Index — (1 of 2)

Page numbers in italics indicate photographs and other illustrations.

abolition: Arago’s work for, 189, 191–92, 193; astronomy and, 103, 181–87; Brougham’s work for, 170–71, 187–88, 189, 191; Coleridge’s work for, 4, 140; Emily Ronalds’s work for, 212; in French colonies, 104, 108–9, 157, 170; group of thinkers, 178; photography entwined with, 28, 132, 139, 170–71, 191; Schoelcher’s work for, 174–75, 191–92. See also emancipation; enslavement; slavery
absorption bands, 53, 148, 178, 322n25. See also light
actinograph. See Herschel, Sir John, actinograph
Africa, 39, 59, 62, 110–13, 115–18. See also enslavement; slavery
Airy, George Biddell: call to make astronomy self-tracing, 223; on photographic self-registration, 330n50; and solar eclipse of 1860, 225; Venus transit expedition, 244
Albéra, François: media studies combined with cultural studies, 20
Albertus Magnus, Saint: research on silver salts, 279n22
Allegri, Alessandro: comparison of glasses and texts, 277–78n6
Alpers, Svetlana: on visualizing, 278n12
Amici, Giovanni Battista: optical lens telescope assembly, 167
Amo, Anton Wilhelm, 90–91
Ampère, André-Marie, 15, 217
animated visualizations: astronomy’s use, 48–49, 71, 281n36; ethical, 79; imagination and, 100, 101–2, 155; kinemorphosis and, 11–16; Maupertuis’s use of, 80; natural philosophy’s use of, 110; racist discourses in, 62. See also visualization
animation: cinematic, 230; disciplinary, 27; divine principle of, 46–47; Flammarion’s film, 254; historical machine, 101; magic lantern slides, 238; precinematic, 50, 79; sequential, 15–16; technology of, 237; virtual, 86
anorthoscope, 209, 210
anti-Blackness, 55, 137, 258, 270; America’s, 103; in audio-visual media, 27–28, 169–70; Chambers on, 218; cosmic, 62–69; Flammarion on, 258; Lavater’s, 131; Maupertuis’s, 79; Moon and, 183; overcoming, 106, 178. See also racism; white supremacy
antiracism, 106, 216; Flammarion’s, 259; Maupertuis’s, 79, 80; Young’s, 151
Appadurai, Arjun: on racialization across disciplines, 263
Appiah, Kwame Anthony: on capitalization of Black/black, 31
Arago, Étienne, 192; antiracism work, 216; death of, 230, 231; measurement of the meridian, 224
Arago, François, 156–57; abolition program, 170, 189, 191–92, 193; biographical sketch of William Herschel, 160–62; campaign for wave theory of light, 317n63; Charles and, 136, 309n76; daguerreotypes, 176; light experiments, 139, 158, 160; optical lens telescope assembly, 167; photochemical images, 162–63, 165, 189, 190; Poisson Spot experiment, 146; pre-photographic experiments, 28, 190; silver chloride experiments, 172, 173–74; regarding sunray falling on silver muriate, 317n66; Talbot’s internship with, 164–65
Arago, Jacques: Voyage Around the World, 192
Arago, Jean, 192
arborescent crystallized metals, 7, 7
Aristotle, 25, 52, 74
Ashworth, William B., Jr.: on emblematic world view, 284n63
astronomy, 4, 206; abolition and, 103, 181–87; achieving world peace through, 252; astro-racialization and, 66; culture of, 99–106; Edison’s interest in, 250–51; eighteenth-century, 71, 72–73, 99–103; heliocentric, 25, 50, 71; in matrix of photocinema, 21–29; meteorology considered subset of, 14; navigational, 126; Newtonian, 24, 102; photography applied to, 41–42, 167, 223, 224–25; positivist hegemony and, 216–23; post-Copernican, 12; race and, 41, 47, 54, 262, 264, 291n61; role in shaping of photocinema, 46; self-tracing, 223; seventeenth-century, 71, 72; stellar, 94; synthesizing with electricity, 121; telescopic, 38–39, 41; William Herschel’s treatise on, 120, 123. See also visualization, astronomical
astrophotography, 196, 227; beginnings of, 215, 216, 223–24, 230; and solar eclipse of 1860, 225, 245; stop-action, 255–56. See also photographs/photography
astrophysics, 216, 239
astroracialism, 25, 57–63, 65–66, 85, 90, 91, 183. See also race; racialization

