Index

Aaqib, Manzoor Ali, 308n35
abhineta, 91, 94, 299n49
accountability, 11, 12, 15, 17, 27, 93, 286n47; democratic, 39; electoral, 23; political, 269
Adivasis, 170, 313n18
Adorno, Theodor W., 302n71
advertisement, 51, 84, 113–14
aesthetics, 9, 15, 18, 34, 85, 105, 128, 153, 153, 254, 289n10; crowd, 192; political, 23
affect theory, 2, 15, 22, 288n76, 296n15
Age of Democratic Revolutions, 12–13, 15
Agha, Asif, 299n42, 303n8, 303n13; media talk and, 287n67; on voice, 305n33
Agrawal, Sonia, 176
AIMIM. See All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul-Muslimeen
Akbar Peerbhoy College, 72
Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, 315n62
Akhtar, Zoya, 190
Ale Hadis, 79
Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), 171, 234, 313n20
All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul-Muslimeen (AIMIM/MIM), 73, 161
All India Muslim Personal Law Board, 230
All India Trinamool Congress, 221
Alliance. See National Alliance Against CAA, NRC, and NPR
Ambani, Mukesh, 271
AMU. See Aligarh Muslim University
Anderson, Benedict, 16, 92, 93
Andheri Station, 180
Anjuman-e-Islam, 72, 74
anti-CAA kite flight, 224
anti-CAA protests, 151, 169, 171, 173, 188, 190, 191 (fig.), 202–4, 208, 210, 215, 219, 221–23, 224, 231, 232, 234, 237,239, 245, 255, 257–59, 275; outbreak of, 180; police and, 258; poster for, 179 (fig.); predicament of, 240, 241, 242, 243
APB News, 310n53
Appadurai, Arjun, 296n14
Arabi Hotel, 135
Arab Spring, 3, 17
Archaeology Directorate, 232
Archaeology Survey, 232
Arendt, Hannah, 307n9
Aristotle, 24
Asad, Talal, 284n24
Askari, Mumtaz, 86, 87, 88 (fig.), 89 (fig.)
Asmi, Abu Asim, 78, 81, 146, 243, 244, 305n37
Association for the Protection of Civil Rights, 246, 247
Athavale, Ramdas, 291n22
audience, 96, 117–18; concrete, 94; interpretation, 8; public and, 167
Auerbach, Adam, 272
August Kranti Maidan (August Revolution Ground), 180–84, 186, 199, 204, 212, 214, 219–20, 231, 233, 235, 242, 244; critique of protest at, 223–27; freedom marches at, 232; gathering at, 25, 236–37; protests at, 177–79, 184, 189–90, 192, 194–95, 215, 221, 239, 241, 243; video recording at, 190–91
Austin, J. L., 18, 19, 286n57
authoritarianism, 3, 20, 275
authority, 31, 59; munificence and, 60; networks of, 35, 127; (re)production of, 20
awaaz, 180, 184, 211, 307n13; dual register of, 186; singular/collective, 188, 192, 217; source of, 190–92; term, 186
awareness, 120, 124, 167; campaigns, 98; creating, 97, 99; door-to-door, 100; mutual, 93; term, 298n31
Ayasthi, Abhijit, 299n43
Ayodhya, 76, 267, 268, 270, 274, 275, 294n9, 297n24
Azaadi, 188–93, 215, 262
“Azaadi” (track), 190
Azad Maidan, 214, 216, 217, 219, 226, 230, 236, 237, 242, 243, 260, 263, 264

Babri Masjid, destruction of, 23, 76, 80, 267, 274, 275, 297n24, 316n2
BAC. See Bombay Aman Committee
Bagh, Shaheen, 214, 215
Bahujan, 231; term, 313n18
Bajarang Dal, 294n8
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 296–97n16; heteroglossia and, 123; multivocality, 304n28
Bakra Eid, 150, 305n42
Bambaiya, 151, 283n4
Bandra-Kurla, 5
Banerjee, Dwaipayan, 203, 308n31
Banerjee, Mamata, 221
Banerjee, Shoumojit, 7
Baniya, 307n12
Bano, Shaheen Bagh “Dadi” Bilkis, 176, 176 (fig.)
Barelvis, 74, 79, 140, 141
Bate, Barnard, 152
Bauman, Richard, 302n3
Bedi, Tarini, 110, 298n33, 302n72
Ben-Ghiat, Ruth, 3
Berlant, Laurent, 22
Bharatamuni, 83
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 1, 21, 79–80, 98, 171, 196, 222, 223, 225, 231, 252, 254, 257, 262, 269, 270, 273, 275, 276, 284n21, 291n22, 294n8, 315n49; CAA and, 240, 242, 245; Modi and, 162; Muslims and, 272; rally by, 239; Raut and, 263; social media of, 306n55
Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan (Indian Muslim Women’s Movement), 228, 229
Bhart, Ashok, 310n54
Bharta, Ritesh, 311n59
Bhatkar, Abdul Haseeb, 231, 240, 249, 250; on August Kranti, 232
Bhendi Bazaar, 72, 250
Bholaram Ka Jeev (Parsai), 211, 212
Biao Xiang, formal theories and, 288n79
Bismil, Ramprasad, 312n9
BIT chawl, 135, 137
BJP. See Bharatiya Janata Party
Black Lives Matter, 2, 3, 283–84n7
Bloch, Maurice, 39, 60, 61
BMC. See Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
Bohannan, Paul, 40
Böhme, Gernot, 105–6
Bohras, 79, 138, 139, 140, 154, 228, 305n32
Bollywood, 86, 155, 189, 215, 315n65
Bolsonaro, Jair, 3
Bombay Action Committee, 312n13
Bombay Aman Committee (Bombay Peace Committee) (BAC), 80, 226, 227, 228, 229, 232, 233, 244, 258, 312n12
Bombay High Court, 210, 211 (fig.), 229, 231
Bombay Improvement Trust, 133
Bombay Municipal Corporation, name change for, 289n5
Bombay Police, 78
Bonilla, Yarimar, 194, 313n32
Boyle, Danny, 190
Breckenridge, Carol, 296n14
Briggs, Charles, 302n3
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC), 31, 64, 101, 134, 135, 141, 146, 147, 148, 158, 232, 236, 289n5
British Raj, 72
Bukhari, Pir Haji Ali Shah, 228
Business Standard, 312n6
Butler, Judith, 19

