Skip to main content
table of contents
Index — Continued (2 of 2)
- Pajot d’Ons-en-Bray, Louis Léon: clock-driven anemometer, 197
- Pang, Alex Soojung-Kim: on military support for astronomical expeditions, 216
- panpsychism, pancosmic, 257
- pantographs, 42, 52, 84, 129, 294n14, 326n10
- Parikka, Jussi: on early media thinking, 263
- Paris Exposition Universelle (1900), 196, 251, 252, 256, 266, 272, 274
- Parisian instrument-makers, 139, 164, 165–67, 200
- Peale, Charles Willson: physionotrace sold in U.S. by, 129–30
- Peele, Jordan: Nope, 228
- Peirce, Charles Sanders, 11; stellar photometric research by, 280n27
- perspectographs, 52, 84
- Pfannkuchen, Antje, 121
- phantasmagoria, 15, 239
- phenakistoscope, 209, 236, 239, 242, 246, 335n17
- phlogiston: oxygen/phlogiston controversy, 94, 147; Ritter’s claims regarding, 313n20; Thomas Wedgwood’s report on, 304n22
- phonographs: coinvention of, 337n37; cylinder, 199, 247, 249, 251; early, 16
- photobioscope, 245–46, 337n38
- photochemistry: applications of, 139; Arago’s experiments, 162–63, 165, 189, 190; camera obscura combined with, 19; Draper’s understanding of, 190; emergence of, 117–20, 170; French research in, 162–64, 171; intersection of optics and chemistry, 188–89; invisible rays’ linkage to, 147; late-period Enlightenment, 139–43; proto-photography’s relationship to, 107–8; racialization of, 103; 1780’s, 25; silhouetting and, 133–37; silver nitrate as prime reactant of, 7; skin color linked to, 24–27, 60, 261; Thomas Wedgwood’s photochemical images, 151–55. See also blackening, photochemical
- photochronography, 196, 204. See also chronophotographs/chronophotography
- photocinema: afterlife quality of, 232; anti-Blackness in, 268, 270; apparatus of, 23; astronomy’s shaping of, 46; Blackness and slavery connected to, 28–29, 180, 259; closeness with military and colonial power, 201; common episteme, 4; culture of, 56; development of, 6, 28, 73, 100, 129, 155, 167, 206, 212, 271; eighteenth-century ideas of, 88; genealogy of, 47; hyperpresence of, 181–87; Moon’s role in, 171; new modes of imaging coalescing into, 261; origins of, 37, 53, 107, 263–64; silhouetting and, 126; still/moving dialectic, 27. See also cinema; photographs/photography; precinema; protocinema
- photocinema, matrix of, 16, 19–29; camera obscura-telescope assembly, 40–45; cosmology’s role in, 71; crystallization of, 120; emergence of, 30–31, 42–43; enticement for, 102; Flammarion familiar with, 230; and the moral universe, 261–75; photoimaging developments in, 136–37; polyvalence of, 187; race and astronomy in, 21–29, 91; structural tensions within, 131
- photographic revolver, 247; heliostat combined with, 224. See also Janssen, Jules, photographic revolver
- photographs/photography, 1–37, 107; abolition entwined with, 28, 132, 139, 170–71, 191; aerial, 242, 243; animated, 244, 246, 247; applied to astronomy, 41–42, 167, 223, 224–25; archaeology of, 173; calibrated for white subjects and viewers, 11; calotype, 213; cinema and, 1, 73, 202; cylinder applied to, 239; emergence of, 2–3, 4, 5, 28, 50, 147, 164, 170; exposure time experiments, 159, 160; historiography of, 17–19, 167; idea of Africa related to, 110–13; lenses needed for, 190; light-induced, 139, 320n92; Marey’s monograph on, 215; matrix of, 1–36; mechanical objectivity signature priority of, 278n9; of motion, 196, 215, 236, 246, 248; naming, 46, 94, 171; Niépce’s photographic processes