hush-a-phone, 67, 67
Huxtable, Ada Louise, 7

IBM: impact of simultaneous translation system on proceedings, 74; International Military Tribunal for the Far East, 71; international success of simultaneous interpretation, 76; placement of interpreters, 74–75; simultaneous interpretation systems, 66–70, 154; Tower, 221; Wireless system deployed inside courtroom, 77
ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia), 1–2
imperialism, 8, 81
India and Indian government, 192–96
Information Section (UN Headquarters), 168–69
information systems: centrality of to UN mission, 11–14, 83; Technical Advisory Committee on Information, 85, 168
Innis, Harold, 11
institutional approaches to democratic form, 79
institutional independence, 83
institutional internationalism, 2–3, 8, 76, 77, 181, 184, 194, 203, 216, 226
institutional multilateralism, 13, 62, 79
institutional structures, 81–82, 114, 183
intelligibility, 137, 147, 155–57
Inter-Allied Information Committee, 21
Interim Site Committee, 105
interior design: of Assembly Hall, 6, 30, 105, 106; ECOSOC Council Chamber, 120, 128, 129, 130; for global assembly, 19; Philip Johnson and, 215; outsourcing of, 128–30; San Francisco Conference, 33; Security Council and, 128; Trusteeship Council Chamber and, 128; UN’s modern cosmopolitanism and, 27. See also Office of Strategic Services
interiors: as agents of political power, 9–10; gifting, 215–16; itinerant platforms, failures of, 226–27; as sites of institutional internationalism, 30, 37, 76; United Nations’ intentions for, 10, 27
Interiors (journal), 130
“international city” proposals, 86, 87, 89
International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM): design competition advocacy, 91–92; The Heart of the City (Tyrwhitt et al.), 203; Le Corbusier and, 94; Marg, regional group in India, 196; network of planners, architects, 195; UN Headquarters, involvement with, 87; UN Technical Congress, involvement with, 184; “urban cores” debate, 203–10, 212
International Court of Justice, 37, 155
International Criminal Court (The Hague), 77
international criminal law system, 30, 77
International Federation for Town and Country Planning (IFTCP), 184–85, 195
International Institution of Scientific Management, 184
internationalism: about, 2–3; architectural signifiers of, 105–6; cultural, 17, 128–29, 215; different approaches to, 90–94; ideological opposition to, 136; institutional, 2–3, 8, 76, 77, 181, 184, 194, 203, 216, 226; modern, 128, 129; multilateralism and, 8, 134, 181; scientific, 183–84; soundscapes of, 64; visual language of, 30, 37, 76; “workshops” as technique of, 212–13, 225. See also global communications systems; liberal internationalism
internationalization of U.S. land, 97
International Labor Organization (ILO), 67, 82, 219
International Labor Organization Headquarters, 219
International Military Tribunal: design team members, 51; for Far East, 52, 71, 75; in Nuremberg, 48, 71–72, 76, 77
international relations: conferences and congresses impact on, 192; global interior and, 2; ideal material conditions for, 115–16; impact of architecture on, 221–22; itinerant platforms and, 225–26; Practical Applications of Democracy (de Huszar), 118; UNESCO and, 118
International Technical Congress (ITC), 184
International Technical Schools, 184
International Telecommunication Union conference, 172
internet infrastructures, 11, 99
interpreters: consecutive interpretation, 66, 68; League of Nations School of Interpretation, 68; placement of, 43, 65, 69, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74. See also Filene-Finlay system of telephonic interpretation; IBM; simultaneous interpretation systems
intimacy: acoustics and, 144, 146–53, 165–66; illusion of, 179; in space planning, 137, 144, 152–53, 155, 178–79; visual, 152

Jackson, Robert H., 48–49, 55–56, 72, 74
Jan de Ranitz, Jonkheer, 106
Japan, International Military Tribunal for Far East, 52, 71, 75
Jeanneret, Pierre, 21, 148
Jenks, C. Wilfred, 82–83
Johnson, James (Jim), 52, 56
Johnson, Philip, 6, 215
Juhl, Finn, 128, 130, 161, 222
Justizpalast, Nuremberg, 49, 50, 58–59