CAA. See Citizenship Amendment Act
campaign rallies, 5 (fig.), 6 (fig.), 7, 8, 39, 54 (fig.), 97, 284n21; advertisement for, 113–14; crowd size at, 115–16
Capital (Marx), 302n71
capitalism, 302n71; bourgeois, 41; corporate, 3; print, 16, 92
Carse, Ashley, 66–67
cash-for-vote theories, 39, 209
caste reservation, 41, 73, 289n2
castes, 10, 73, 190, 207, 300n55; untouchable, 313n18
Centre for Policy Research (CPR), 268, 269, 270
cess tax (cessed building tax), 298–99n40
Chandra, Vikram, 78
chanting, call-and-response, 188, 189, 191–92
Chaturvedi, Swati, 306n55
Chavan, Ashok, 276
chawl buildings, 140, 143, 164
Chidambaram, P., 259
Chughtai, Ismat, 155
Chumley, Lily, 288n77
citizenship, 24, 209, 211, 249; articulations of, 204; belonging and, 23; proving, 170, 310n52; religious criterion for, 169; representation and, 180; substantive, 212, 269, 273
Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) (2019), 171, 203, 208, 209, 210, 212, 216, 217, 220, 221, 223, 231, 244, 246, 248, 249, 268; dialogue over, 260; implementing, 253; logic of, 204; as “Muslim issue,” 232, 234, 237, 245; opposition to, 177, 196, 225, 237, 239; support for, 240, 242; unconstitutionality of, 310n50. See also anti-CAA protests
citizenship laws, 26, 220, 250; amendment of, 169, 249
citizenship rights, 169, 181, 244
civic issues, 97, 99, 298n31
cleaning the gutters, term, 128
Clough, Patricia Ticineto, 22
Cody, Francis, 166
Communist Party of India (Marxist), 199, 220, 307n17
community: Jewish, 72; Muslim, 46, 72, 79, 80, 228, 231; Parsi, 72
complaint natak (complaint game), 32, 34–35, 85, 272
Concept of Representation, The (Pitkin), 11
Congress Party, 42, 76, 151, 152, 199, 232, 233, 242, 243, 259, 275; leadership of, 101; Muslim Personal Law and, 230; Muslims and, 102; NCP and, 292n28; support for, 295n22
Cooper, Timothy, 105, 106, 299n44, 301n62
Copeman, Jacob, 203, 308n31
corruption, 24, 31, 104; market, 39, 290n5, 290n8; remonitization-related, 107
“courier boy,” 100, 102
Covid-19 pandemic, 99, 169, 284n16, 316n72
CPR. See Centre for Policy Research
Crawford Market, 233
crowd-images, 25, 26

Dadar, 77; flower market, 13; station, 317n25
Dal, Janata, 44
dalals, 135, 254; political, 101; term, 298n37; valence of, 315n48
Dalits, 170, 236
Daryabadi, Maulana, 250–51, 255
Daulat Nagar, 31, 33, 34, 38, 41, 42, 43, 46, 50, 57, 121, 131, 137; elections in, 58; voters in, 48
Davis, Richard, 80, 297n24
Dayan, Daniel, 313n32
Debord, Guy, 116
delegation, 166; dialogue and, 243–56; politics of, 246
Deleuze, Gilles, 296n15
Delhi, 100, 201, 210, 237
Delhi Police, 175, 177, 259, 261
De’Mello, Mr., 304n21
demonetization, 107, 108
Deobandis, 79, 100, 141
Deonar, slaughterhouse at, 134, 149–50
Derrida, Jacques, 19, 287n59
Desai, Manmohan, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 96, 255
Desai, Mihir, 248, 249, 250
detention camps, 244, 245, 314n39
development control rules (DCRs), 289n11
Development Plan, 33
Dharavi, 190
Dialectic of Enlightenment (Adorno and Horkheimer), 302n71
dialogue, 126, 147, 224, 304n28, 317n28; delegation and, 243–56; interfaith, 314n42
Dickey, Sara, 299n49
Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English, A (Platts), 37, 83, 121, 173
digital posters, 178, 179 (fig.), 184, 185 (fig.), 187 (fig.), 188, 192, 213, 221, 247, 249
dikhavat, 98; term, 298n32
discrimination, 170, 260, 308n22
District Collector’s Register, 33
Divine (Vivian da Silva Fernandes), 190
“Do or Die” speech, 177
door-to-door campaigns, 25, 52, 125, 137, 143, 144, 157
Dusshera, 4, 5, 14, 23; rallies during, 6 (fig.), 7, 8, 284n21
Dutt, Guru, 217
Dutt, Sanjay, 151