experiments, 5, 8, 9–10, 19, 107, 139, 209; origins of, 1, 16, 19, 121, 151, 188; photographic strips, 203; photoimaging antecedent to, 137; photopicturing technology, 117; portrait, 131; produces notion of objective world, 277n1; race and, 9, 24, 117, 170, 175–80, 220; sequential, 19, 97, 237, 248; solar, 223–28; stereoscopic, 246, 335n17; telescopes and, 271; three-points-of-view photographic method, 224–25; as time-tracing technology, 195, 223; unfixed, 133; visualization apparatus, 194; white racial constructs confirmed by, 9–10; WTL and, 190. See also astrophotography; chronophotographs/chronophotography; daguerreotypes; microphotographs/microphotography; Moon, photographing; photocinema; pre-photography; proto-photography
- photoimages/photoimaging, 6–11, 271; Draper’s understanding of, 190; hieroglyphs, 107–37; insights from, 219; kinemorphic visualization integrated with, 11–16, 229–30; Lichtenberg’s, 6–7, 8; in matrix of photocinema, 136–37; metaphysical tradition of, 113; natural philosophy’s use of, 107–8, 110; objective form of, 193; silhouetting, 125–37; technics of, 175–80; as thought-pictures, 194; Young’s role in, 16. See also chrono-imaging; images/imaging
- photology, 139–67; black light, 142–51; Sir John Herschel and Arago as leading authorities in, 46, 160; WTL, 155–62. See also photochemistry
- photometer, 240–42, 241, 248
- photometria, 45, 84
- photosensitivity: as purported cause of Black skin, 137; Senebier’s investigations into, 119, 120
- photosophia, 37–69, 84
- phylogeny, 78, 102, 115, 118
- physautotype: Niépce’s process of, 8
- physiognomy: Lavater’s racist theory of, 129, 130–32, 142, 176
- physionotrace device, 129–30, 311n96
- Pinson, Stephen: on Niépce’s Moonlight, 173
- planets: biophysics of, 90, 258; communication between, 246; formation of, 85, 232; habitation of, 57, 89; in solar system, 25, 37, 75, 86, 288n36; stars orbiting, 75. See also universe; and individual planets
- plantocracies, 27, 78; Caribbean, 55, 65, 108
- Plateau, Joseph Antoine Ferdinand: anorthoscope, 209; Flying Heart, 210; investigation of photosensitive processes within the human eye, 207–9; phenakistoscope, 239
- Pneumatic Institution, 140
- Poe, Edgar Allan: “Hans Phaall—A Tale,” 181–82
- Poisson, Siméon-Denis: light experiments, 158
- Poisson Spot experiment, 146
- polygenism, 55, 78, 218, 219, 295n18
- polymathy, 263–64
- Ponce, Marguerite Hémery: drawings combining silhouetting and hieroglyphs, 145
- Pope, Alexander, 89–90
- positivism, 2, 195, 259, 270, 271. See also astronomy, positivist hegemony and
- precinema: animation and, 50, 79; features of, 100; Flammarion’s role in development of, 230; history of, 4, 18–19, 191, 196; insights from, 59; investigations of, 119; Marey’s work, 191, 236, 242, 244, 248; pre-photography and, 69; technicians of, 236. See also cinema; protocinema
- preformism, 21, 77
- prejudice. See anti-Blackness; racism; white supremacy
- pre-photography, 155–62, 176; apparatus of, 92; Arago’s experiments in, 28, 139; astronomy and, 167; Draper’s understanding of, 190; exposure time experiments, 159, 160; history of, 4, 8, 17–18, 125, 139, 170; John Herschel as key to, 94; precinema and, 69; setup for, 119; silhouettes, 134. See also photographs/photography; proto-photography
- Priestley, Joseph, 140; Lunar Society member, 153, 304n22; photochemical experiments, 119, 140; Senebier’s correspondence with, 305n41; on silver compounds, 119