Kaufmann, Edgar, Jr., 130, 220
Keenleyside, Hugh Llewellyn, 189
Kelchner, Warren, 32, 42
Kessel, Joseph, 72
Kiley, Dan: Assembly Hall, public access to, 109; Courtroom 600 design, 51–52, 58–61, 58–61, 70, 75, 76; Courtroom 600 plan, 53, 54; Courtroom 600 provisions for media, 62; International Military Tribunal for Far East and, 52, 71, 75; interpreters, placement of, 75
Klineberg, Otto, 118
Knudsen, Vern O., 153–56
Koo, Wellington, 81
Kook, Ed, 42
Koolhaas, Rem, 6–7
Krush, Joe, 33

La Fontaine, Henri, 21
LaGuardia, Fiorello, 144
landscape design, Nuremberg Trials and, 51–52
languages. See interpreters; multilingual spaces
Latin America, 190
Lauritzen, Vilhelm, 130
League of Nations, 19, 84, 118; broadcasting service, 171, 172; Communications and Transit Section, 172; Geneva headquarters and, 82; Information Section, 170; participation in early UN planning, 183, 195
Le Corbusier: acoustic design of General Assembly, 148; Board of Design participation, 101; consulting for UNESCO, 219; General Assembly design and, 106, 108; on media technology and human voice, 153; Oscar Niemeyer and, 4; Palais des Nations proposal (with Pierre Jeanneret), 21, 148; participation in Mundaneum, 21, 24; plan for UN Headquarters, 94–97, 95
Lefebvre, Camille, 21
legibility of Headquarters form, 3, 105–6
Leroux, Gabriel, 17
Levi, Primo, 50
liberal internationalism: acoustics and, 137; defined, 2; early design of platforms of, 79; global institutions and, 7, 9, 222; itinerant platforms for, 225; material reality of, 4; media of, 139, 154; modernist aesthetics and, 221; table configuration and, 105, 114–15; UN Headquarters as site of, 16; UN interiors’ role in, 9–10; UN platforms for, 135, 213
liberal multilateralism, 137. See also liberal internationalism
Lie, Trygve, 79, 95, 99, 127, 135
lighting: courtroom, 52; for filming, 35; UNESCO House, 215
Lilienthal, David, 195
Lindroos, Bengt: ceiling model (with Sven Markelius), 130
listening practices: democratic, 26; global interiors and, 227; headphone use and, 71; media creation of “listening publics,” 14, 171; Radio Division listen to broadcast, 171; sonic intimacy and, 152; soundproofing’s impact on, 143; techniques of, 141, 146
Loewy, Raymond, 32–33
Lokanathan, Palamadai S., 193
London International Conference on Military Trials, 48
Lundquist, Oliver Lincoln, 32, 38, 42–43, 46, 48, 76
Lyon, Gustave, 148