Bachelard, Gaston: on epistemological innovation, 236
Bacon, Roger, 40; On the multiplication of species, 46
Baily, Francis: and solar eclipse of 1842, 225
Balzac, Honoré de: on Locke’s megascope, 323n39
Bancroft, Edward: studies of silver nitrate, 142
Banneker, Benjamin: antiracism work, 216; embrace of astronomy, 103; on relationship of skin color to intellect, 27, 300–301n75
Barbaro, Daniele: camera obscura designed by, 40
Barbeu-Dubourg, Jacques: chronographic machine designed by, 100–102, 101, 105, 112, 197, 268, 270, 271
Barclay, David: on manumission of enslaved persons, 148
Barnes, Alan: on Robert Darwin’s ocular spectra thesis, 154; on Stubbs’s experiments, 315–16n42; on Wedgwood factory experiments with silver plating, 153, 315–16n42
Barthes, Roland: Camera Lucida, 262
Batchelor, Charles: fascination with cosmic forces, 251
Bauer, Francis: solar eclipse phases drawn by, 10, 10
Bazin, André: on origins of photography and cinema, 11, 19
Beccaria, Cesare: on silver compounds, 118
Beddoes, Thomas: knowledge of photochemistry, 140–41; Lunar Society member, 153; muriatic acid experiments, 177; Pneumatic Institution founder, 140; on Robert Darwin’s ocular spectra thesis, 154
Beer, Wilhelm: Moon map, 172
Behn, Aphra, 67–68
Bentham, Jeremy: and textual-visual knowledge, 217
Bentley, William: knowledgeable about photochemistry, 152–53
Bérard, Jacques-Étienne: on tin muriate, 162
Berbice Uprising (Dutch Guiana, 1763), 108
Bergerac, Cyrano de: The Comical History of the States and Empires of the Moon, 60–62, 291n66, 291n67
Bergson, Henri: pancosmic panpsychism belief, 257
Berkeley, George: on visual motion, 12, 14
Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Jacques-Henri: “Empsaël; an Episode,” 179–80; Paul et Virginie, 178–79
Bernasconi, Robert: on Bernier’s racial classification, 22
Bernier, François, 62; classifying races astronomically, 22, 23, 24, 284n67
Bernoulli, Johann, 74
Berthollet, Claude-Louis, 155; on Bérard’s work, 162; on light on silver nitrate, 318n69; on Thomas Wedgwood’s photochemical experiments, 162
Big Bang theory, 232, 299n62. See also universe, formation of
Biot, Jean-Baptiste: light experiments, 156, 158; measurement of the meridian, 224; review of Bérard’s work, 162; on Thomas Wedgwood’s photochemical experiments, 162
black, 305n33; capitalization of term, 31–32
Black, Joseph: conducted photochemistry classes, 188
black-drop effect, 128, 129, 245, 307–8n61. See also one-drop rule
blackening, 11, 115, 174; photochemical, 94, 117–18, 151, 177–78, 311n1, 314–15n39
blackness: black-making rays, 143–47; chromatic, 131, 151; photological, 139; whiteness and, 25, 175–80, 182, 193, 308n62
Blackness, 108, 177, 181–87; Aristotle equates with fire, 52; astronomy and optics connected with, 54, 261; capitalization of, 31–32; causes of, 9–10, 23, 24–27, 71, 78, 297–98n44; considered abnormal, 5; crypto-latency theory of, 25; Demanet’s theory of, 115–16; depathologizing, 11, 142; Draper’s conjectures regarding, 219; enmeshed in photomedia, 27–28; Hooke’s comments on, 54–55; idea of photography related to, 110–17; Kepler on, 290n59; optical, 93–94; photocinema and slavery connected to, 28–29, 137; racial, 54, 55, 56, 131, 151; thermo-metabolic thesis of, 25, 115; universalism through, 132
Black skin, 139–43, 175–80; cause of, 10–11, 25, 137, 290n59; Mitchell’s model of, 92; pathologization of, 114; producing color in, 307n54; silver nitrate associated with, 8, 54; use of term, 31. See also skin color
Blagden, Charles: work on photochemistry, 187–88
Bode, Johann Elert, 97, 299n59
Böhme, Jakob: Wright a follower of, 82
Bond, George Phillips: daguerreotypes of stars, 223; discovers new moon of Saturn, 205; method for correcting uneven cylinder rotations, 206
Bond, William Cranch: discovers new moon of Saturn, 205; method for correcting uneven cylinder rotations, 206
Bonelli, Gaetano: photobioscope designed by, 245–46
Bonnet, Charles, 117
Boodt, Anselmus de: odometer-and-compass apparatus invented by, 196
Bougainville, Louis-Antoine de: Venus transit expedition, 126
Boulton, Matthew: silver plating experiments, 315–16n42
Bouly, Léon: cinématographe invented by, 337n39
Boyle, Robert: on color theory, 8–9; silver nitrate experiments, 54, 60; ties to transatlantic slave trade, 23
Bradley, James: daily map of positions of Gamma Draconis, 72–73; on solar system orbiting Milky Way, 99
Brahe, Tycho: epicycles, 41
Breguet, Abraham-Louis: self-winding perpetual motion clock, 199–200; tourbillon mechanism, 199
Breguet, Louis-François-Clément: built Marey’s first sphygmograph, 200; claim to invention of chronoscope invalidated, 201
Brewster, David: spectroscopy work, 327–28n24
Brooke, Charles: actinograph, 328n31; rotating cylinder devices, 214
Brougham, Henry Peter, Lord: emancipation legislation spearheaded by, 170–71, 187–88, 189; on optical aspects of racial difference, 191; photochemical images, 149; pre-photographic experiments by, 28, 188–89; University College London co-founder, 190
Brown, Vincent: on Tacky’s Revolt, 108
Bruce, La Marr Jurelle: on capitalization of Black/black, 31
Bruegel the Elder, Jan: The Allegory of Sight, 39, 39
Brunet, François: on universal idea of photography, 107
Buck-Morss, Susan: call for universal humanity, 263
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, count de, 222; epigenetic model, 109–10; interest in skin color anomalies, 141; notion of prototype, 178; taxonomy of, 74
Bunsen, Robert: on light bands, 239
Burnard, Trevor: on mass poisoning deaths in Saint-Domingue, 302n5