Eco, Umberto, 21–22, 97, 287n71
Eid al-Adha, 47, 305n42
Eisenlohr, Patrick, 106
Elae Hadis, 50, 58
Election Commission, 7, 23
Emancipated Spectator, The (Rancière), 307n9
embodiment, 15, 284n24; representation and, 310n58
Emergency, 33, 289n9
emotions: acting on, 195–96; speaking to, 161, 162
Enforcement Directorate, 272
Enlightenment, 13
Esposito, John, 314n42
Estates General, as political spectacle, 13
ethnography, 22, 25, 39, 55, 61, 85, 96, 180
Eucharist, 285–86n42

Facebook, 7, 153, 154, 160, 162, 196, 224, 247, 263
Fadnavis, Devendra, 239, 241, 243, 262, 312n6, 313n26
Faiz, Faiz Ahmad, 308n29
Farid, 138, 264
fariwalas, 142–43
Farooqi, Farah, 176
Fazili, Sana, 308n32
feminism, Islamic, 228
Ferguson, James, 301n66
fetishism, 60–61
flag-bearing, 66, 115, 118, 119
flowers, 111–15, 117, 124, 152
Floyd, George, 2
Forge, Anthony, 119
Frank, Jason: populism and, 285n41
Freedom House, 10, 284n26
freedom of expression, 263
freedom of speech, 263
Freitag, Sandria, 61, 286n48
Friedland, Paul, 11, 13, 14, 285n42
Fruits and Vegetable Merchant Welfare Association, 142
Fujii, Lee Ann, 315n50
fundamental rights, 284n26, 307n7; denial of, 10; protecting, 171

Gal, Susan, 93, 96
Gamdevy police station, 232, 233
Ganapati Utsava, 112, 301n60
Gandhi, Indira, 289n9
Gandhi, Mahatma, 312n9; crowd size and, 307n8; “Quit India” movement and, 14, 232, 313n21
Gandhi, M. K.: “Do or Die” speech of, 177
Garden Department (BMC), 232
garlanding, 111, 112, 114, 114 (fig.), 118, 124, 150
Gateway of India, 261 (fig.), 262, 316n66; protests at, 259, 260, 263, 265–66
Geertz, Clifford, 18, 19, 286n47
gender, 10, 40, 97, 132–33, 170, 207, 228, 229
gender reservations, 29, 41, 52, 71, 73, 288–89n2
General Rule (GR), 309–10n50
genre conventions/repertoires, 96
Gershon, Ilana, 160
Ghalib, Mirza, 155, 309n39
ghazals, 155, 204, 308n32
ghettos: Muslim, 72, 294n4. See also slums
Girgaum Chowpatty, 224
Giridharadas, Anand, 3
Goffman, Irving, 20, 123, 167, 297n26, 302–3n4; demeanor, 299n42; encounters and, 124; participation framework and, 303n18; performance and, 287n65
Gowalia Tank, 235, 313n21
Gowandi, 71, 73, 105, 106, 117, 128, 129, 132, 134, 135, 137, 139, 143, 145, 147, 148
Goyal, Piyush, 260
Grand Hyatt Hotel, 259–60
Grant Road Station, 181, 182, 237
Gregory, Christopher, 40
Grover, Varun, 217; poem by, 202, 208, 219
Gujarati, 110, 138, 140, 155, 313n21
Gully Boy, 189, 190
Gupta, Akhil, 309n43
Gupta, Radhika, 294n4
Guru, Afzal, 189, 308n18

Habermas, Jürgen, 92, 93, 116, 286n46
Haji Ali Dargah, 228, 229, 233
Hansen, Kathryn, 96
Hansen, Thomas Blom, 294n9, 295n16, 317n27; political spectacle and, 19; on riots, 76–77, 78; strategic performance and, 19–20
Harriss, John, 207, 309n43
hashtags, 194, 196, 199; hand-drawn, 193, 194 (fig.)
hawa, 57, 107, 111, 113, 115, 270, 271
HBKL. See Hum Bharat ke Log
health dispensary, 157–58, 159
Heritage Office, 232
heteroglossia, term, 296–97n16
Hindi, 84, 140, 146, 170, 186, 200, 244; speaking, 147, 252, 283n1
Hindi cinema, filming of, 72
Hindu Rashtra, 236
Hindu, The, 7
Hinduism, 77, 271, 301n62; blood tie to, 204
Hindustan, 151, 203, 204, 308n33
Hindustan Times, 153
Hindutva, 76, 98, 189, 190, 267, 271, 275, 313n29, 317n21; citizenship and, 204; hematological geography of, 203–4; ideology of, 204, 268, 272; Indian history and, 267–68; organizations, 79; party of, 268
historical wrongs, 271; rectification of, 270
History of British India, The (Mill), 316n7
Hong Kong, protests in, 2
Horkheimer, Max, 302n71
housing, 289n11; public, 33; stock/growth of, 33
Howes, David, 303–4n20
How to Do Things with Words (Austin), 18
Hum Bharat ke Log (HBKL), 220, 223–24, 225, 226, 231, 265; Alliance and, 232
“Hum Dekhenge” (Faiz), 308n29
humiliation, 60, 78, 163
“Hum Kaaghaz Nahi Dikhayenge” (Grover), 202, 217
Hum Sab Nagrik: National Campaign for United Citizenship, 224