machine metaphor, 65, 94, 149, 178
Macy Conferences, 12, 189
management and organization theories, 8
Mandelbaum, Ruth, 33
Manouilsky, Dimitri, 153
Mantoux, Paul, 65
Markelius, Sven, 130, 161, 217, 219; ceiling model (with Bengt Lindroos), 130; dome proposal, 19, 90, 106–7, 107, 134, 222; ECOSOC Council Chamber and, 120, 128, 130
Marzani, Carl, 32
mass media: architectural interfaces with, 139; connections to world community, 77, 167–68; debate about UN management of, 139; Department of Public Information goals, 177; Dumbarton Oaks Conversations and, 30, 138; essential to internationalization of democracy, 138; internationalization of audience and, 167, 170–71, 174; populism and, 138–39; ubiquitousness of, 35; UN’s reliance on, 79. See also broadcast studios; radio; television
Maté, Rudolph, 223
Matthew, Robert H., 219
McKim, Mead & White, 97–98
McLaughlin, Donal (Mac), 32–33, 41, 42, 44, 46, 48
McLuhan, Marshall, 211
Mead, Margaret, 189, 213
media and mediascapes, 3, 13, 118; colonialism and, 11; with evidentiary value, 51; international institutions and, 12–13; Nuremberg Trials, 48–49; simulacrum of transparency, 164, 166; UN Charter signing and, 46–48; United Nations and, 14, 29–30
media infrastructure: encouraging collaboration within, 130; global interiors and, 11–14, 62; new frameworks for world citizens, 118; press area and ceiling, Economic and Social Council Chamber, 132; UN Headquarters and, 105, 138
Memorial Hall, 157
Menhinick, Howard K., 86
Meyer, Erwin, 157–58
Meyer, Hannes, 19; Palais des Nations, 22–23
Mielziner, Jo, 42–45, 147–49
military communication systems, 156–59, 157
military-industrial complex, 11, 23
Military Staff Committee, 37
Milton, Ellen, 98
Miró, Joan, 217
modernism: as language of international organization, 141; United Nations interiors and, 27
modernism in architecture, 196, 221; Board of Design selection and, 101; international, 21, 90, 101; Palais des Nations and, 21; skyscraper, 106; UN Headquarters’ role in, 4–7
modernity, 186
Mole, Peter, 35
MoMA. See Museum of Modern Art
monumentality: architectural debate about, 8, 101–2, 106, 108; General Assembly building dome, 19, 90, 106–7, 134, 222; Headquarters as deflated, 134; opposition to historicism and, 106; reverberant spaces and, 137, 155, 162; Secretariat skyscraper and, 106
Mori, Toshiko, 221
Moscow Declaration (1943), 29
Mose, Eric, 33
Moses, Robert, 90, 144
multilateral agreements, 66, 83–84
multilateral internationalism of UN, 134
multilateralism: as context for UN, 5; global interiors and, 27, 216–17; institutional, 13, 62, 79; internationalism and, 8, 134, 181; liberal, 137; model architecture for, 222; public sphere of, 14; UN as platform for, 114, 135
multilateral organizations: centrality of spatial planning in, 179; Dumbarton Oaks publication, 39; global interiors’ influence on, 12, 27; inquiry into global assembly and organization, 14–15; liberal internationalism and, 139; repurposing UN Headquarters designs in, 219, 220; space typology for, 8; spatial organization of participants in first General Assembly, 139–40
multilingual spaces, 15, 65–66, 68. See also interpreters
Mumford, Lewis, 7, 90–94
Mundaneum, 21, 24
Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), 21, 23, 26, 91–92, 221, 231
Museum of the Moneys of the World, 221

National Broadcasting Company (NBC), 173, 176
national communications systems, 84
national governments, 186
NATO Headquarters, 129
Nazi Party: De Beauvoir’s architecture of revenge and, 49–50; filming of, 72; interpretation interface in prosecution of, 66; institutional multilateralism and, 62; public platforms against, 77; sites of political restoration against, 49; soundscapes of, 14; visualization techniques used against, 51. See also Third Reich
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 192, 206
Nénot, Henri Paul, 21
Nerves of Government: Models of Political Communication and Control, The (Deutsch), 178
Nervi, Pier Luigi, 217, 219
Nervo, Luis Padilla, 84
Nestlé Headquarters, 219
networks and networking, 11, 187. See also expertise networks
Network Society, The (Castells), 13
Neurath, Otto, 12, 31
Newman, Robert B., 156
New York Sun, The (newspaper), 136
New York Times, The (newspaper), 141
New York World’s Fair, 1939–40, 13, 98, 130
Niemeyer, Oscar, 4, 101
Nitzchke, Oscar, 100
Noel-Baker, Philip John, 81, 83, 138, 139, 147
Noguchi, Isamu, 217
Non-Aligned Movement, 225
North by Northwest (film, 1959), 222
Nowicki, Maciej, 108
Nuremberg: Its Lesson for Today (film, 1948), 62
Nuremberg Trials, 29; aerial view of Justizpalast, Nuremberg, 1945, 50; courtroom architecture, 51; filming of, 62; language translation at, 65–66, 68; media as juridical evidence, 51; media and mediascapes of, 48–50; OSS provisional plan for courtroom, 53; photobooks of, 62; placement of interpreters, 70; proceedings opening, 72; siting of, 49
Nuremberg Trials, The (film), 62
Nye, Joseph, 9