camera lucida, 262; telescope combined with, 224
camera obscura, 40, 109, 111–12, 166, 270, 310n93; black-to-white images received in, 176; Charles’s, 134, 135–36, 309n81; Coleridge’s models of, 155; following the Sun with, 42, 43, 313n27; heliostat combined with, 135–36, 159; images remaining on paper, 7; indoor views obtained with, 320n92; interference patterns in, 8; Kepler’s Somnium seen as, 57; Kircher’s use of, 46; photochemistry combined with, 19; screen immersion projected from, 183, 187; silhouetting uses for, 311n96; solar microscope paired with, 92, 135–36, 143, 144, 145, 152, 157–58; splitting light beam into two, 149; telescope assembly combined with, 40–45, 42, 52, 69; top-down inversion, 163; vision model of, 209; William Herschel’s experiments with, 95
Camper, Petrus: on Blackness, 118; drawing of human head morphing kinetically, 26
Canales, Jimena: on astronomers measuring thoughts, 328n30; on black-drop effect, 129
Canguilhem, Georges: on epistemological innovation, 236
Carmontelle, Louis Carrogis: displays full-size rolling canvas panoramas, 131
cartography, 171, 224–25
Casid, Jill H.: on magic lanterns, 288–89n38
Cavendish, Margaret: on Hooke’s racial implications, 53–54
Caze, Louis de la: optical theory of embryogenesis, 109–10
Chakrabarty, Dipesh: on racialization across disciplines, 263
Chambers, Robert: polygenism of, 219; Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, 218
Chaperon, Danielle: on Flammarion’s animation film, 254–56, 333n3
Chaptal, Jean-Antoine: review of Bérard’s work, 162
Charles, Jacques-Alexandre-César: achromatic lenses made by, 167; Arago and, 136, 309n76; camera obscura made by, 134, 135–36, 309n81; heliostat made by, 310n86; megascope made by, 272, 310n90; silhouetting process, 133, 133–37, 139, 149; training Parisian instrument-makers, 166
chemistry, 14, 188–89. See also photochemistry
Chen-Morris, Raz, 292–93n74; on Kepler’s Somnium, 57
Chevalier, Charles: achromatic lenses made by, 167; introduces Daguerre and Niépce, 135; microscope made by, 166
Chevalier, Vincent: camera obscura made by, 166, 167
Chisholm, Alexander: assistant in Wedgewood factory, 153
Chladni, Ernst Florens Friedrich: sand patterns on vibrating plates, 123, 124
Chrétien, Gilles-Louis: physionotrace device, 129–30
chromo-megascope, 272, 275. See also megascopes
chronographs/chronography: cylinder, 16, 198, 241; drum-recording, 205–6, 223; history, 272; prototypes for, 214; for synchronization of timekeeping, 328n30; use of term, 201. See also Barbeu-Dubourg, Jacques, chronographic machine designed by; photochronography
chrono-imaging, 94–99. See also images/imaging; photoimages/photoimaging
chronometers, 16, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 205
chronophotographs/chronophotography, 227–28; Barbeu-Dubourg’s machine, 100–102, 101, 105; history of, 272; moving-plate, 212–15; passage to cinema, 71; sequential, 15, 16, 91; use of term, 204, 226. See also photographs/photography
chronoscopes, 16, 201, 235, 240. See also technochronoscope
cinema, 26;, 64 archaeology of, 73, 173, 270; of attractions, 256–57, 264; beginnings of, 264–71; chronophotography’s passage to, 71; emergence of, 2–3, 5, 15–16, 41, 195, 248; French avant-garde, 256–57; historiography of, 17–19, 167; intersection with photography, 1, 202; and machining of history, 270–75; matrix of, 1–36, 268; origins of, 1, 19, 194, 229, 236–42. See also Flammarion, Camille, inception of cinema by; precinema
cinema apparatus, 85, 242, 272; Flammarion’s creations of, 31, 199, 251, 252, 253; precursor of, 100, 230, 270
cinematography, high-speed, 256–57
Clarkson, Thomas: gradation model, 143; indictment of slavery, 32; on skin color spectrum, 92, 94, 312–13n18
Clausius, Rudolf: thermodynamics of, 232
Clerke, Agnes Mary: as astronomer-popularizer, 257
clouds, 12, 14, 121, 234. See also meteorology
Code Noir: of 1685, 65, 292–93n74; of 1724, 79
Coffij: leads Berbice Uprising, 108
Colbert, Jean-Batiste, 292–93n74
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 4–5; abolition efforts, 4, 140; critique of Pope’s translation of Homer, 278n13; fascination with ocular spectra, 206–7; on perceptual experiences, 154–55; on portrait painter William Hazlitt, 154–55; visualizing by, 6
Collen, Henry: calotype photography, 213
colonialism/colonization: of Africa, 115; appropriation by, 57; astronomy integral to, 69, 216; closeness with photocinema, 201; of East and West Indies, 122; of the moon, 284n63, 291n64; nineteenth-century European agenda, 105; racism of, 266; Spanish settler, 56
comets: formation of, 85, 86; orbits of, 12, 41, 75; protocinematic, 85–88; of 1744, 296n27; Wright’s drawing of, 82, 82
complexion, 297–98n44, 305n35. See also skin color
Comte, Auguste, 105, 218
Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de: antiracism work, 216; kinemorphic modeling, 105; on optical aspects of racial difference, 191; Outlines of an Historical View of the Progress of the Human Mind, 104–5; on Marat’s experiments, 147; Reflections on the Enslavement of Negroes, 103–4; work on global history of knowledge, 222, 301n80
Cook, Henry: photobioscope designed by, 246
Cook, James: Venus transit expedition, 126
Cooke, William Fothergill: telegraph patent, 202
cosmogony, 62, 181, 232
cosmology: anti-Blackness in, 62–65, 67; eighteenth-century, 80; enslaved individual, 66; general theory of, 71; Kant’s, 84, 85–94, 100; kinemorphic, 94, 123, 181; Lambert’s, 88, 299n59; post-Copernican, 12; use of term, 73–74; William Herschel’s, 71, 94–99, 123, 221; Wright’s, 110. See also visualization, cosmological
cosmos: age of, 77; Cartesian theory of, 67; divine and natural origin of, 3; Earth linked to, 24–27, 261; Herschelian theory of, 123; natural history of, 218; unseeable and unknowable, 232, 284n63; visualization of, 69. See also universe
Courbet, Gustave: pictorial realism of, 277n1
Crary, Jonathan: on camera obscura model of vision, 209; media studies combined with cultural studies, 20
Crookes, William: pancosmic panpsychism belief, 257
Cros, Charles: cylinder instruments, 199, 247, 250, 251; Flammarion’s acquaintance with, 230, 236; motion-imaging apparatus, 236, 237; precinema work, 242, 246–47
Curran, Andrew S.: on Demanet’s plagiarizing of Physical Venus, 114
Cuvier, Georges, 222; age of the Earth, 281n41; descriptions of Venusians and Martians, 257–58
cylinder actinograph, 203. See also Herschel, Sir John, actinograph
cylinders: applied to photography, 239; Desvignes’s patent on, 328n31; electro-chronographic, 206; parallel, 100–101; in telechronoscope and kinetoscope, 31; vertical-axis, 206

Daguerre, Louis: Arago as champion of, 163; Diorama shows, 173; discovery of blue end of spectrum, 119; invention of photography attributed to, 9, 19, 165, 169–73; light experiments, 160; meets Nicéphore Niépce, 135; Parisian instrument-makers assisting, 139; photographic process, 119, 190, 209, 321n5; photographing the Moon, 223; Talbot’s debate with, 160; Vincent Chevalier’s work with, 167
daguerreotypes, 163, 170, 176, 187, 193. See also photographs/photography
Daniel, Gabriel: A Voyage to the World of Descartes, 67, 68
Darwin, Charles: biological observations, 219; expanding kinemorphic visualization, 97; On the Origin of Species, 47; social Darwinism, 218; theory of evolution, 14, 25, 220–21
Darwin, Erasmus: Lunar Society member, 153, 304n22; ocular spectra research, 153, 206–7; use of term sexual reproduction, 302n13; Zoonomia, 281n40
Darwin, Robert Waring: ocular spectra research, 153–54, 206–7
Daston, Lorraine: on mechanical objectivity, 277n1, 278n9; on “truth-to-nature” creed of early modern illustration, 52
Davy, Humphry: on absorption of sunlight by Black skin, 10–11; “An Account of a Method of Copying Paintings Upon Glass . . . ,” 151–52; Consolations in Travel, 232; photochemical experiments, 153, 162; Pneumatic Institution founder, 140; separation of light and heat experiments, 314–15n39; white supremacy advocate, 331n60
deep space, 2, 71, 72, 86. See also universe
Delany, Martin: on skin color, 143, 312–13n18
De la Rue, Warren: main precursor of astrophotography, 224; and solar eclipse of 1860, 225, 226; on Venus transit observation sites, 245
Delbourgo, James: on Newton’s color theory, 92
Demanet, Jean-Baptiste: engaged in the slave trade, 113, 114, 116; explanation of racial difference, 304n29; A New History of French Africa, 113, 114–15, 116, 117; racism of, 132; on skin color, 118, 219
Demenÿ, Georges: precinema technical work, 248
De Pauw, Cornelius: on eradication of black sperm, 118
Descartes, René: attributes of reason, 3, 12; Kircher’s association with, 45; on shape of the Earth, 74; vortex theory, 199
Deschiens, Eugene: construction of the photobioscope, 245–46, 337n38
Desnoyers, Louis: Robert-Robert, 340–41n13
Desvignes, Pierre-Hubert: patent on a cylinder device, 328n31
Diana’s Tree, 7, 7
Dickson, Antonia, 250
Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie: kinetograph/kinetoscope design, 199, 248, 250, 252
Diderot, Denis, 294–95n15; on Barbeu-Dubourg’s chronographic machine, 100–102; explanation of Blackness, 116
Doherty, Francis: on Robert Darwin’s ocular spectra thesis, 154
Doherty, Meghan C.: on Robert Hooke, 289–90n50
Dollond, John: combination lenses innovated by, 73
Douglass, Frederick, 27, 192–94, 195
Draper, John William: diffraction experiments, 324n56; dynamic physiology work, 221, 228; Human Physiology, Statical and Dynamical, 218–20; mechanism of registry, 222–23; photographing the Moon, 174, 175, 190, 223; photoimaging work, 190; spectroscopy work, 327–28n24; tithonic rays research, 190–91; white supremacy advocate, 331n66
dualism, 67, 77–78
Du Bois, W. E. B., 262; astronomy study, 342n22; booth at Paris Exposition Universelle, 274; “The Comet.,” 268, 270; “The Princess Steel,” 271–72; “Valuation of Town and City Property Owned by Georgia Negroes” (graph), 273
Du Châtelet, Gabrielle-Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise: study of Newtonian mechanics, 99
Ducos du Hauron, Louis: motion-imaging apparatus, 236, 237
Dumas, Alexandre, 192, 321n4
Du Maurier, George, 251