I Am a Troll (Chaturvedi), 306n55
Ibrahim, Dawood, 78
identity, 23, 143, 148, 272, 297n19; collective/political, 19; extra-local, 16; Indian, 177; irrational mobilizations of, 269; Muslim, 75, 80, 177, 248; national, 19; party, 199; professional, 233; regional, 141; religious, 233
imperialism: European, 267–68; legacy of, 3
India Against Corruption, 219
Indian Constitution, 171, 196, 198 (fig.), 199–206; Article 14 of, 210; Article 15 of, 210; citizenship and, 249; Fundamental Rights and, 307n7; Preamble of, 211, 220, 310n52; reading, 211 (fig.); war against, 181
Indian Express, 220, 236, 255, 258, 259, 263, 308n32; on Dusshera rallies, 284n21
Indian Institute of Social Science Bombay (IIT Bombay), 260
Indian Muslims for Secular Democracy, 229
Indian National Congress Party, 305n41
Indian Parliament, 220, 224, 308n18
Indian Penal Code, 257, 263
Indian Supreme Court, 230, 316n2; CAA and, 246; talaq and, 229
Indori, Rahat: couplet by, 151, 202–3, 203 (fig.), 204
infrastructure, 26, 35, 38, 46, 128, 199, 273; cash as, 66–68; communicative, 15, 124, 131, 161, 217; informal, 31; informational, 131; material, 95, 124, 126, 127, 147, 180, 193; mediated, 256; military, 66–67; relational, 139; religious, 167; representational, 180; sociomaterial, 213; water-related, 149
Inquilaab, 73, 101, 255
Instagram, 153, 154, 195, 196, 197, 198, 214, 237, 238
instalanguage, 193, 196–99
Irvine, Judith, 96, 123, 126, 304n28
Islam Gymkhana, 230
Islamophobia, 72, 241
Island City, 283n2, 298n40
Ismailis, 79, 154, 294n4

jaalu, 110, 300n55
Jaane Bhi do Yaaro (film), 304n21
Jadavpur University, 189
Jaffe, Alexandra, 297n21
Jain, Kajri, 167
Jain, Mahavir, 315n65
Jains, 150, 305n40, 305n52
Jamaat-e-Islami, 255, 314n42, 314n43
Jamaat-e-Islami Hind (JIH), 231, 246, 247, 248, 249, 252, 253, 257; dialogue with, 255; primary activities of, 314n42
Jamia Milia Islamia, 171, 175, 176, 214; anti-protester violence at, 235; protests at, 177–78, 204
janata (janta), 99, 100, 101, 296n5
Janta Curfew, 99
Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), 188, 189, 190, 259, 260, 263; anti-protester violence at, 235; attacks on, 262; TISS and, 261
Jeffrey, Craig, 207, 309n43
JIH. See Jamaat-e-Islami Hind
JJ Flyover, 72
JNU. See Jawaharlal Nehru University
Jogeshwari, 77, 274, 275
Joint Action Committee (JAC), 311n2
Jones, Caroline, 303–4n20
Jourdain, Philip E. B., 303n12
Juhu Beach, protest at, 224

kaaghaz, 25, 199–206, 207–8, 217; dual valence of, 208–9, 211, 212–13; ethnography of, 26; khoon and, 180; as medium/message, 214
“Kaaghaz ke Fools” (placard), 213 (fig.), 216–17, 219, 237
Kaaghaz ke Phool (film), 213, 217
kaala kanoon, 171
Kamathipura, 101, 298n39
Kapoor, Anil, 223
kar sevaks, 76, 267, 275
karyakartas, 35, 36, 53, 56, 57, 62, 124, 128, 273; corralling, 41–51
Kashmiris, 263, 265, 295n16
Katz, Eihu, 313n32
Kaur, Raminder, 112, 301n60
Keane, Webb, 55, 123
Kerala, 220, 221, 243
Khan, Ashfakullah, 312n9
Khan, Salim, 248
Khan, Wahid Ali, 227, 228
Khanna, Rajesh, 86–87, 88, 89 (fig.), 94, 158–59
Khojas, 75, 79, 135, 144, 145, 146
khoon, 25, 199–206; imaginary of, 204; kaaghaz and, 180; mithi and, 203
Konkanis, 140, 147, 148, 154
Kumar, Kanhaiya, 188, 189, 190, 215
Kunreuther, Laura, 186, 192
Kurla, 190, 231
kurta, 144, 304n23, 311n60
Kusters, Annelies, 311n59

Laclau, Ernesto, 12
landscapes: communicative, 25; hydraulic, 71; media, 127, 166; relational, 123; sociomaterial, 9, 123; urban, 167
Latiq, Shahid, 73
Lefort, Claude, 13
liberalism, 4, 15, 17, 269
linguistic anthropology, 22, 93, 288n77
Locke, Thomas, 302n3
Lok Sabha, 242, 246
Loksatta, 262
loyalty, un-purchasable, 56–58
Lucknow, 201, 210, 314n36
Lunchbox, The (film), 311n59