- principle of least action, 77
- prisms, 92, 95, 143, 148, 162, 166–67, 188, 237, 239
- Proctor, Richard A.: as astronomer-popularizer, 257; emulation of Lumen, 245
- projections: camera obscura, 183, 187; cinema apparatus, 242; devices for, 40–45, 52; Lichtenberg’s, 7, 8; light, 126; magic lantern, 237; screen, 92; serial, 19; solar, 66; telescopic, 42, 43, 127, 129
- protocinema: Draper’s thesis, 220; eighteenth-century cosmological thinking, 80; insights into, 16, 99; intertwinement of racialized history and, 262; magic lanterns, 50; race and, 9, 21–29, 262; sensorium, 12; three-dimensional modeling, 52. See also cinema; precinema
- proto-photography: Charles’s experiments, 136; insights regarding, 16, 99; photochemistry’s relationship to, 7, 107; race’s role in, 9, 65–69. See also photographs/photography; pre-photography
- Purkinje, Jan Evangelista, 222; intraocular images, 207, 207, 208, 209; kinesiscope images, 242, 243; Wheatstone’s account of work, 210
- race: astronomy and, 41, 47, 54, 262, 264, 291n61; cardinal feature of, 1; differentiation of, 24–27; discourses on, 65; Draper’s theory of, 220; in Flammarion’s pancosmic history, 257–59; history and, 16, 71; Hooke’s theories of, 54–55; humans’ variations in, 220; Kant’s theory of, 92; lunar theater, 56–62; in media archaeology, 262–63; natural history and 23, 85, 91; nomenclature of, 22–23, 31; panpsychism’s effects on, 257; photography and, 9, 24, 117, 170, 175–80, 220; protocinema and, 9, 21–29, 262; as a science of surfaces, 305n35; thermometabolic model, 25, 59–60, 78; visualization and, 26–27, 185, 220–21. See also astroracialism; skin color
- race mixing. See mixed-race peoples
- racial difference, 69, 78, 102, 103, 173, 191, 304n29; Black-and-white as metaphor for, 175–76; Maupertuis on, 78; optical aspects, 191; reevaluations of, 102; Rittenhouse’s redefinition of, 103
- racialization, 23, 24, 59, 263; of extraterrestrials, 4, 22–23, 57, 59, 60, 91. See also astroracialism
- racism, 25, 61, 62, 133, 141; biological, 257; Demanet’s, 132; Fontenelle’s, 67–68; inscribed in photographic technology, 117; in Mélies’s A Trip to the Moon, 266; in Offenbach’s A Trip to the Moon, 264; ontological, 116; in photocinema, 259; scientific, 29, 118, 142, 191, 257; stereotypes created by, 185; stigmatization by, 183; structural, 271–72. See also anti-Blackness; white supremacy
- Raengo, Alessandra, 175–76
- Ramalingam, Chitra: on Wheatstone’s physiology of vision research, 212
- rationality/reason, 3, 12, 24. See also Enlightenment
- Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas: on Blackness, 116; on racial difference, 304n29
- Rédier, Antoine: photobioscope construction of, 337n38; photographic revolver construction, 246
- Rees, Abraham: Poe plagiarizing, 181
- Regius, Henricus, 67
- Renoir, Jean: Charleston Parade (film), 268, 269, 270
- reproductions: destruction and, 181; exact, 160; facilitating, 176; human, 109–10, 294n14; mechanical processes, 302n13; mixed-race, 55, 115–16, 131; motion, 246, 249; Niépce’s, 9; of Pirou filmstrip, 254; plantocracy’s, 27; sexual, 77, 302n13; theories of, 54, 78–79, 110; visual, 2, 4, 10, 69, 100, 109–10, 120, 237, 294n14
- reprographic technics, 109. See also lithography; mezzotints
- Restif de la Bretonne, Nicolas-Edme: The Austral Discovery, 184, 234, 334n10
- Rete Mucosum: as locus of Blackness, 9–10
- Riskin, Jessica: on animate beings, 11–12; on eighteenth-century natural philosophy, 74