Earth, 52, 57, 65; age of, 281n41; axis of, 72; central position of, 25, 37, 65; circuit theory, 202; cosmos linked to, 24–27, 261; gravitational pull of, 103; Moon’s relationship to, 56, 58, 156, 181; natural history of, 2, 23; origin of, 14; shape of, 74, 296–97n34. See also Moon; solar system; Sun
Eberty, Felix: on microscope of time, 334n12; The Stars and the Earth, 235, 245
eclipses. See solar eclipses
Eddington, Arthur: solar eclipse photographs, 333n84
Eder, Josef Maria: attributes invention of photography to Johann Heinrich Schulze, 19
Edison, Thomas: chronophotography work of, 196, 251; cylinder phonograph design, 199, 247, 337n37; etheric forces, 191; Flammarion and, 248–52; kinetograph/kinetoscope, 31, 199, 229, 235, 236, 248–50, 250; microphone developed by, 251
Einstein, Albert: relativity theory, 333n84
electricity: astronomy and, 121; cylinder-recordings driven by, 205–6; discovery of, 144; innovations around, 202; within Naturphilosophie, 131; Ronalds’s fascination with, 212–13; speed of, 201–2; used as means of torture, 302n9
electrification, 123, 201, 202
electromagnetism, 201–2, 205–6, 223. See also magnetism
emancipation, 66, 103, 170, 180, 182, 279–80n25. See also abolition
embryogenesis: optical theory of, 109–10
embryology/embryos, 12, 71, 78
Englefield, Sir H. C.: experiments on the separation of light and heat, 314–15n39
Enlightenment: astronomy study during, 99; belief that humans were naturally white, 23, 24, 91; photochemistry during late period, 139–43; racial thinking during, 5, 102, 132, 178; rationalism/reason during, 3–4, 12, 14; remaking the world, 95; scientific thinking during, 29; segregated racial phylogeny, 102; on skin color, 116, 118; thinkers from, 39
enslavement, 58, 69; of Africans, 23, 57, 90, 106, 115–16, 118; laws regarding, 65, 66. See also abolition; emancipation; slavery
entropy, 232
epigenesis, 12, 77–78, 109–10
Equiano, Olaudah: embracing Mitchell’s model of Black skin, 92
ether, 74, 82, 251, 280n31, 297n43
etheric forces, 191, 251, 337n41
eugenics, 25, 59, 118, 292n73
Euler, Leonhard: matter research, 73; megascope invented by, 135; optical theory, 297n43
evolution: cosmic, 104–5; Darwinian, 14, 25, 220–21
extraterrestrials, 252, 258, 295n18; racialized, 4, 22–23, 57, 59, 60, 91. See also Lunarians; Selenites
Eytelwein, Johann Albert: self-recording cylindrical apparatuses, 200–201, 327n16

Fabri de Peiresc, Nicolas-Claude: correspondence with Galileo, 39
Fanon, Frantz: on white gaze, 27
Faraday, Michael: spinning wheels experiments, 209–10; stroboscopic patterns, 211; Wheatstone’s work with, 212
Faye, Hervé: on photographing Venus transits, 245
Fénelon, François de Salignac de La Mothe: on imaging, 293n83; “A Purported Journey,” 68–69
Ferreira da Silva, Denise: on Demanet’s framework of affectability, 118; on Newton, 292–93n74; on racialization across disciplines, 24, 91, 263
Firmin, Anténor: on Flammarion, 257; Positive Anthropology, 259
First Nations peoples: associated with extraterrestrials, 60. See also Indigenous peoples; Inuit peoples; Native Americans
Fizeau, Armand-Hippolyte-Louis: daguerreotypes commissioned from, 204
Flammarion, Camille, 230–31; animated photography, 244; animation short films, 254, 255, 266; antiracism of, 259; The Atmosphere, 242; Edison and, 248–52; The End of the World, 253, 339n60; expanding kinemorphic visualization, 97; inception of cinema by, 16, 31, 229–30, 236–42, 251, 252–56, 264, 268, 271; on Janssen’s photographic revolver, 247, 248; lantern slides, 238; Lumen, 229, 231–36, 239, 240, 246–47, 250, 251, 252, 256, 258, 272, 333n3, 334n12, 338–39n58; Mémoires, 339n60; Nadar’s photographs of, 242; pancosmic panpsychism belief, 257; photographic motion actinometer built by, 230, 248; photometer, 240–42, 241; The Plurality of Inhabited Worlds, 231, 233; as popularizer, 259; precinema work, 242–48; simulation film of an eclipse, 255; sources of inspiration, 85; Starry Dreams, 339n60; telechronoscope, 31, 37, 199, 229–59; telephonoscope, 252; Uranie, 252–53
flexions, 143–44, 188, 189. See also light; wave theory of light (WTL)
Florence, Hercules: photographic process, 321n5
Flourens, Gustave: racist views, 332n72
Flourens, Marie-Jean-Pierre, 221
Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bovier, sieur de, 233, 292n73; astroracialism discourse, 65, 90, 91; Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds, 62–65, 63; racism of, 64, 67–68, 89
Foucault, Jean-Bernard-Léon: instruments made by, 167
Foucault, Michel: genealogical debunking, 30; media studies combined with cultural studies, 20; warns against discursive formations, 261
Fourcroy, Antoine-François: on skin blackening form nitric silver dissolution, 141
Franklin, Benjamin: positive/negative poles proposed by, 131
Fraunhofer, Joseph von: locating black lines in the spectrum, 178, 179, 190, 239; telescope design by, 183
Fresnel, Augustin-Jean: heliostats use, 158–59; light experiments, 159–60; “On Light,” 158, 159; photochemical images, 190; Poisson Spot experiment, 146; soda-making process, 151; twin-mirror setup, 189; wave theory of light campaign, 317n63
Friedman, Michael: on Kant, 88, 297n43
fringes, interference, 151, 158–59, 165, 188, 190, 211, 226
Froment, Paul Gustave, 224; photographs taken by, 166–67, 320n92
Fulhame, Elizabeth: essay on use of silver nitrate on cloth and paper, 140
Fyfe, Andrew: use of term photography, 321n5