Mahabaleshwar, 74, 75
Maharaj, Chhatrapati Shivaji, 5
Maharashtra, 146, 220, 225, 231, 237; anti-CAA protests and, 222; circular in, 309n50; DCRs by, 289n11; dictatorship/slavery in, 1; government of, 4, 257
Maharashtra Department of Housing, 298n38
Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Act (1976) (MHADA), 298n40
Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, 309n50
Maharashtra Minorities’ Commission, 229
Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS), 107
Maharashtra Police, 239
Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee, 226
Maharashtra Slum Areas (Improvement, Clearance and Redevelopment) Act (Slum Act), 32, 33
Maharashtra State Assembly Elections, 161
Maharashtra Times, 239
Maha Vikas Aghadi, 312n6
mahol, 105–10, 113, 114, 117, 271, 305n46; creating, 106, 152; term, 105
mains, 140–47, 299n49; contacts with, 106–7; influential, 114 (fig.); rally-shows and, 117
majoritarianism, 9, 271, 272, 274, 275
Manto, Sadaat Hasaan, 154
manuvaad, 308n22
Marathi, 1, 4, 74, 75, 84, 85, 135, 140, 141, 146, 170, 200, 246; speaking, 244, 251, 257, 283n1
Marathi Patrakar Sangh (Marathi Journalists Association), 246, 247, 248, 251, 254
Marx, Karl, 40, 302n71
Masjid, Babri, 312n17
mass affect, 26, 297n24
mass mobilization, 219, 311n1
Massumi, Brian, 296n15
material authority, 24, 39, 41
materiality, 22, 24, 26, 67, 180, 211, 217, 288n77; irreducible, 41
Mathur, Nayanika, 206–7
matlab, 118–20, 295n2
maulanas, 79, 103–4, 155, 237, 245, 250
Mauss, Marcel, 55, 60, 305n35
Mazzarella, William, 14, 22, 113, 287n72, 296n15, 297n19, 306n55
Mbembe, Achille, 296n14
“M Bole Toh” (song), 151
Mecca, 204, 254
media, 8, 16, 127, 160, 241, 256; blackouts, 265; commercial, 287n67; democracy and, 166; digital, 306n55; news, 166; print, 93; reporting by, 258; Urdu, 255. See also social media
mediated sensorium, 127
“Mediated Sensorium, The” (Jones), 303–4n20
mediation, 23, 127, 287n72
“Mee Mumbaikar” (pamphlet), 108
meeting, term, 143–44
Meloni, Georgia, 3
Member of the State Legislative Assembly (MLA), 29, 43, 47, 57, 99, 101, 161, 163, 199
Memons, 79
Mill, James, 316n7
MIM. See All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul-Muslimeen
Mines, Mattison, 293n55, 300n55, 302n73
Mitchell, Lisa, 16
mithi, khoon and, 203
Mithiborewala, Feroze, 223, 225, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 245, 262, 264, 314n41; Alliance and, 240; BAC and, 226, 227; on leadership, 265
MLA. See Member of the State Legislative Assembly
Modi, Narendra, 240, 267, 268, 316n5; BJP and, 162; brand of, 272; Janta Curfew and, 99; mahol/hawa and, 271; Ram Mandir and, 270
mohalla, 105, 299n44
Mohammed Ali Road, 72, 138, 140, 235, 236
Moharram, 106, 112
money theory, 40, 291n17
Morris, Charles, 20
mouse meetings, 25, 58, 157
Muchhala, Yusuf, 246, 247, 252, 255, 256; “Presidential Speech” and, 248–49, 253
Mumbai: map of, 28 (fig.), 30 (fig.), 70 (fig.), 168 (fig.); name change for, 283n1
Mumbai Central, 72
“Mumbai Civic Polls: Social Media Is the New Door-to-Door” (Hindustan Times), 153
Mumbai Mirror, 255, 316n66
Mumbai Municipal Corporation, 289n2
Mumbai Police, 258, 260, 263
Mumbai Urdu News, 243, 244, 255
Municipal Corporation, 8, 31, 101
munificence, 107; authority and, 60
Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. (film), 151
Muslim League, 295n16
Muslim Personal Law Application Act (Muslim Personal Law), 230
Muslims: arrival of, 268; BJP and, 272; citizenship and, 169, 170–71, 212, 250; Congress Party and, 102; demonization of, 80; elite, 154; Hinduism and, 204; identity of, 233; isolating, 232; Marathi-speaking, 140; marriage of, 321n15; protests by, 196; rounding up of, 77, 79; Urdu-speaking, 75, 144, 247, 283n1; visibility of, 236
Muslims for Secular Democracy, 229

Naezy (Naved Shaikh), 190
Nagpada, 72, 81, 156
Nagpur, 233
Nana Chowk, 237
narrative, 24, 41, 313n32; anti-CAA, 234; controlling, 8, 96, 223, 234, 259, 265
Nasikh, Imam Bakhsh, 309n39
Nastaliq script, 154–55, 305n49, 306–7n5
natak, 104, 110, 114, 118, 119, 152, 240, 241; -as-deceit, 85; complaint, 32, 34–35, 85, 272; discussion of, 116; register of, 123; term, 24, 84–85, 288n81
National Alliance Against CAA, NRC, and NPR (Alliance), 231, 232, 240, 251
National Appeal, 224
National Assembly, 14
National Citizenship Registry (NCR), 225, 249, 253
National Congress Party (NCP), 29, 42, 43, 44, 45, 53, 62, 99, 242, 243, 262, 290n22; Congress Party and, 292n28
nationalism: Hindu, 267, 272, 313n29; Indian, 286n48
National Population Registry (NPR), 171, 208, 212, 231, 244, 248, 249, 306n3, 312n6; protesting, 234, 245–46, 257; survey, 170; updating, 169
National Registry of Citizens (NRC), 170, 208, 209, 212, 216, 217, 220, 231, 244, 246, 248, 249–50; as “Muslim issue,” 237; protesting, 232, 234, 237, 245, 257
NATO, 66–67
natya, 83, 288n81
Natyashastra, The (Bharatamuni), 83
Nawalkar, Pramod, 77
NCP. See National Congress Party
NCR. See National Citizenship Registry
“negative video” incident, 157, 158–59, 160, 162, 163, 164–65
neta, 265; etymology of, 91
networks, 66, 114, 133, 137; authority, 35, 127; informational, 273; infrastructural, 36, 160; kinship, 110; knowledge, 63; moneyed, 51; party, 26; power, 35, 127; relational, 36, 91, 118, 273; social, 125, 139; sociopolitical, 39, 61; socio-relational, 293n55
NGOs, 97, 98, 102, 117, 132, 142, 156–57, 247, 275
Nielsen, Kenneth Bo, 301n62
1984 (Orwell), 207
notebandi initiative, 107, 208
NPR. See National Population Registry
NRC. See National Registry of Citizens
Null Bazaar, 74