- Rittenhouse, David: on optical aspects of racial difference, 102–3, 191; on relationship of skin color to intellect, 300–301n75
- Ritter, Johann Wilhelm: “Chemical Polarity in Light,” 313n20; Jena circle member, 143; photochemical experiments, 162; vibration experiments, 123
- Robertson, Étienne-Gaspard: Fantascope, 240; Fantasmagorie shows, 239, 270, 341n19
- Robespierre, Maximilien: Henriquez’s satirization of, 105
- Robison, John: use of term photography, 321n5
- Rochon, Alexis-Marie, 299n64
- Rockhill, Gabriel: on media archaeology, 20
- Rodwell, G. F.: “On the Perception of the Unseen,” 15
- Roget, Peter Mark: on rotation-caused distortion, 208
- Ronalds, Francis: self-recording instrumentation, 212–13, 214, 214, 330n50
- Rossell, Deac: on current media scholarship, 19–20
- Roubaud, Pierre-Joseph-André: explanation of racial difference, 304n29
- Rubens, Peter Paul: The Allegory of Sight, 39, 39; Four Studies of a Head of a Moor, 39
- Sabine, Edward: on photographic self-registration, 330n50
- Sadoul, Georges: on origins of photography and cinema, 19
- Saint-Domingue: mass poisoning deaths in, 108, 302n5; Napoleon Bonaparte recaptures, 155
- Saint Helena Island, 58
- Saint-Laurent, Philippe Rose Roume de: creation of a colony in Trinidad, 313n24
- Saint-Simon, Henri de, 216–18
- Saturn, 238; inhabitants of, 65, 90; moons of, 94, 205; orbit of, 49–50; rings of, 49, 86, 120, 238
- Saussure, Horace Bénédict de, 117
- Schaaf, Larry J.: on Talbot, 164–65
- Schaffer, Simon: on Thomas Wright’s theories, 81
- Scheele, Carl Wilhelm: Jena circle member, 143; Joseph Black a disciple of, 188; photochemical experiments, 139, 140, 162; on silver compounds, 118, 311n1
- Scheiner, Christoph: The Eye, That Is, the Foundation of Optics, 46; pantograph developed by, 42; positions of two sunspots, 44; telescope use, 41
- Schellenberg, Johann Rudolph: silhouette drawing machine, 130
- Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von: Jena circle member, 143
- Schmidt, Benjamin: on envisioning unknown lands, 21
- Schoelcher, Victor: abolition efforts, 171–75, 191–92.
- Schulze, Johann Heinrich, 19; on silver compounds, 118
- Schwabe, Samuel Heinrich: sunspot observations, 223
- scientific racism. See racism, scientific
- Secchi, Pietro Angelo: and solar eclipse of 1860, 225, 226
- Seebeck, Thomas Johann: on silver chloride images, 162
- Selenites, 56, 264, 265, 266, 267, 340n11. See also Lunarians
- selenography, 48, 169–74
- self-recording devices, 196–206, 198, 222, 251, 326n10. See also graphic method; telegraph
- Selligue, M.: microscope made by, 166
- Senebier, Jean, 94, 143, 159, 222; on colors of white and black, 305n33; heliostat with camera obscura experiments, 136, 152, 225–26; photochemical experiments, 91–92, 139–40, 142, 162; Physico-Chemical Memoirs . . . , 117–20; Priestley’s correspondence with, 305n41; silver chloride experiments, 305n37
- Seven Years’ War (1756–1763), 108–10, 113, 137; silhouetting fad during, 125–26
- ’s Gravesande, Willem: development of heliostat, 119, 135
- Shalev, Eran: on revolutionary discourse, 102
- Sharp, Granville: British abolition advocate, 117
- Sheehan, Tanya, 175
- shutter mechanisms, 92, 235, 242, 244, 249
- silhouettes, 107–8, 125–33, 318n69; of African American enslaved person, 309n74; camera obscura used for, 144, 311n96; of Caroline Herschel, 125; Charles’s photoimaging, 133, 133–37, 139, 149; drawing machine, 130; Lavater’s anti-Black physiognomic theory, 176; megascope’s role in, 136; Ponce’s drawings combining with hieroglyphs, 145; pre-photographic, 134; projecting, 23