Gal, Ofer, 292–93n74; on motion, 280n32
galaxies, 77, 86, 97, 231, 232. See also stars; universe
Galileo, 47, 49, 74; telescope use, 38, 39, 41, 68
Galison, Peter L.: on mechanical objectivity, 277n1, 278n9; on “truth-to-nature” creed of early modern illustration, 52
Galton, Francis: and solar eclipse of 1860, 225
Garrigus, John: on mass poisoning deaths in Saint-Domingue, 302n5
Gassendi, Pierre, 61, 62; classifying races astronomically, 22–23
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 193–94; on Renoir’s Charleston Parade, 268
Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis: and Niépce and Fresnel, 157; work with iron muriate, 163–64
Gernsheim, Helmut: on origins of photography and cinema, 19, 188
Girard, Aimé: and solar eclipse of 1860, 225
Glissant, Édouard: poetics, 27, 28; on racialization across disciplines, 263
Gobineau, Arthur de: racist theories, 257, 332n72
Godwin, Francis, 91; The Man in the Moone, 58–60, 67, 340–41n13
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von: coinage of the noun Morphologie, 281n40; fascination with ocular spectra, 206–7; Jena circle member, 143; reconciling nature with philosophical thought, 121–22
Gould, Stephen Jay: on craniometry, 220
grand unified theory of forces, 123
graphic method, 195–228; Marey’s, 199, 200, 206, 215, 221, 222. See also self-recording devices; time
gravitation, 14, 65, 85, 103, 217
Great Moon Hoax, 181–87, 184, 192, 233, 236, 264, 340–41n13
Grévin, Alfred: Photographe (watercolor), 265
Griggs, William N.: on the Great Moon Hoax, 186–87
Grimaldi, Francesco: on interferences, 317n63
Gunning, Tom: on media archaeology, 21

Hackwood, William: “Am I Not a Man and a Brother?” (antislavery cameo), 29, 132–33
Haeckel, Ernst: expanding kinemorphic visualization, 97
Haitian Revolution (1791), 142–43
Halley, Edmond: on interferences, 314n35; position of stars, 72
Halley’s Comet: return of, 181
Hartman, Saidya: coerced spectacles of Black life, 284–85n74
Harvey, William: blood circulation model, 12; epigenesis proposed by, 77–78
Hazlitt, William, 154–55
heat, 53, 145, 315n41, 337–38n44; light and, 91, 93–95, 117, 143–47, 149, 202, 204, 223
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: astronomy study, 99, 100; philosophy of history, 25, 105
hegemony: European, 3, 217; global, 57; positivist, 216–23; Western, 2, 20, 218, 266
heliocentrism, 2, 4, 12, 25, 37, 41, 57, 58, 69
heliographs/heliography, 225; Niépce’s process of, 8, 9, 10, 11, 157, 171, 173
helioscopes, 144. See also solar microscopes, camera obscura paired with
heliostats: camera obscura combined with, 135–36, 159; Charles’s, 310n86; Fresnel’s use of, 158–59; with Janssen’s photographic revolver, 244; Laussedat’s setup, 225–26, 245; photographing the Moon, 174; ’s Gravesande’s, 119, 135–136
helium, 244, 336n26
Helmholtz, Hermann von: believed Sun to be the origin of all forces, 301n2
Henriquez, L.-M.: Voyage and Adventures of Frondeabus, Son of Herschel, 105–6
Herder, Johann Gottfried von: Kant’s debate with, 94; reconciling nature with philosophical thought, 121–22; Thomas Young meets, 149
Herschel, Caroline: kinemorphic modeling, 94–95, 97, 104–5; silhouette of, 125
Herschel, Sir John: actinograph, 203, 204, 206, 214, 240, 242, 248, 328n31; Arago’s collaboration with, 156; cataloging the southern skies, 185–86, 186; coined the word “photography,” 46, 160, 204, 321n5; Darwin inspired by, 220; exposure time experiment, 159; graphic process developed by, 206; “Light,” 165; Moon discoveries, 186; on photographic self-registration, 330n50; photometer, 248; platinum muriate experiments, 164–65; Poe’s plagiarizing of, 181; on positive and negative afterimages, 176, 208; Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy, 221; pre-photography understandings, 94, 190, 335n17; prototype of 3D cinema, 206; spectroscopy work, 327–28n24; thaumatrope, 209; use of term “envisage,” 278–79n14; using telescopes, 186, 319n88
Herschel, William: Arago’s biographical sketch of, 160–62; areas of research, 305n39; astronomical theories of, 120, 123; black-making rays theory, 147, 158, 160, 161, 191; calorific rays, 95, 143, 151, 161, 162; cosmology of, 71, 94–99, 123, 221; discovers new moon of Saturn, 205; kinemorphic modeling, 104–5; light experiments, 143–44, 151, 157, 298n55; on Marat, 146, 313n22; nebular theory, 14–15, 16, 71, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 156, 306n43; “On the Construction of the Heavens,” 98–99; polyvalent dynamic practices, 120; research on relationship between heat and light, 143; translation of Kant’s Universal Natural History, 299n59; weather theories, 282n42. See also telescopes, William Herschel’s
Hervey, T. K.: on mechanical reproduction processes, 302n13
Heth, Joice: exhibition of, 323n33
Hevelius, Johannes, 53; Cometographia, 48; Machinae Coelestis, 48; Selenographia, 47–48, 48; solar eclipse phases, 13; telescopic projection of sunspots in a camera obscura, 42
hieroglyphs: of the flesh, 284–85n74; natural, 6, 107, 120–25; ocular, 206–12; photoimaging, 107–37; Ponce’s drawings combining with silhouettes, 145
Hill, Ginger: on Frederick Douglass, 194
Hingley, Peter D.: on serial photography, 244
Hirsch, Adolphe: chronographic and telegraphic methods for synchronization of timekeeping, 328n30
history: animating, 99–106; double violence of, 113; Flammarion’s pancosmic, 257–59; Hegel’s philosophy of, 25, 105; human, 2–3, 16, 71, 92, 99, 100, 106; machining of, 271–75; racialized, 16, 262; visualizing, 102, 104–5, 223. See natural history
Hogarth, William, 126; on color in Black skin, 307n54
Holbein the Younger, Hans: Dance of Death engravings, 50
Homberg, Wilhelm: research on silver nitrate, 279n20
Home, Everard, 9–11; experimentation on Black people, 23, 25, 142
Hooke, Robert: on chromatic blackness, 116; engravers’ vocabulary, 289–90n50; Micrographia, 51–56, 55, 57; mites, 60; punch-hole recording system built by, 197; on racial mutability, 54–55, 91, 112; redefinition of optical blackness, 93–94
Hopwood, Nick: on polyvalent visualization, 281n36
Hoskin, Michael: on beginning of modern era of astronomy, 97
Howard, Luke: meteorology inaugurated by, 14, 282n42
Hubble, Edwin: discovery of red shift in spectrographs, 299n62
Hubert, Alphonse Eugene: Arago’s experiments with silver chloride, 174; Daguerre’s photographic research, 171–73; photochemical process, 176
Hugo, Victor: on age of stars, 231–32; Flammarion’s acquaintance with, 236
human beings, 23, 56, 217, 220; reproduction in, 109–10, 294n14. See also history, human; skin color
Humboldt, Alexander von: Arago’s collaboration with, 156; Darwin inspired by, 220; Kosmos, 21
Huxley, Thomas Henry: on social Darwinism, 218
Huygens, Christiaan: on habitation of planets, 57; Kircher’s association with, 45; magic lantern sketches, 50, 51, 53, 288–89n38; pendulum clock invented by, 196; on Saturn’s orbit, 49, 49–50; wave theory of light, 51, 73