OBC. See Other Backward Classes
Occupying Gateway, 260
Occupy movement, 2, 3, 14, 17
One-Finger Revolution, 175, 175 (fig.)
One New Delhi Television Ltd. (NDTV), 8
optics, 222; media, 8; overflow, 7
ostentatious display, 21, 22, 287n71, 300n52
Other Backward Classes (OBC), 41, 288n2, 313n18

Parivar, Sangh, 76, 79, 294n8
Parkeh, G. G., 184
Parmentier, Richard, 61
Parry, Jonathan, 39, 60, 61
Parsai, Harishankar, 211
Parsi theater, 155
participation, 96, 123, 285n35; electoral, 10, 83; framework, 303n18; paying for, 97
partisanship, 10, 23, 26, 36, 79, 152, 162, 222, 225, 272
Patil, Jayant, 262
Patil, Khosle, 231, 251, 252, 255
Pawar, Sharad, 99
Peirce, Charles Sanders, 21, 124, 288n77, 288n82, 303n12
Peoples Representation Act, 310n52
Peoples Union of Civil Liberties, 248
performance, 15, 118; cash transfers and, 61–62; entertainment and, 18; performativity and, 17–23; public, 126; questions, 96; strategic, 19–20
performative, 9, 12, 27, 59, 61–62, 287n60; happy/felicitous, 19; performance and, 17–23; real-time, 118
performativity, 61, 286n57, 287n65, 287n67; performance and, 17–23; political, 20
Pernau, Margrit, 22, 95
personal perspectives, 179, 180–84, 199, 213, 214, 241; articulating, 184, 192
personhood, 125, 136, 304n27
Phule, Savitribai, 257
Phule Nagar, 48
Piliavsky, Anastasia, 288n79
Pinney, Christopher, 296n14
Pipe Politics (Björkman), 31
Pitkin, Hanna, 11–12
placards, 26, 173, 174 (fig.), 181, 184, 194 (fig.), 204–5, 210, 210 (fig.), 213, 213 (fig.), 214, 216–17, 219, 236, 237, 241, 261–63; anti-CAA, 183, 205; handcrafted, 179, 181 (fig.), 183, 183 (fig.), 187 (fig.), 188, 195 (fig.), 205 (fig.), 238 (fig.), 261 (fig.); personal perspectives on, 199; secular, 235 (fig.), 236; on social media, 193
Platts, John Thompson, 294n2, 299n44, 310n55; awaaz and, 307n12; quote of, 37, 83, 121, 173; sabhaa and, 123
Plotke, David, 12
Poetics (Aristotle), 24
Ponvannan, 175, 176
populism, 15, 285n41, 286n44; rise of, 269; term, 14
power, 39, 59; accomplished, 62; communicative, 92; networks of, 35, 127; political, 14, 299n49; sociopolitical relations of, 24
Prabhu, Mehak Mirza, 262–63
prachaar, 51–53, 55–56, 104, 121–22, 132; cash-mediated, 126; communicative register of, 122; social workers and, 51
Prakash, cash flow and, 58–59, 62, 63
Prasad, Ravi Shankar, 208
“Presidential Speech” (Muchhala), 248–49, 253
Press Club, 245
Print, 176
pro-CAA gatherings, 237, 239, 240, 241
propaganda, 306n54; spreading, 161–62
protest songs, 192
public, 56, 85–88, 118, 122, 144, 161, 162; -as-image, 86; assembling, 84; audience and, 167; beliefs of, 97; communicating with, 132; concept of, 116; crowds and, 91–97; fake, 162; heteroglossic character of, 94; imaged/imagined, 95; notion of, 93, 286n46; size of, 116; strength of, 125; term, 67, 153, 292n25
public arena, 16, 286n48
Public Faces, Private Voices (Mines), 302n73
publicity, 37, 51, 100, 121, 154, 300n55, 314n36; bourgeois, 93; cash and, 66–68; concept of, 286n46; modes of, 94
public meetings, 25, 121, 143, 149; permissions for, 108; as stage show, 122; term, 152
public spaces, 4, 92, 122, 152, 153, 186, 286n46; liberal, 15; Muslims in, 236; notion of, 16, 116; women in, 132
Punwani, Jyoti, 227, 228, 250, 252, 255, 312n11, 312n13, 314n41, 314n43