O’Brien, John F., 144
O’Dwyer, William, 90, 98, 99
Office of Strategic Services (OSS): about, 30–31; architecture and design within, 31–33, 51–52; Courtroom 600 as “world stage,” 52–53, 54; creation of UN visual identity, 35–36, 39; human voice and, 64, 68; interior design, 38; International Military Tribunal, 48–49; Joint Chiefs of Staff room, 55; presentation practices of, 51; presentation rooms design, 55; Research and Analysis Branch, 31, 36; situation and war rooms design, 55; table configuration, signification of arrangement, 119; UN circulation flow chart, 44, 46, 47. See also Presentation Branch, OSS; San Francisco Conference on International Organization
Olden, Georg, 33
open field, 147, 161
ornament, materiality as, 130
Osswald, F. M., 19
Otlet, Paul, 12, 21, 83, 86

Palais de Chaillot, 129, 155
Palais des Nations, 219; about, 19; acoustics, 155; communications infrastructure in, 19, 21; communications and media coordinators for, 21; competition entries, 19–20; critics’ reception, 21; Filene-Finlay interpretation system, 69; language translation at, 69; Palais des Nations and General Assembly plan, 22–23
Parade (news magazine), 134
Paramount studios, 35
Paris Peace Conference, 65, 68
Park, Charlotte, 33
Pasvolsky, Leo, 32
Pathé, 35
Patrick Geddes in India (Tyrwhitt), 207
Peace Conferences (1899; 1907), 81
Peace Congress Palace, 16–17
Peace Palace, 16
Pelt, Adriaan, 168–69, 172
Permanent Court of Arbitration (The Hague), 16
Permanent Court of International Justice, 56
Philips, 154
Picasso, Pablo, 217
Picó, Rafael, 195
Place des Nations, 219
planning office. See Headquarters Planning Office
Planning Office design control, 112, 128, 161
planning process, 103; Director of Planning, 97; four publics’ levels of access, 109, 112, 139, 144; for global bureaucracy, 7–8; Lewis Mumford, 92; Planning Office design control, 112, 128, 161; United Nations Headquarters, 30, 85–86. See also acoustic space; human voice; Preparatory Commission
Plenary Hall, United Nations, 19, 20, 21, 46, 46, 146–55. See also Assembly Hall, United Nations; General Assembly, UN
Pleyel, Salle, 148
political agency of objects, 9
political agendas, divesting from, 184, 196
political theory, 10, 178
populism, mass media and, 138–39
postcolonial world, 203, 207
post-1945 international order: centrality of platforms for, 79–80; form and meaning of, 62; UN role of protecting, 81
post-1989 human rights projects, 77
post–World War II reconstruction, 203
Practical Applications of Democracy (de Huszar), 118
Praljak, Slobodan, 1
Preparatory Commission, 79, 81, 83–85, 87, 114, 137–38, 140, 168; communications infrastructure and, 83
Presentation Branch, Dumbarton Oaks publication, 37–39
Presentation Branch, OSS: architecture and design within, 31–32, 38; development of UN symbols, 41–42; media and mediascapes at charter signing, 34–38; Nuremberg courtroom, 51–56; provisional plan for Courtroom 600, 53; San Francisco Conference, as theater, 42–46; situation and presentation rooms, 55; staging charter signing, 33–34; visual aids within, 38–39
presentation rooms: military situation rooms and, 31, 55; Nuremberg Trial audience and, 51; Eero Saarinen and, 55, 124; situation room proposal for State Department, 55–56
Price, Byron, 170
professional organizations, 183–92
Progressive Architecture (journal), 87
Progressive Education Association, 193
Provensen, Alice, 33
Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory (PAL), 157
psychology research, 118
publicity, 37, 138, 139
public polity, cultivating “democratic” persona, 10
public spaces, 9; headphone isolation in, 71; hierarchies of access in, 112; inclusion of intimacy in, 178; media technologies in, 178; new typology of, 9, 51, 62
public sphere: acoustic formation of, 64; architecture as stage for, 33; cultivation of internationalist sentiment in, 23, 38; democratic General Assembly as, 225; in the field, 183; general public and, 109; global, 140, 148; global interior as, 9; globalized networked form of, 13; Habermas on, 10; media as structuring vehicle for, 79; of multilateralism, 62; participation via seminars and workshops, 198; round table as metonymy for, 48, 114; seat assignments at General Assembly, 145; as “space of appearance,” 116; structural impact of media on, 14; theatrical constitution of, 140