Ibn al-Haytham, Hasan, 40, 47
images/imaging: black-to-white, 176; camera obscura combined with telescope, 41; chrono-imaging, 94–99; current technologies of, 6; electrophorous, 121, 306n43; Fénelon on, 293n83; formation of, 5; Herschel’s work with, 176; infrared, 152; intraocular, 207, 207; kinemorphic, 209, 237; mirror, 303n20; of Moon phases, 47–48; new modes of, 24–27, 261; perception of moving, 280–81n34; photochemical, 119–20; sequential, 47–49, 86, 280n33; telescopic, 42, 187. See also chrono-imaging; photoimages/photoimaging
imagination,101–2; Adam Smith on, 100; Coleridge on, 4, 6, 155; Kant on, 87–88
Indigenous peoples, 56, 57. See also First Nations peoples; Inuit peoples; Native Americans
Ingenhousz, Jan: elucidation of photosynthesis, 117
interferences, 317n63, 317n66; light, 8, 149, 151, 157–62, 160, 314n35. See also fringes, interference
Inuit peoples, 65. See also Indigenous peoples; First Nations peoples

Jaki, Stanley: on Kant’s passage on flattening of the Earth, 296–97n34
Jamaica Slave Act of 1684, 65
James, William: pancosmic panpsychism belief, 257
Janssen, Jules: camera telescope assembly, 227; and 1874 transit of Venus, 13, 281n35; Flammarion’s acquaintance with, 230, 236; photographic revolver, 73, 129, 224, 227, 244, 246, 247, 248, 337n38; precinema work, 242, 244, 247; spectroscope design, 336n33
Janvier, Louis-Joseph: A Black People Confronting White Peoples, 338n54; on Flammarion, 257
Jena circle, 143
Johnson, Joseph: megascope invented by, 271–72, 275
Jupiter, 38, 50, 90

Kant, Immanuel, 102; anthropological studies, 88–89; astronomical studies, 99; cosmology of, 84, 85–94, 100; and Euler’s optical theory, 297n43; Herder’s debate with, 94; kinemorphic sublime, 88; nebular theory, 156, 296–97n34; race theory of, 25, 92, 233; telos of whiteness, 88–94, 304n29; Universal Natural History, 299n59; visual simulation method, 85–86; white supremacy of, 89–90, 91
Keats, John: use of term “envisage,” 278–79n14
Keir, James: assistant in Wedgewood factory, 153
Keith, Alexander: self-recording cylinder thermometer built by, 197, 198
Kepler, Johannes, 233; on Blackness, 91, 290n59; camera obscura built by, 40, 60; Somnium, 56–57, 58, 60
Kielmeyer, Carl Friedrich, 281n40
kinematics, 15, 129, 226. See also mechanics
kinemorphic modeling, 86, 99, 104–5
kinemorphosis, 71–106, 239; combined with photoimaging into common matrix, 11–16; cosmology, 94, 123, 181; first objects of, 41; Flammarion’s fascination with, 246; light as phenomenon of, 50; macrocosmic, 87; Maupertuis’s disk star, 77, 80, 86; skull, 220. See also visualization, kinemorphic
kinetographs/kinetoscopes: Edison’s invention of, 31, 199, 229, 235, 236, 248–50, 250, 251, 252
Kircher, Athanasius: Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae, 43–45; examines formation of all being, 45–47; on habitation of planets, 57; photosphia theory, 84; plastic seed, 54, 60; proposal to unify East and West Indies, 122; visualizing the cosmos, 84
Kirchhoff, Gustav: on light bands, 239
Kittler, Friedrich: media studies combined with cultural studies, 20