Quint, The: still from, 176 (fig.)
“Quit India” movement, 14, 232, 313n21

racism, structural, 2, 3
Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred, 18
railway stations, map of, 70 (fig.), 168 (fig.)
Rajamani, Imke, 22, 95
Rajya Sabha, 242, 246
rally-shows, 97, 104, 114, 115, 116, 123; assembling, 96; hijacking, 125; live-action, 95; main people and, 117; matlab and, 119; performance at, 96, 118; persuasiveness of, 118–19
Ram Janmabhoomi campaign, 79–80
Ramlila, 4, 8, 284n15
Ram Mandir, 267, 268, 275; inauguration of, 269, 270, 271; mayana, 1, 4; righting historical wrongs and, 270
Rancière, Jacques, 307n9
Rao, Ursula, 297n17, 314n36
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), 254, 272, 276, 294n8, 315n49, 315n62; founding of, 317n21
Rath Yatra, imagery of, 297n24
Raut, Sanjay, 246, 248, 249, 250, 251–54, 256, 265, 314n43, 316n70, 317n28; anti-CAA protesters and, 257; BJP and, 263; dialogue and, 255; JIH and, 247; on Patil, 252; speech by, 254
Ravana, burned effigy of, 1, 2 (fig.), 5
reciprocity, 39, 51, 55, 66, 110, 117, 252, 255
redevelopment, 34, 101, 124, 132, 299n40; nonsense, 139; slum, 289n11
Red Tape (Gupta), 309n43
“referential and propositional” speech, 122, 302n3
Renna, Aysha, 175
representation, 10–11, 24, 25; aesthetic/affective resonances of, 9; citizenship and, 180; concept of, 13, 14; counterposing, 12–13; crisis of, 269; democratic, 8, 15, 23; evaluative criterion of, 9; formalistic, 11; image, 26, 95; political, 10, 15, 17, 127, 286n47; process of, 12, 27; reality and, 269; reconceptualization of, 14; rediscovering, 15–16; re-presentation and, 11–15, 310n58; substantive, 8, 9, 11; vocabulary of, 269
re-presentation, 22, 285n42; representation and, 11–15, 310n58
representative democracy, 8, 14, 15, 27, 92, 269; crisis for, 3
Republic of Palaa (Micronesia), 61
Republican Party of India (RPI), 58, 291n22
resources, 41, 108, 114, 118; access to, 27; distribution of, 91
Right to Information (RTI), 98, 158, 159, 162
riots (1992–93), 79, 100–101, 130, 236, 277; described, 76–78; violence of, 274–75
Rizzo, Salvador, 301n69
Rosa, Jonathan, 194
Roti (Bread) (film), 86; still from, 88 (fig.), 89 (fig.), 90 (fig.), 91 (fig.)
Rotman, Andy, 119, 120
RPI. See Republican Party of India
RSS. See Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
RTI. See Right to Information

Saamna, 246, 254, 256, 263
sabhaas, 121, 133–37, 146, 152, 160, 184, 241; attending, 132, 134–35, 144; chowk, 125, 129, 143, 147, 157; communicative register of, 122; etymology of, 122–23; exclusivity of, 144; hosting, 133; as public meeting/stage show, 122
Sacred Games (Chandra), 78
Salvation Army, 21
Samajwadi Party, 44, 53, 63, 73, 78, 81, 116, 146, 158, 220, 243, 245
Sankrant, 224
Sarvi (kebab spot), 72, 138, 305n30
Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar, 308n31
Sawantwadi, 73–74
SC. See Scheduled Castes
Schaefer, Donovan, 22
Schechner, Richard, 21, 102, 118
Scheduled Castes (SC), 41, 313n18
Scheduled Tribes (ST), 41, 313n18
Scheele, Judith, 288n79
Schumpeter, Joseph, 285n34
Sengupta, Shuddhabrata, 300n54
Shah, Amit, 212, 240, 209 (fig.)
shaming finger, 173, 174 (fig.), 175, 175 (fig.)
Shankaracharya, 271
Sharma, Dub, 190
Shijavi Park, 2 (fig.), 5
Shinde, Eknath, 1, 5 (fig.), 272; denunciation of, 5; quotas/targets and, 7; rally of, 6 (fig.)
Shivaji Park, 1, 4, 5, 283n2
Shiv Sena, 1, 2, 5, 97, 98, 107, 220, 237, 239, 241, 243, 246, 247, 248, 251, 253, 255, 256, 262; Babri Masjid and, 76; CAA-NRC and, 242, 257; defeat of, 76–77; expenditures by, 208; governing coalition and, 257; identity of, 222; law and, 252; police behavior and, 259; political style of, 298n33; rallies of, 5 (fig.); real, 7, 8, 23; riots and, 76–77; tiger imagery of, 6 (fig.)
Simmel, Georg, 40, 60
slaughterhouse, 134, 149–50
Slum Act. See Maharashtra Slum Areas (Improvement, Clearance and Redevelopment) Act
Slumdog Millionaire (film), 190, 308n21
slumdwellers, 290n13; votes from, 38, 290n1
Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA), 101, 298n38
Slum Rehabilitation Scheme, 34, 35, 43, 289n11, 291n24
slums, 105, 109, 128, 132, 137, 274; declaring, 32; redeveloping, 34, 124; suburban, 71; vote bank of, 37. See also ghettos
Slum Survey, 33–34
Socialists, 97
social life, 18, 22, 40, 85, 92
social media, 20, 121, 127, 184, 186, 191, 196, 199, 205, 208, 262, 271; amplification over, 188; democracy and, 166; imagery on, 195; as new door-to-door, 153–63; placards on, 193; ubiquity of, 166
social order, 18, 61
social relations, 9, 25, 67, 104, 120, 256, 297n21; cash and, 68
social theory, 60, 91
social work, 131, 274
social workers, 35, 42, 47, 59, 63, 66, 81, 110, 127–33, 160; assessing, 62; meetings of, 127, 128, 129, 130; prachaar crowds and, 51; sabhaas and, 134; Seema and, 48, 49–50, 51, 52, 53, 55–56, 57, 61; term, 36; voter lists and, 58
South Bombay, 72, 106, 226, 227, 258, 260, 263; ghettos of, 294n4; politics of, 73; refugee camps in, 77; social work in, 129; women/public spaces and, 132
sovereignty, 13, 17, 285n41
spaces: built, 46; empty, 13; open-air, 132; street/gendered character of, 132–33; urban, 152. See also public spaces
Special Marriage Act (1954), 312n15
Spencer, Jonathan, 17
SRA. See Slum Rehabilitation Authority
Srikrishna Commission, 227, 246, 247, 253, 294n12, 312n12
ST. See Scheduled Tribes
stage shows, 25, 108, 122, 125, 143
Standing Committee, 149
Stiegler, Bernard, 166
Strassler, Karen, 178, 307n9
Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Habermas), 82
Students Islamic Organisation (SIO), 314n42
subjectivity, 171, 211; collective, 26; political, 9, 15, 25, 167
Suneetha, A., 230
Sunnis, 74, 138, 141
Suriya Namaskar, 135, 304n26