- silver bromide: Fraunhofer’s use of, 190
- silver chloride, 8, 143; blackening properties, 159; experiments with, 152, 159, 172, 173–74, 305n37; light’s effects on, 311n1; solar spectrum images, 162
- silver nitrate, 152; blackening properties, 60, 115, 141, 314–15n39; Black skin associated with, 8; Boyle’s experiments with, 54; Charles’s experiments with, 136; Diana’s Tree, 7, 7; Homberg’s research on, 279n20; light’s effects on, 318n69; photochemical studies of, 7, 140–42, 149; photographs fixed with, 188, 320n92
- silver plating, 153, 315–16n42
- silver salts: research on, 136, 279n22
- skin color, 58, 109, 141, 143, 292n73, 297–98n44, 305n35, 312–13n18; Clarkson’s continuum theory of, 94; cultural seeing of, 284–85n74; light’s effects on, 92; mechanisms of, 69; photochemistry linked to, 24–27, 60, 261; proto-photographic theory of, 62; Senebier on, 117; spectrum of, 312–13n18; thermometabolic etiology of, 54, 91, 118. See also Black skin; Malpighian layer of skin; white skin
- Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 (England), 170, 189
- slavery, 4, 67, 99–106; Am I Not a Man and a Brother? (anti-slavery cameo), 29, 132–33; Beddoes’s lectures against, 140; Clarkson’s indictment of, 32; debates over, 67, 71, 102–3, 108; delegitimization, 170; denunciation of, 4, 102, 170, 179–80; elimination of, 116–17, 181; enslaved peoples’ revolts in the Caribbean, 108–9, 113, 137, 142–43; exploitation of Black women, 27, 55; in French colonies, 155; geography of, 58; justification for, 62, 114; manumission of, 148; photocinema and blackness connected to, 28–29, 137; photography related to, 3, 113; silhouetting of, 309n74; trading in, 23, 39, 61, 79. See also abolition; emancipation; enslavement
- Slave Trade Felony Act of 1811 (England), 170
- Smith, Adam: study of astronomy, 99–100
- Smith, Justin E. H., 67; on Bernier’s division of peoples into four races, 22
- Smith, Shawn Michelle: on Barthes’s notion of photographic punctum, 262; on development of photocinema, 271
- Sobchack, Vivian: on media archaeology, 20
- solar eclipses, 182; camera obscure illustration, 40, 40; in 1842, 225; in 1860, 225, 245; Moon passing in front of the Sun, 111, 225, 226; phases of, 10, 13, 48; photographing, 129, 223–24, 225, 242, 255, 333n84; Wright’s map of, 80, 80–81
- solar microscopes: camera obscura paired with, 92, 135–36, 143, 144, 145, 152, 157–58; telescopes paired with, 182–83, 310n90. See also microscopes
- solar system, 25, 86; astro-racial thesis, 62; heliocentric, 37, 58; measurement of, 73, 126; origin of, 74, 76; Wright’s conception of, 81. See also planets; Sun
- sound: recording, 199; waves of, 8, 334n12, 337–38n44
- Southern, John, 326n10
- species, 22, 25, 46–47. See also human beings
- spectrographs, 239, 299n62
- spectroscopes/spectroscopy, 95, 237, 336n33; Brewster’s work on, 327–28n24
- spectrum: black lines in, 148, 148, 161, 178, 179, 190; blue end of, 73, 119, 143, 190, 311n1, 314–15n39, 318n69; electromagnetic radiation, 11; full, 106; Newton’s color theory of, 92; solar, 162; temperature of, 95
- Spillers, Hortense J.: on hieroglyphs of the flesh, 284–85n74
- Spinola, Ambrogio di Filippo: Lippershey offers telescope to, 38
- Stafford, Barbara Maria: on Lavater’s racist theory of physiognomy, 131–32