Lacaille, Nicolas Louis de: visual techniques of, 95
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste: age of the Earth, 281n41; meteorology inaugurated by, 14
Lambert, Johann Heinrich: areas of research, 305n39; cosmology of, 88, 299n59; modes of visualization, 80, 84–85; pantographs, 42; photometria coined by, 45
lantern slides, 238
Langlois, Henri: exhibition of Marey’s black-and-white shorts, 325–26n1
Laplace, Pierre-Simon, marquis de, 155–56; on dark stars, 235; emissive theory favored by, 158
Lassell, William: discovers new moon of Saturn, 205
Launay, Françoise: on serial photography, 244
Laussedat, Aimé: heliostat setup, 245; photographic applications, 224, 225; and solar eclipse of 1860, 225–26; two-reel paper camera, 335n17
Lavater, Johann Kaspar: polygenism of, 219; racist physiognomy theory, 129, 130–32, 142, 176
Lavoisier, Antoine: engaged in the slave trade, 114; new chemistry of, 140; oxygenation model of photochemical blackening, 94
Le Cat, Claude-Nicolas, 292n73
Legentil de La Galaisiere, Guillame, 126–27
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 74; on human reproduction, 294n14
Leslie, John: Lunar Society member, 153; Thomas Young meets, 149
Le Verrier, Urbain-Jean-Joseph, 231
Lewis, William: knowledgeable about photochemistry, 153
Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph: adaptation of Franklin’s electrical polarity, 176; correspondence with Joseph Priestley, 305n41; electrostatic dust pattern, 122, 123; experiments with positive/negative poles, 131; natural hieroglyphs publicized by, 121; “On Physiognomy, Against Physiognomists,” 132; photoimages produced by, 6–7, 8
light: absence of, 151; absorption of, 53, 148, 158, 322n25; Arago’s experiments, 139, 158, 160; bands of, 239; becoming matter, 117–20; bending of, 146, 147; black, 11, 147–51, 191; bouncing from objects, 136; chemical composition of, 158–59, 162, 322n25; considered divine principle of animation, 46–47; corpuscular theory of, 156, 157; emission theory of, 157, 158, 164; inflection theory of, 92, 144, 160, 162; interaction with matter, 279n20; kinemorphic imaging flow, 237; light ray experiments, 144–47, 157, 158; nature of, 5; photographs obtained by action of, 139, 320n92; physics of, 103, 167; projections of, 121, 126; quantification of, 84; racial underlayment, 54, 139; route of, 77; silhouetting by means of, 133; silver chloride’s reactions to, 311n1; silver nitrate’s reactions to, 318n69; skin color’s reactions to, 92, 142; in solar system, 37; speed of, 73, 223, 231; theories of, 7–8, 50, 143–44, 298n55. See also heat, light and; interferences, light; Moon; nebulae; star clusters; stars; Sun; wave theory of light (WTL)
Linnaeus, Carolus: On Plant Species, 47; taxonomy of, 74
Lippershey, Hans: telescope built by, 37, 38
Litchfield, R. B.: on Thomas Wedgwood as inventor of photography, 19, 134
lithography, 109, 302n13
Ljungberg, Jons Matthias: on imagining a photoimaging process, 6–7
Locke, Richard Adams: “Great Astronomical Discoveries . . . ,” 181–82; Great Moon Hoax, 181, 182–83, 185; megascope, 323n39; “The Universe Restored,” 181
Lockyer, Joseph Norman, 244
Louverture, Toussaint: leads revolt of enslaved peoples in Saint-Domingue, 155
Lowe, Lisa: on racialization across disciplines, 263
Lunarians, 57, 59–62, 91, 183, 264, 340–41n13. See also Selenites
Lunar Society, 153, 304n22, 305n41
lynching (in fiction): 67, 270
Lyon, John B.: on Lavater’s theory of physiognomy, 130–31

Mackandal, François: Saint-Domingue poisoning plot, 108
Mädler, Johann Heinrich von: Moon map, 172; uses term photographie, 171
magic lanterns, 288–89n38, 340–41n13; Charles’ megascope as, 136; Huygens’s sketches of, 50, 51; projection with, 237, 238; Sun acting as, 66; used as torture devices on enslaved rebels, 302n9; visualization with, 86
magnetism, 213, 223, 335n21. See also electromagnetism
magnification, 51–52, 73, 171, 183, 187
“Malagasy Types: Tanosy Warrior,” 267, 340n12
Maldonado, Juan: Somnium, 56
Malpighian layer of skin, 78, 116, 117, 118. See also skin color
Malus, Étienne-Louis: on Charles’ megascope, 135–36; photochemical experiments, 162, 173
Mannoni, Laurent: The Great Art of Light and Shadow, 20–21, 43; on Kircher, 45; on protocinema and proto-photography insights, 16
mapping. See cartography
Marat, Anne-Marie: work with Breguet, 199
Marat, Jean-Paul, 189, 199; heat convection patterns, 145; Henriquez’s satirization of, 105; light ray experiments, 144–47, 157, 158; on Saint-Laurent’s creation of a colony in Trinidad, 313n24; William Herschel’s commentary on, 313n22
Marey, Étienne-Jules: adopted cylinder chronograph, 206; avoids racial discussions, 332n72; booth at Paris Exposition Universelle, 272, 274; chronometer, 200, 201; chronophotographic work, 27, 196, 206, 214–15, 227–28, 244, 247; dynamic physiology work, 221, 228; exhibition of black-and-white short films, 325–26n1; expanding kinemorphic visualization, 97; Flammarion’s acquaintance with, 230, 236; graphic method, 199, 200, 206, 215, 221, 222; heliostats, 244; moving-plate photographs, 215; on origins of cinema, 19; precinema work, 191, 236, 242, 244, 248; quote from, 195; sphygmograph, 200, 206
Martians, 253, 257–58
Masonic Lodge of the Nine Sisters, 304n22
Massimi, Michela: on Maupertuis as source of Kant’s nebular theory, 296–97n34
Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de, 102, 115; antiracism of, 79, 80; disk star concept, 77, 80, 86; epigenetic model, 109–10; as head of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, 84; interest in skin color anomalies, 141; modes of visualization, 73–80, 85, 191; monogenism of, 295n18; on origins of language, 294n13; “Physical Dissertation Occasioned by the White Negro,” 78; Physical Venus, 77–78, 114; as source of Kant’s nebular theory, 296–97n34; star systems, planets, comets, 75; ties to transatlantic slave trade, 23, 79
Maurice of Nassau: Lippershey offers telescope to, 38
Mbembe, Achille: on Demanet’s writings on Blackness, 116; on racialization across disciplines, 263
McKittrick, Katherine: on Enlightenment science, 29; new meanings produced by, 30
mechanics, 15; biology and, 12; celestial, 66; Newtonian, 24, 72, 74, 85, 99, 102; theater of machines, 196. See also kinematics
media archaeology, 20–21, 30–31, 262–63
megascopes, 271–72; Charles’s, 310n90; Locke’s, 323n39; physionotrace can be made by, 311n96; role in silhouette-making, 136. See also chromo-megascope
Mélies, Georges: transformation views, 87; A Trip to the Moon (movie), 264, 266, 267
Mercurians, 64
mercury, 213, 215
Mercury, 65, 90, 129, 308n53
Messier, Charles: nebulae catalog, 14–15
meteorology, 14, 201, 222, 282n42, 335n21. See also clouds
meteors, 45, 123
Meteyard, Eliza: on copying prints onto glass, 315n41; on Thomas Wedgwood as inventor of photography, 19
metrophotography, 224–25
Meyer, Johann Friedrich: on silver compounds, 118
Mézange, Madame Deloge de la, 292n73
mezzotints, 109, 125–26
micrometer, prismatic, 299n64
microphotographs/microphotography, 235, 236, 249, 250. See also photographs/photography
microscopes, 46, 166, 249, 264; of time, 235, 334n12. See also solar microscopes
Mikkelsen, Jon M.: on Kant’s astroracialism, 91
Milky Way, 72, 81–82, 86, 95, 99. See also galaxies; stars; universe
Mill, James: co-founded University College London, 190
Miller, Christopher L.: on blank darkness of Africanism, 113
Mills, Charles W.: on Black students’ study of philosophy, 29
Mirecourt, Eugene de, 321n4
miscegenation, 61, 65, 268
Mitchell, John: on skin color, 92, 297–98n44
Mixed-race peoples, 25, 71, 192, 321n4; children, 55, 59, 78, 115–16, 131
modernity, 28–29, 195, 284–85n74
Moigno, François-Napoléon-Marie, 202
Moinet, Louis: chronometer, 200
Molteni, Alfred: magic lantern slides production, 237
Monckhoven, Désiré van, 244
monogenism, 78, 91, 141, 218, 219, 295n18
Moon: anti-Blackness on, 183; appears as a black body, 129; colonizing, 284n63, 291n64; as component of solar system, 37; Earth’s relationship to, 56, 58, 156, 181; gravitational pull of, 103; John Herschel’s discoveries, 186; light of, 171–75; looking at Moon through telescopes, 55, 55–56; map, 172; motion of, 66, 72, 314n35; observation of, 295n23; orbit of, 281n36, 288n35; passing in front of the sun during an eclipse, 111, 225, 226; phases, 47–48, 48; photographing, 170, 171–75, 175, 190, 223; Sun’s relationship to, 121; tales of travel to, 56–57, 58, 62–65, 69, 266, 340n11, 340–41n13; visual racialization transduced to, 185. See also Great Moon Hoax
Moreau, René: involved in slave trade, 79
morphism, racial, 25, 35, 54
Moten, Fred: black apparatus, 27–28, 116, 169–70; on capitalization of Black/black, 31, 32; on optical media, 291–92n69; on racialization across disciplines, 263
motion: cinematic, 64; cosmic, 99; forward and reverse, 102; as greatest phenomenon of nature, 74; laws of, 77, 86; lunar, 66, 72, 314n35; optical, 41; perception of, 120, 246; photographs of, 196, 215, 236, 246, 248; recording, 195; solar, 122, 160; visual, 14, 15, 47–50, 209, 237; wave, 123. See also mechanics; Venus, transits of; vibrations; wave theory of light (WTL)
movies: cameras, 214; cinema apparatus antecedent to, 214, 270; intersection of astronomy and race in history of, 262, 264; racialized representations in, 24
Müller, Johannes, 222; hallucinations studied by, 125
multiple world hypothesis, 4, 21, 69, 99, 103, 245, 331n66
muriate: acid, 177; iron, 163–64; platinum, 165; silver, 165, 317n66; tin, 162
Musselman, Elizabeth Green: on John Herschel, 185–86
Muybridge, Eadweard: chronophotography, 228, 247; multiple-camera sequences, 196; on origins of cinema, 19; on precinema, 236; Zoopraxiscope, 240