radio: broadcasting of Nuremberg Trial, 69; communications infrastructure and, 83–85, 135, 139, 144; Courtroom 600 after renovations, 64; versus field operations, 183, 198; Hitler’s radio broadcasts and, 146–47; instrumental role of, 26, 170–72; in Kiley’s Courtroom 600 plan, 52, 62, 76; Lauritzen’s Copenhagen Radio House, 130; production sets for, 175–77; radio booth placement, 104, 145; Radio Division listen to broadcast, 171; Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) building, 101; soundproofed studios for, 144; South Asian village communities and, 210; technical considerations, 211; as technical versus design issue, 19; UN Headquarters radio station, 172–74; UN Radio booth, Security Council temporary headquarters, 174; UN Radio Division shift in focus, 177; village exhibitions and, 210; “Voice of America,” 176; voice-as-signal, 26, 64, 136–37, 143, 156, 176, 178
Radio City broadcasting studios, 176
Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) building, 101
Radio Nations, 171
rationality, 186; in new world relationships, 51, 152, 186
regional planning, 212
Regional Seminar and regional seminars, 193–95, 197, 198, 203, 211, 212–13
Research and Analysis Branch, OSS, 31, 36
Reston, James B., 141
reverberation: acoustic design and, 120, 155, 157, 163, 164, 176; aesthetics and politics of, 146–49; “anechoic chamber” design and, 157–61; at Central Hall Westminster, 143; totalitarian soundscapes and, 14
Richards, Colonel Atherton, 31
Robertson, Howard, 21, 129
Rockefeller, Nelson, and the Rockefellers, 4, 98
Rockefeller Center, 98, 114
Rogers, Ernesto, 217
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 29, 31, 42, 55, 80–81, 138, 147, 170
Rose, James C., 52
Rothwell, Charles E., 32
Royal Institute of International Affairs, 82
Rue des Nations, 17, 90
rural sites. See village