- Stampfer, Simon von: kinemorphic imaging simulators, 209
- star clusters, 14–15, 77, 81, 110; Herschels’s study of, 94, 95, 96, 97
- stars, 53, 55, 123; daguerreotypes of, 223; dark, 235; fixed, 77, 86; formation of, 85; Gamma Draconis, 72–73; Herschels’s study of, 14–15, 95, 99; Maupertuis’s disk star concept, 77, 80, 86; measuring heat of, 250–51; orbiting planets, 75; transits of, 205. See also deep space; galaxies; Milky Way
- star systems, 75, 76, 81, 94, 95
- stereophotographs, 226. See also photographs/photography
- Stoichita, Victor I.: on Lavater’s theory of physiognomy, 132
- stroboscopic disks, 209, 211
- Struve, Otto Wilhelm von: and solar eclipse of 1860, 225
- Stubbs, George: experiments projecting silhouettes onto ceramic, 315–16n42
- Stuurman, Siep: on Bernier’s division of peoples into four races, 22
- Sun: acting as a magic lantern, 66; believed to be the origin of all forces, 301n2; camera obscura following, 42, 43, 313n27; chromosphere of, 244; gravitational pull of, 103; heat death of, 232; Herschels’s study of, 99; light from, 10, 14, 223; Moon’s relationship to, 121; motion of, 122, 160; shaping and shading an object, 53; as a star, 223. See also solar eclipses; solar system
- sunspots, 12, 41, 42, 44, 223
- Swedenborg, Emanuel: theory on origin of solar system, 74, 76
- Tacky’s Revolt (Jamaica, 1760–1761), 108
- Táíwò, Olúfẹ́mi O.: on global reparations, 271; on white supremacy, 263–64
- Talbot, William Henry Fox, 166, 278–79n14; calotype photography, 213; discovery of blue end of spectrum, 119; internship with Arago, 164–65; invention of photography attributed to, 19, 94, 160, 165; light experiments, 160; Parisian instrument-makers assisting, 139; The Pencil of Nature, 98; photographic process, 170, 321n5; photonegative-to-paper positive process, 176; Vincent Chevalier’s work with, 167; Wheatstone’s work with, 212
- Tappan Riots (Manhattan, 1834), 182
- tasimeters: Edison’s invention of, 250–51
- technoscience, 3, 4
- telechronoscope: Flammarion’s invention of, 31, 37, 199, 229–59. See also chronoscopes
- teledioptricus, 41
- telegraph: cylinder, 250, 251; electric, 202, 212; linking astronomical observatories by, 205; in The Man in the Moone, 58, 62; solar magnetic bursts threatening, 223; for synchronization of timekeeping, 328n30
- teleology, 92, 294–95n15
- telephonoscope, 251–52, 337–38n44
- telescopes, 62, 251–52, 319n88; camera obscuras combined with, 40–45, 42, 43, 52, 69; cameras combined with, 224, 226, 227; clock-driven solar, 225; Galileo’s use of, 38, 39, 41, 68; introduction of, 2, 3, 31; lunar features seen in, 55, 55–56; as military technology, 38, 286n3; optical, 167; photography and, 271; projection, 42, 43, 127, 129; in racial context, 37–39; recording accessories, 200; refracting, 233; as visualization media, 16; William Herschel’s, 94, 95, 181, 182–83, 305n39
- Tennant, Major: on Venus transit observation sites, 245
- Terrall, Mary: combining teleology and visualization, 294–95n15
- Tharps, Lori L.: on capitalization of Black/black, 31
- thermographic strips, 203
- Thomson, Ann: on Raynal’s explanation of racial difference, 304n29
- three-body problem, 72, 103
- time: compression of, 77, 86; exposure time experiments, 159; microscope of, 235, 334n12; speed of, 294n7; synchronization methods of timekeeping, 328n30; time-lapse experiments, 41, 244; time-tracing technologies, 125, 195, 196–206. See also graphic method