Nadar: aerial photographs, 243; Flammarion’s acquaintance with, 230, 236; photographs by, 242, 243; precinema work, 242, 247
Naeem, Asma: silhouetting as abolitionist didactic tool, 132
Nasim, Omar W.: on William Herschel, 98
Native Americans, 22, 59, 91, 112. See also First Nations peoples; Indigenous peoples
natural history: astronomy-inflected, 104; of Earth, 23; emblematic world view dominating, 284n63; protocinema formations stemming from, 11; visualization within, 24–27
natural philosophers/philosophy, 3–6, 100; eighteenth-century, 71, 74, 110; fascination with photoimaging, 107–8, 125; hinge between science and, 8, 120; Kant’s turn away from, 88; light-induced photography research, 139; race and, 23, 85, 91; on skin color anomalies, 141; use of photography, 107–8, 110
nature: autonomy of, 218; photoimaging hieroglyphs of, 120–25; silhouettes immediate imprint of, 131
Naturphilosophie, 6, 8, 121, 123, 131, 217
nebulae: formation of, 87, 232; Kant’s theory of, 296–97n34. See also galaxies; stars; Herschel, William, nebular theory of
Negroes, 64, 67–68, 91, 338–39n58; skin color of, 9, 114, 141–42, 297–98n44. See also enslavement; slavery
Nevinson, Henry Woodd: A Modern Slavery, 333n84
Newhall, Beaumont: on origins of photography and cinema, 19
Newton, Isaac, 219; color theory, 46, 92, 116; “De Motu,” 24; on gravitation, 41, 65; on interferences, 314n35; light theory, 92, 144, 146, 146, 161; mechanics, 24, 72, 74, 85, 99, 102; Newton’s rings, 151, 190; optics, 92–93, 93, 146, 297–98n44; photochemistry philosophy, 188; on shape of the Earth, 74, 77; silver coinage reorganization, 292–93n74; telescope used by, 68; vision of the universe, 72
Newton Council, 217
Niépce, Claude: iron muriate research, 163–64; photography research, 165; work with Vincent Chevalier, 167
Niépce, Nicéphore: heliography process, 8, 9, 10, 11, 157, 171, 176, 225; Le Clair de Lune (photograph), 173, 174; light experiments, 160; meets Louis Dagurre, 135; Parisian instrument-makers assisting, 139; photochemical imaging experiments, 163–64, 170; photographic processes experiments, 5, 8, 9–10, 19, 107, 139, 209; self-registering instruments, 204–5
Novalis: reconciling nature with philosophical thought, 121–22

Oancea, Ana: short stories about Edison, 337n37
objectivity: mechanical, 4, 52–53, 271n1, 278n9; of photography, 11; theological context for, 288–89n38; visual, 69
Oculus, 15, 82, 83, 183, 245, 299n63, 331n60; in Lumen, 233, 234
Offenbach, Jacques: A Trip to the Moon (operetta), 262, 264, 265, 266, 340n11
Ogle, Gene E.: on skin color, 109
Oken, Lorenz: first use of “Photographie,” 123, 125
one-drop rule, 129, 308n63. See also black-drop effect
ontogeny, 92, 115, 118
optics, 4, 288n28; apparatuses for, 2; blackness and astronomy connected with, 54; of Black skin, 23; celestial mechanics pitted against, 66; continuous motion in, 41; difference between pictura and imago, 50; documenting range of, 51; Flammarion’s knowledge of, 239; intersection of photochemistry and chemistry, 188–89, 219; Newtonian, 92–93, 93, 146, 297–98n44; photographic, 244; policed in racial terms, 27; premodern, 279n15; Ritter’s claims regarding, 313n20; transition from theology to, 289n48; transscalar, 15
optics, physical: black light discoveries, 151, 153, 178; Draper’s research on, 190; in emergence of photography, 164–65; French, 155–62, 163, 170; photochemical applications, 139; Young’s research on, 189
Orientalism, 110, 122, 131, 173, 338–39n58
oxygenation/phlogiston controversy, 94, 147

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