Saarinen, Eero, 51, 124, 217, 219; State Department presentation room design, 55, 56
San Francisco Conference on International Organization: about, 32–33, 40; conference buildings, 34, 35; design team members, 33; language translation at, 65–66, 68; as media event, 29–30, 33–37; publicity protocol at, 138; refurbished conference interiors, 44–45
Santelices, Oscar, 220
Sargent, D. Kenneth “Doc,” 220
Sartoris, Alberto, 21
Scandinavian mid-century design, 128
Schmidt Hammer Lassen, 77
Schulberg, Stuart, 62, 72
Schwanzer, Karl, 222
Sears, Roebuck and Company, 161
Secretariat Tower, 106; conflation with UN Headquarters, 7; criticism of, 136; design debate about, 106; in The Glass Wall (film, 1953), 223–24
Security Council, 1–2, 37, 120, 123; in Hollywood films, 223; organizational chart, 39; undermining of global democracy, 227. See also council chambers; global interiors
seminar as medium, 192–98, 225. See also Tyrwhitt, Jaqueline
Sert, Josep Lluís, 204
Shane, Maxwell, 223
Sharon, Arieh, 195
Sicheng, Liang, 101, 108, 122
Siemens, 154
simultaneous interpretation systems: debate about, 153–55; diagram of, 154; Filene-Finlay system of telephonic interpretation, 66–70, 67; global interiors and, 15; IBM and, 66–70, 71–72, 154; impact on proceedings, 70, 74; interface with international public, 76; international success of, 75–76; interpreters and, 66–70, 74, 146; at Lake Success, 76, 153, 154; Nuremberg Trials and, 68–69; Palais de Chaillot, 155; political and aesthetic implications of, 146
site plans: debate about, 84–85; final site selection, 98–99; geopolitical concerns about, 80–85; site plan before reduction in size, 110–11; sites comparison, 98; Turtle Bay site, 4, 98–99, 147–48, 148, 221; UN Headquarters as indexical sites, 14; UN Headquarters proposals, 108
situation rooms, 55
Skidmore, Louis, 90
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), 144, 145, 221
Slocombe, George, 68
social imaginary, 3–4
social organization, types of, 3, 9
social sciences research, 118
social systems, 16
societies as “forms,” 3
Society of Beaux-Arts Architects (US), 19
Soilleux, G. A., 105, 109
Sokolsky, George E., 136
“sonic” intimacy, 144, 146–53, 165–66
Sorensen, Abel, 128
sound fields, 157
soundscapes: of internationalism, 64; judicial, 65; of the Third Reich, 14, 147
South Asia, 190–93, 194, 195–96, 196, 203
Southeast Asia, 190–92, 193, 194, 203
sovereignty, 83, 84, 97, 172, 182
Spaak, Paul-Henri, 84
space planning: General Assembly, 85, 105–13; general public, placement of, 2, 75, 140, 144; hierarchies in, 2, 114, 137, 141, 144; intimacy in, 137, 144, 152–53, 178–79
spaces of assembly, 97. See also cultures of assembly
Special Advisory Committee on Information, 139
speech acts, 141. See also human voice
Sperry Gyroscope Plant, 95, 99
State Department presentation room design. See Presentation Branch, OSS; situation rooms
Stettinius, Edward, Jr., 30, 31, 38–39, 76, 86
Stevens, Stanley S., 157
Stoner, General Frank E., 172, 177
structural engineers, 184
Svilova, Elizaveta, 62
symbolism in UN architecture, 41–42, 90, 105–13, 134, 220
symbols (UN branding), 41–42, 140

TAA. See Technical Assistance Administration
table configuration, signification of arrangement: centrality of symbolism, 47, 118; council chambers design, 114, 125–27, 133; council chambers table layout, 125–27; different shapes, impact of, 114–15; as equipment and instrument, 114–15; first session, Security Council, Church House, 115; media placement and, 122; notes from Board of Design meetings, 120–21; options considered, 118–25; Security Council under construction, Hunter College, 116
Tannoy Products, 151; Houses of Parliament installation, 150, 152
Teague, Walter Dorwin, 33
Technical Advisory Committee on Information, 85, 168
Technical Assistance Administration (TAA): about, 187–89; networks and networking, 195; organizational diagram of, 188; South and Southeast Asia and, 190, 191, 192–93; technical advisers, 197–98; technology transfer, 199, 202, 203
Technical Congress, 184–86
technocracy, 70, 74, 115, 184, 186, 192. See also bureaucracy at the United Nations
technology transfer, 186, 169
Tehran Declaration (1943), 29
telephonic interpretation system. See consecutive interpretation; Filene-Finlay system of telephonic interpretation; simultaneous interpretation systems
television: broadcasting through, 174–76, 177; global television system, 178; globalist world order through, 83; overflow, 175; Television Broadcasters Association Convention, 175; UN recording studio, Flushing Meadows, 175
Telex, 154
Thant, Secretary-General U, 220
theater, Mielziner theory, 43
theatricality: of Central Hall Westminster, 140; of council chambers, 130, 133; critique of, 146; UN charter signing and, 47–48
Thijsse, Jacobus, 190, 195
Third Reich, 31, 50–51, 116, 146–47; cultures of spectacle and, 50–51; masses-as-publics of, 10, 116, 152; Reich party conference grounds, 49; sonic aesthetics of, 146–47; totalitarian soundscapes of, 14. See also Nazi Party; Nuremberg Trials
Third World, 186
Tower of Progress, 17
town planning, 212
Toynbee, Arnold, 82
translators. See interpreters; multilingual spaces
tribunals: about, 51, 53, 55; interpretation systems for, 66, 75. See also Courtroom 600; International Military Tribunal
Tropical Housing & Planning Monthly Bulletin (periodical), 211
Truman, Harry S., 48
Trusteeship Council, 122–23, 128, 130, 182
Tschumi, Jean, 219
Turtle Bay site, 4, 98–99, 147–49, 221
types: new typology of public spaces, 9, 51, 62; social organization, 3, 9; UNESCO House and, 218–19; UN Headquarters as model, 219
Tyrwhitt, Jaqueline, 194–96, 198–99, 203, 206, 207, 212