- Tiphaigne de la Roche, Charles François: Amilec, 110, 303n18; Giphantie, 110–13, 117, 268; history machine of, 271; photo canvases of, 236, 270
- Tissandier, Gaston: describes Charles’s megascope, 135; illustration of Charles’s silhouetting, 133, 133–34
- tithonic rays, 190–91
- topophotography, 224–25
- Tortajada, Maria: media studies combined with cultural studies, 20
- trajectory, 12, 41
- transformism theory, 14
- transits. See Venus, transits of
- Treaty of Amiens (1802–1803), 155
- Treaty of Nanjing (1842), 213
- tremor-recording devices, 197. See also self-recording devices
- Trinidad: creation of a French colony on, 313n24
- Trouvelot, Étienne L.: astronomical illustrations, 272
- Tryon, Thomas, 66
- Turner, Matthew: copying prints onto glass, 315n41
- Turner, Nat, 182
- Turquety, Benoît: on precinema, 236
- tympans, 183, 187
- universalism, 107, 132, 228
- universe: architectonic of, 121; dynamic model of, 99; Earth’s position in, 52, 89; formation of, 2, 87, 94, 110, 232, 299n62; history of, 106; mechanism, 217; Milky Way equated with, 81–82; moral, 261–75; movement in, 299n62; natural, 4; Newton’s vision of, 72; racial hierarchy in, 90; size of, 231; telescopic vision, 245; trend toward disorder, 232; two-stroke engine of, 87–88; Wolff’s taxonomy, 73–74; Wright’s drawing of, 83. See also comets; cosmos; deep space; galaxies; meteors; Milky Way; nebulae; planets; solar system; star clusters; stars
- Uranus: discovery of, 94
- Van Berkel, Klaas: on motion, 12
- Vastey, Pompée Valentin: The Colonial System Unveiled, 177–78, 180
- Venus, 90
- Venus, transits of, 73, 246; in 1761, 108, 126–29; in 1769, 108, 126–29; in 1874, 13, 129, 244, 245, 248; in 1882, 129
- Venusians, 257–58
- Verne, Jules: Flammarion’s acquaintance with, 236; racism of, 259
- vibrations, 107–8, 123, 124. See also motion
- Ville d’Avray, A.: Voyage to the Moon before 1900, 340n11
- Villiers de L’Isle-Adam, Auguste, comte de: stories about Edison, 337n37
- Virilio, Paul: media studies combined with cultural studies, 20
- vision studies, 206–12
- visualization, 1–6, 42, 66, 278n12; astronomical, 24–27, 47–50, 64, 71, 85, 261, 281n36; cinematic, 12, 25, 88, 266, 271; cosmic, 65, 235; cosmological, 24–27, 69, 80–85, 87, 88, 261; Du Bois’s interest in, 272; graphs as tools of, 208; kinemorphic, 6, 15, 16, 26, 64, 97, 106, 217, 219, 229–30; macrocosmic, 232–33; magic lantern, 86; Maupertuis’ experiment, 73–80; photographic, 194; polyvalent, 224, 281n36; positivist, 223; racial, 26–27, 185, 220–21; schematic, 105; teleology and, 294–95n15; telescope as media of, 37; Thomas Wedgwood’s debates with Coleridge on, 154–55. See also animated visualizations; kinemorphosis
- vis viva, 74, 78, 85
- Volta, Alessandro: visited the Dumotiez firm, 166
- Voltaire, 127; polygenism of, 295n18; studies of Newtonian mechanics, 99, 100
- Wade, Nicholas J.: on sequence of discrete images, 280n33
- Warburton, William: on nonalphabetical writing, 123
- Warren, Calvin L.: ontological law of modernity, 284–85n74
- Watt. James: involved in creation of Pneumatic Institution, 140; member of Lunar Society, 153, 304n22
- wave theory of light (WTL), 119, 155–62, 334n12; Arago and Fenelon on, 139, 146, 190, 317n63; Huygens’s, 50, 51, 73, 119; Native knowledge re: navigation and astronomy, 314n35; Young’s research on, 123, 147, 149–50, 189. See also flexions; light
- Wedgwood, Josiah, Jr.: protocinematographic approach to vision, 154