taaqat, 97–99, 100, 115, 116, 117, 120; collective, 104; definition of, 298n30; displaying, 102
Taaqat (NGO), 138; mission of, 97; working with, 98, 99
tadaad, 200, 213
Taj Hotel, 259
talaq. See triple talaq
Tamil, 52, 292n27, 292n37
Tamil Nadu, 272, 300n55
Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), 260, 261, 264, 298n39
technology, 160, 166; digital, 153, 167, 310n56; mass-mediating, 92
Tendulkar, Sachin, 271
terroir, concept of, 105
terror, 78, 276
Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA), 78
Thachill, Tariq, 272
Thackeray, Balasaheb, 4, 76, 302n72
Thackeray, Raj, 107
Thackeray, Uddhav, 2, 4, 5 (fig.), 220, 222, 236–37, 239, 242, 244, 251, 252, 272, 274, 316n66; CAA and, 241, 246; crisis for, 259–64; criticism of, 243; images of, 245; oration by, 1, 5; protests and, 256; quotas/targets and, 7; rally of, 6 (fig.); resignation of, 283n3; Shiv Sena and, 7–8
Thapar, Romila, 316n6
theatricality, 13–14, 15, 18, 19, 82, 83, 84–85, 104, 270; authenticity and, 24–25
Thorat, Balasaheb, 220
Times of India, 246, 247
TISS. See Tata Institute of Social Sciences
train stations, 182, 253; map of, 30 (fig.)
triple talaq, 229, 230, 233
Trump, Donald, 3, 4, 115–16, 124
Trumpism, 14, 276
trust, 31, 39, 66, 293n55
Turner, Victor, 18
Twitter, 6, 153, 154, 192, 202, 242; meme-fest on, 208

Ulema Council, 79, 80–81, 244, 295n16
University of Mumbai, 260
UNSECO, Ramlila and, 284n15
urban policy, law and, 65
Urdu, 74, 75, 84, 87, 128, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 144, 146; literature/literacy, 81; poetry, 200, 205, 308n29; promoting, 81; speaking, 72, 136, 200, 201, 283n1
U.S. Congress, Modi and, 267
U.S. Capitol, storming of, 4
Uttar Pradesh, 81, 98, 142, 258
Uttar Pradesh Police, 258
Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board, 312n17

Vasudevan, Ravi, 96
Vats, Vaibhav, 177
Velamur, Sumanya, 299n44
Vemula, Rohith, 311n2
videos, 25, 153, 164; negative, 157, 158–59, 160, 162, 163, 165
Vijayadashmi. See Dusshera
violence, 78–79, 80, 176, 227, 274–75; anti-protester, 235; avoiding, 237; communal, 77; insurrectionary, 4; left-wing, 263; physical, 291n24; police, 171, 212, 283–84n7; sectarian, 267; vigilante, 268
Vishwa Hindu Parishad (World Hindu Council), 294n8
vote buying, 10, 24, 37, 38, 40, 41, 293n59; literature on, 291n17; theories on, 39

Waghorne, Joanne, 111–12
Wahabis, 79
Waikar, Ravindra, 272, 273, 275, 276; majoritarianism and, 274
Warner, Michael, 93, 94, 104
Washington Post, 116
water distribution, 29, 71, 159, 200–201, 309n44
waterworm problems, 145
wedding processions, 112, 300n59
Wedeen, Lisa, 19
Welfare Party of India, 314n42
We the People of India, 171, 217, 220, 222
WhatsApp, 26, 127, 133, 151, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 181, 196, 197, 198, 240, 245, 247, 264, 270; groups, 25, 125, 126, 131, 153, 154, 156, 157, 160, 167, 173, 246, 250, 259, 315n62; squabble on, 197 (fig.)
Women’s Studies Conference, 189
World Trade Center, 119, 120

Yadav, Yogendra, 224
“Yeh Jo Public Hai” (song), 86, 93, 94, 96, 104

Author Biography

Notes

Show the following:

Adjust appearance:

Index

Annotate