UN Bulletin (periodical), 192
UN Charter signing: influence on global polity structure, 79; interior arrangements for, 46–47; media presence at, 47–48; OSS diagram for signing ceremony, UN Charter, 47; venues for, 33–34
UNESCO, 189–90; architectural form of, 8; Assembly Hall and, 219; developmentalist projects and, 189–90, 225; fundamental education, 189, 192; Headquarters, 219; international conflict resolution and, 118; international seminars by, 193–94; Margaret Mead and, 189, 213; small conference structure, 213; on “techniques” of convening, 193–94; village centers, 209–10; village development, 189–92; “workshops for the world,” 134
UNESCO House: design of, 215–19; Interior, Committee Room V, 217; Interior, Committee Room VII, 218; Interior, Executive Board Room, 216
UN flag. See United Nations flag
UN General Assembly, first years: San Francisco and London, 79–80
UN Headquarters proposals: Ad Hoc Committee on Headquarters, 108; Director of Planning, 97–98; Hugh Ferriss, Flushing Meadows proposal, 91; final site selection, 98–99; Headquarters Commission, 94, 95, 97; Headquarters Planning Committee, 86; “headquarters” versus “world capital,” 94–95; for international city, 86–7, 89; Le Corbusier’s concept for, 94–97; James J. Lyons, Bronx Proposal, 87; Mumford’s “new center of world organization,” 90–94; Permanent Headquarters Committee, 88, 98; Permanent Headquarters Committee, Flushing Meadows, 99; sites comparison, 98; Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), 221; torrent of suggestions, 86–87; UN Interim Committee on, 88, 90; Mildred Webster, proposal, 88–89; for world capital, 16, 86–90, 92, 94–95, 97; “World Centre of Communication,” 17, 18, 21, 90
uniformity, 42
UN insignia, 42, 26. See also United Nations flag
United Nations: acoustic design concerns, 147–52; centralized versus decentralized institutional structures for, 81–82; as communications organism, 3, 12, 79–80, 85, 95, 112; Department of Public Information, 76, 85, 118–25, 169–70, 177; Dumbarton Oaks UN Proposal, 37–39; global management and, 2–3; Information Organization (UNIO), 21, 23, 82, 167; media and mediascapes, 14, 29–30; Preparatory Commission, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 114, 137–38, 140, 168; structure, 37–39; Technical Advisory Committee on Information, 85, 168; visual references (branding), 41–42, 140
United Nations at Flushing Meadows: General Assembly and Flushing Meadows, 176; interpreters, 76; proposal for a “world capitol” at, 90, 91; refurbishment, 99, 104, 144–46, 176
United Nations at Lake Success: acoustics at, 147; covered interpretation booths, 73; IBM interpretation system installation, 72, 75; permanent headquarters, 136, 136; Security Council Chamber, 120, 120; simultaneous interpretation systems, 76, 153, 154; site plan for Permanent Headquarters, 110–11, 112; table arrangements, 115, 115; temporary headquarters, 104, 174
United Nations Chief of Counsel, 52
United Nations Committee of the City of New York, 98
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. See UNESCO
United Nations flag, 39–41, 41
United Nations Headquarters: affirmation of new world order and, 85; evolution of concept for, 25, 80–85; historiography of, 4–8; as indexical sites, 14; as monument, 8; national communications systems as liability, 84; as nodes in mediascape, 13; planning process, 30, 85–86; urban renewal impact, 7. See also Assembly Hall, United Nations; General Assembly, UN; Secretariat Tower; UN Headquarters proposals
United Nations Headquarters architecture: acoustic design, 156, 159–66; architectural competition for, 7, 91–92, 100; architectural form of, 105–6; architectural history, 4; critics’ reception, 134; description of, 108–9; design team dynamics, 105; dome proposal, 19, 90, 106–7, 134, 222; as exemplar for architecture schools, 220–21; Headquarters Planning Office, 100; as institutional type, 222; interior architecture brief, lack of, 104; interior architecture plan, 104; Permanent Headquarters plan before reduction in size, 112; plans of three levels of access to UN Headquarters, 113; requirements committee, 106; scheme 42G (Niemeyer), 108; staff designers and architects, RKO Building, 102. See also Assembly Hall, United Nations; Secretariat Tower
United Nations Information Organization (UNIO), 21, 23, 82, 167
United Nations insignia. See UN insignia; United Nations flag
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 186
United Nations Review, 170
United Nations Secretariat, 6, 37; establishment of, 81. See also Secretariat Tower
United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC), 30, 48
United Nations Yearbook, 170
United States: foreign policy, 138; status within UN world, 182
Universal, 35
UN Radio, 177–78
UN Technical Staff, 184
urban core: contrasted with civic centers, 204
urban planning, 184, 195–96, 204, 206, 212
U.S. Department of the Interior, 2
U.S. Office of the Coordinator of Information, 31
U.S. Signal Corps, 95, 144–45
U.S. State Department, 8, 29, 31–32, 35–39, 42, 46, 48, 55–56, 62, 119, 138, 198
utopia, 6, 15, 27, 81, 206