- Wedgwood, Josiah, Sr.: Lunar Society founder, 305n41; proabolitionist stance, 28. See also Wedgwood factory
- Wedgwood, Thomas: attempts to take temperature of moonlight, 171; and Davy’s article, 152; debates with Coleridge, 5; invention of photography attributed to, 5, 19; Lunar Society member, 304n22; making silhouettes, 318n69; on ocular spectra, 154; phlogiston study, 304n22; photochemical images, 149, 151–55, 162; photonegative stencils, 11; Pneumatic Institution member, 140; proabolitionist stance, 28; research on relationship between heat and light, 143; Thomas Young meets, 149
- Wedgwood factory: “Am I Not a Man and a Brother?” (antislavery cameo), 29, 132-33; silver plating experiments, 153, 315-16n42
- Wells, H. G.: The First Men in the Moon, 264, 340n11
- Wells, William Charles: on Blackness of Negro skin, 141–42
- Wertheimer, Max: on moving images, 280–81n34
- Wheatstone, Charles: electrical cylinder recording machines, 201, 204; phenakistoscope, 239; physiology of vision research, 210; self-recording instruments, 202, 212; stereoscope invented by, 204; telegraph patent, 202
- Wheeler, Roxann: race and complexion, 305n35
- Whipple, John Adams: daguerreotype of a star, 223
- white, 53, 132, 305n33; capitalization of term, 31–32
- Whitehead, Alfred North: pancosmic panpsychism belief, 257
- whiteness, 78, 151; blackness and, 25, 175–80, 182, 193, 308n62; capitalization of, 31–32; as favored race, 218, 223; Kant’s telos of, 88–94, 304n29; light equated with, 139
- white people: Draper’s redefinition of, 219; exceptionalism of, 57
- white skin, 141, 280n28, 297–98n44; blackness produced on, 8–9, 118, 318n69
- white supremacy, 3, 32, 227, 258, 259, 263; advocates of, 331n60, 331n66; astronomical argument, 65, 227; Draper’s, 219; Kant’s, 89–90, 91; view of history, 105, 263. See also anti-Blackness; racism
- Whittaker, Nicholas: on capitalization of white/whiteness, 31
- Wilberforce, William: British abolition advocate, 117; on social Darwinism, 218
- Wilkins, John, 291n64
- Williams, Moses: physionotrace artist, 129–30
- Wolff, Christian, baron von: on nature of the universe, 73–74
- Wollaston, William Hyde: on black light, 147–48, 151; discovery of bands in light, 239; locating black lines in the spectrum, 148, 178; photochemical imaging experiments, 152, 153
- Wren, Christopher: perspectograph developed by, 52; weather clock designed by, 197
- Wright, Thomas, 86, 233; An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe . . . , 81, 81–84, 82, 83; claims to have observed Great Comet of 1744, 296n27; cosmology of, 88, 110; Flammarion’s inspiration from, 85; map of solar eclipse, 80, 80–81; pannauticon invented by, 295n23; star systems in three dimensions, 81
- Wulf, Andrea: on transit projections, 126
- Wynter, Sylvia: on Bernier’s racial classifications, 24; on Enlightenment racism, 91; on racialization across disciplines, 263; on scientific revolution through racial analytics, 24; on white Europeans use of term “Man,” 64
- Young, Thomas, 7–8; antiracism of, 151; Arago’s collaboration with, 156; cylinder chronometer, 16, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 221; and Davy’s article, 151–53; diffraction patterns, 149, 150; double-slit experiment, 158; light research, 7–8, 151, 157, 314n35; “On the Theory of Light and Colours,” 148, 149–50; photochemical experiments, 149, 162, 188; on Robert Darwin’s ocular spectra thesis, 153; WTL research, 123, 145, 189