Vago, Joseph, 21
Van Dissel, Gijsbert Frans, 171–72
Van Kuyck, Hugo, 222
Vaughan, David B., 104, 122, 153
Veterans Building, 43–44, 46–47
village: center, 203–4, 206, 209–11; development, 189–92, 191; planning, 203, 204–6
Villanueva, Carlos Raúl, 219
visual identity, 35–36
visual language of internationalism, 37
Voice of America, 176, 177
voice of the world, 152, 156, 164
voice-as-signal, 26, 64, 136–37, 143, 156, 176, 178
Voight, Lou Bernard, 33, 42

Walker, Ralph T., 106, 120, 174; at Hunter College, 104; IBM system installation, Lake Success, 73, 75–76; Lake Success, 73
war: fronts, 21, 23, 31; rooms, 55; Security Council authority over, 124, 126
war crimes: hearings, 48; Japan, 75; Nazi, 71; Yugoslav Wars, 1
Webster, Daniel, 47
Weissmann, Ernest, 107, 153, 193, 194
West, Rebecca, 73
When Worlds Collide (film, 1951), 223
Wiener, Norbert, 12
Willkie, Wendell, 23
Wilson, Richard (Dick), 33
Wilson, Woodrow, 29, 138
Winchell, Walter, 48
Winseck, Dwayne R., 11
Wireless World (journal), 150–51
Wittwer, Hans, 19; Palais des Nations and General Assembly plan, 22–23
WNEW (independent broadcasting station), 176
workshop culture, 130, 133
workshops, 193, 212; cultures of assembly and, 194, 198; multilateral internationalism and, 134; as technique of internationalism, 225
world capital, 16, 86–90, 92, 94–95, 97
world capitol, 90
World Centre of Communication, 17, 17, 18, 21, 90
world citizenship, 11, 89, 118
World Engineering Federation, 184
world governance, 80, 86, 87, 224, 226. See also global governance
World Health Organization (WHO), 188, 219
world interior, 10. See also global interiors
world opinion, 48; mass media inside Courtroom 600, 48–49
world order: geopolitical concerns about, 80–85; reconfiguration of, 82, 183
world parliament, 82, 137–46, 164. See also European parliament; Houses of Parliament
world peace, 17, 23
World’s Fair. See exhibitions
world society, 221
World War II, 48, 116, 118, 124, 203

X-City (Zeckendorf), 147–49

Yalta Conference, 29
Your United Nations (journal), 178
Zablodowsky, David, 33, 76–77
Zeckendorf, William, 4, 98, 147–48
Zehrfuss, Bernard, 215, 217

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